scholarly journals Effectiveness of emission control to reduce PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution of Central China during winter haze episodes under various potential synoptic controls

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Yan ◽  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Shaofei Kong ◽  
Jintai Lin ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Analysis ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Central China ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Synoptic Conditions ◽  
Local Emission

Abstract. Currently solving the severe particle pollution in autumn and winter is the key to further improve the air quality of China. The source contributions and transboundary transport of fine particles (PM2.5) in pollution episodes are closely related to large-scale or synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation. Under different synoptic conditions, how to effectively reduce emissions to control haze pollution is rarely reported. In this study, we classify the synoptic conditions over Central China from 2013 to 2018 by using Lamb-Jenkension method and the NCEP/NCAR FNL operational global analysis data. The effectiveness of emission control to reduce PM2.5 pollution during winter haze episodes under potential synoptic controls is simulated by GEOS-Chem model. Among the ten identified synoptic patterns, four types account for 87 % of the total pollution days. Two typical synoptic modes of them are characterized by small surface wind speed and stable weather conditions/high relative humidity (A/C-type) over Central China due to a high-pressure system/a southwest trough low-pressure system, blocking pollutants dispersion. Sensitivity simulations show that these two heavy pollution processes are mainly contributed by local emission sources with ~82 % for A-type and ~85 % for C-type, respectively. The other two patterns lead to pollution of transportation characteristics affected by northerly/southerly winds (NW/SW-type), carrying air pollution from northern/southern China to Central China. The contribution of pollution transportation from North/South China is 36.9 %/7.6 % of PM2.5 and local emission sources contribute 41 %/69 %. We also estimate the effectiveness of emission reduction in these four typical severe pollution synoptic processes. By only reducing SO2 and NOx emission and not controlling NH3, the enhanced nitrate counteracts the effect of sulfate reduction on PM2.5 mitigations with less than 4% decrease in PM2.5. In addition, to effectively mitigate haze pollution in NW/SW-type synoptic controlled episodes, local emission control actions should be in coordination with regional collaborative actions.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of emission control in reducing PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution in central China during winter haze episodes under various potential synoptic controls

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 3143-3162
Author(s):  
Yingying Yan ◽  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Shaofei Kong ◽  
Jintai Lin ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Central China ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Synoptic Conditions ◽  
Local Emission

Abstract. Currently, mitigating severe particle pollution in autumn and winter is the key to further improving the air quality of China. The source contributions and transboundary transport of fine particles (PM2.5) in pollution episodes are closely related to large-scale or synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation. How to effectively reduce emissions to control haze pollution under different synoptic conditions is rarely reported. In this study, we classify the synoptic conditions over central China from 2013 to 2018 by using Lamb–Jenkinson method and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Final (FNL) operational global analysis data. The effectiveness of emission control to reduce PM2.5 pollution during winter haze episodes under potential synoptic controls is simulated by GEOS-Chem model. Among the 10 identified synoptic patterns, four types account for 87 % of the total pollution days. Two typical synoptic modes are characterized by low surface wind speed and stable weather conditions or high relative humidity (A or C type) over central China due to a high-pressure system or a southwest trough and low-pressure system, blocking pollutants dispersion. Sensitivity simulations show that these two heavy pollution processes are mainly contributed by local emission sources with ∼82 % for A type and ∼85 % for C type, respectively. The other two patterns lead to pollution of transport characteristics affected by northerly or southerly winds (NW or SW type), carrying air pollution from northern or southern China to central China. The contribution of pollution transmission from northern and southern China is 36.9 % and 7.6 %, respectively of PM2.5, and local emission sources contribute 41 % and 69 %, respectively. We also estimate the effectiveness of emission reduction in these four typical severe pollution synoptic processes. By only reducing SO2 and NOx emission and not controlling NH3, the enhanced nitrate counteracts the effect of sulfate reduction on PM2.5 mitigation, with a less than 4 % decrease in PM2.5. In addition, to effectively mitigate haze pollution of NW- and SW-type synoptic-controlled episodes, local emission control actions should be in coordination with regional collaborative actions.

scholarly journals Role of Atmospheric Circulations on Haze Pollution in December 2016

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhicong Yin ◽  
Huijun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Wind ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Surface Wind Speed ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Circulations ◽  
Haze Pollution

Abstract. In the east of China, recent haze pollution has been severe and damaging. In addition to anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric circulations and local meteorological conditions were conductive factors. The number of December haze days over North China and the Huanghuai area has increased sharply since 2010 and was greatest in 2016. During 2016, the most aggressive control measures for anthropogenic emissions were executed from 16–21 December, but the most severe haze pollution still occurred, covering approximately 25 % of the land area of China and lasting for 6 days. The atmospheric circulations must play critical roles. The associated atmospheric circulations that were verified by climatic correlation analysis were a weaker East Asia jet stream in the upper troposphere, a positive phase of the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in the middle troposphere and conductive local weather conditions (lower PBL, small surface wind speed, and abundant moisture) near the surface. The influence of sea surface temperature near the Gulf of Alaska and the subtropical eastern Pacific, snow cover in western Siberia and associated physical processes on haze pollution are also discussed.

scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of 2015–2017 winter-time PM<sub>2.5</sub> in China: response to emission regulations and the role of meteorology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Chen ◽  
Zhiquan Liu ◽  
Junmei Ban ◽  
Pusheng Zhao ◽  
Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
Control Experiment ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Central China ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Pollution Dispersion ◽  
Assimilation Experiment ◽  
Winter Time

Abstract. To better characterize the anthropogenic emission relevant aerosol species, the GSI-WRF/Chem data assimilation system was updated from the GOCART aerosol scheme to MOSAIC-4BIN scheme. Three year (2015–2017) winter-time (January) surface PM2.5 observations from 1600&amp;plus; sites were assimilated hourly using the updated 3DVAR system in the assimilation experiment CONC_DA. Parallel control experiment that did not employ DA (NO_DA) was also performed. Both experiments were verified against the surface PM2.5 observations, MODIS 550-nm AOD and also 550-nm AOD at 9 AERONET sites. In the NO_DA experiment using 2010_MEIC emissions, modeled PM2.5 are severely overestimated in Sichuan Basin (SB), Central China (CC), YRD (Yangzi River Delta), and PRD (Pearl River Delta) which indicated the emissions for 2010 are not appropriate for 2015–2017, as strict emission control strategies were implemented in recent years. Meanwhile, underestimations in Northeastern China (NEC) and Xin Jiang (XJ) were also observed. The assimilation experiments significantly reduced the high biases of surface PM2.5 in SB, CC, YRD, and PRD, and also low biases in NEC. However the improvement of the low biases in XJ is relatively small due to the large difference between the observations and the model background in the DA process, likely indicating that the emissions in the model are seriously underestimated in this region. Assimilating surface PM2.5 also significantly changed the column AOD and resulted in closer agreement with MODIS data and observations at AERONET sites. The observations and the reanalysis data from assimilation experiment were used to investigate the year-to-year changes. As the differences of the reanalysis data (CONC_DA) among years reflect combining effects of meteorology and emission and the differences of modeling result from control experiment (NO_DA, with same emissions) among years reflect the separate effect of meteorology, the important roles of emission and meteorology in driving the changes in the three years can be distinguished and analyzed quantitatively. The analysis indicated that meteorology played different roles in 2016 and 2017: the higher pressure system, lower temperature and higher PBLH in 2016 are favorable for pollution dispersion (compared with 2015) while the situation is almost the opposite in 2017 (compared with 2016) that leads to the increasing PM2.5 from 2016 to 2017 although emission control strategy were implemented in both years. There are still large uncertainties in this approach especially the inaccurate emission input in the model brings large biases in the analysis.

scholarly journals Insights into a historic severe haze weather in Shanghai: synoptic situation, boundary layer and pollutants

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (22) ◽  
pp. 32561-32605 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Leng ◽  
J. Duan ◽  
C. Xu ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Synoptic Situation ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Visibility ◽  
The Yrd

Abstract. A historic winter haze weather, characterized by long duration, large scale and strong pollution intensity, occurred in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China during the time frame of 1 to 10 December 2013. This severe haze event constituted of several hazy episodes and significantly influenced air quality throughout the region, especially in urban areas. Aerosol physical, chemical and optical properties were measured in Shanghai, where the instantaneous particulate mass burden per volume (e.g. PM2.5) exceeded 600 μg m−3 in some time, breaking the existing historical observation records, and examined to give insights into severe haze weathers. Inorganic water-soluble ions in particles, trace gases and aerosol scattering/absorption coefficients had the same tendency to increase evidently from clear episodes to hazy episodes. A combination of various factors contributed to the formation and evolution of the severe haze, among which meteorological conditions, local anthropogenic emissions and aerosol properties played the major roles. During the haze weather, the YRD region was under the control of a high-pressure system with extremely small surface pressure gradients. The calm surface wind and subsidence airflow were responsible for decreasing planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and constructive to the build-up of air pollutants wandering inside the region, and ultimately induced the haze occurrence. Nonlinear regression analyses indicated that single water-soluble ion did not correlated with the atmospheric visibility degradation so strong, while high ambient relative humidity (RH) indeed exerted a great impact with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.41. Moreover, the close relationship was derived between atmospheric visibility and aerosols in size of 600–1400 nm with R2 of 0.70, which further improved to 0.73 when combined aerosol hygroscopicity. This study may provide supports for the public and authorities to recognize severe haze weathers in urban environments, and act as a reference for forecasting and eliminating the occurrences of regional atmospheric pollutions in China.

scholarly journals A Modeling Study of Impact of Emission Control Strategies on PM2.5Reductions in Zhongshan, China, Using WRF-CMAQ

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Mai ◽  
Tao Deng ◽  
Lingling Yu ◽  
Xuejiao Deng ◽  
Haobo Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Front ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Regional Transport ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Local Emission ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Emissions

A WRF-CMAQ modeling system is used to assess the impact of emission control strategies and weather conditions on haze pollution in Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China. One-month simulations for January 2014 are completed and evaluated with the observational data. The simulations show reasonable agreement with the observations. Several sensitivity studies are completed to quantify the percentage contributions of local emissions versus regional emissions to the PM2.5concentrations under different weather conditions. The results indicate that the contributions from local emission is higher than those of the emissions from regional transport when there is no intrusion of cold front (i.e., 58% contribution from local emission versus 42% contribution from the regional transport). The contribution of regional transport is increased to 76% when a strong cold front appears. Furthermore, the sensitivity study demonstrates that PM2.5concentrations on the first, second, and third days are reduced by 47%, 52%, and 58%, respectively, after the local emissions are turned off when there is no intrusion of cold front. Finally, a case study shows that industrial, residential, and mobile emissions account for 24%, 22%, and 15% of the change of PM2.5, respectively, during a heavy haze pollution event in Zhongshan.

scholarly journals The Impact of Forcing Datasets on the High-Resolution Simulation of Tropical Storm Ivan (2004) in the Southern Appalachians

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (10) ◽  
pp. 3300-3326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Sun ◽  
Ana P. Barros
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Simulated Precipitation ◽  
Forced Simulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Resolution Simulation

Abstract The influence of large-scale forcing on the high-resolution simulation of Tropical Storm Ivan (2004) in the southern Appalachians was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Two forcing datasets were employed: the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR; 32 km × 32 km) and the NCEP Final Operational Global Analysis (NCEP FNL; 1° × 1°). Simulated fields were evaluated against rain gauge, radar, and satellite data; sounding observations; and the best track from the National Hurricane Center (NHC). Overall, the NCEP FNL forced simulation (WRF_FNL) captures storm structure and evolution more accurately than the NARR forced simulation (WRF_NARR), benefiting from the hurricane initialization scheme in the NCEP FNL. Further, the performance of WRF_NARR is also negatively affected by a previously documented low-level warm bias in NARR. These factors lead to excessive precipitation in the Piedmont region, delayed rainfall in Alabama, as well as spatially displaced and unrealistically extreme rainbands during its passage over the southern Appalachians. Spatial filtering of the simulated precipitation fields confirms that the storm characteristics inherited from the forcing are critical to capture the storm’s impact at local places. Compared with the NHC observations, the storm is weaker in both NARR and NCEP FNL (up to Δp ~ 5 hPa), yet it is persistently deeper in all WRF simulations forced by either dataset. The surface wind fields are largely overestimated. This is attributed to the underestimation of surface roughness length over land, leading to underestimation of surface drag, reducing low-level convergence, and weakening the dissipation of the simulated cyclone.

scholarly journals Projected changes in haze pollution potential in China: an ensemble of regional climate model simulations

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 10109-10123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Han ◽  
Botao Zhou ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Jia Wu ◽  
Ying Shi
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate Model ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Central China ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Pollution Potential ◽  
Pollution Risk ◽  
Haze Pollution

Abstract. Based on the dynamic downscaling by the regional climate model RegCM4 from three CMIP5 global models under the historical and the RCP4.5 simulations, this article evaluated the performance of the RegCM4 downscaling simulations on the air environment carrying capacity (AEC) and weak ventilation days (WVDs) in China, which are applied to measure haze pollution potential. Their changes during the middle and the end of the 21st century were also projected. The evaluations show that the RegCM4 downscaling simulations can generally capture the observed features of the AEC and WVD distributions over the period 1986–2005. The projections indicate that the annual AEC tends to decrease and the annual WVDs tend to increase over almost the whole country except central China, concurrent with greater change by the late 21st century than by the middle of the 21st century. It suggests that annual haze pollution potential would be enlarged under the RCP4.5 scenario compared to the present. For seasonal change in the four main economic zones of China, it is projected consistently that there would be a higher probability of haze pollution risk over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in winter and over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in spring and summer in the context of the warming scenario. Over Northeast China (NEC), future climate change might reduce the AEC or increase the WVDs throughout the whole year, which favours the occurrence of haze pollution and thus the haze pollution risk would be aggravated. The relative contribution of different components related to the AEC change further indicates that changes in the boundary layer depth and the wind speed play leading roles in the AEC change over the BTH and NEC regions. In addition to those two factors, the precipitation change also exerts important impacts on the AEC change over the YRD and PRD zones.

scholarly journals The Strengthening Relationship between Eurasian Snow Cover and December Haze Days in Central North China after the Mid-1990s

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhicong Yin ◽  
Huijun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
North China ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Radiative Cooling ◽  
Atmospheric Circulations ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Haze Days

Abstract. The haze pollution in December has become increasingly serious over recent decades and imposes damage on society, ecosystems, and human health. In addition to anthropogenic emissions, climate change and variability were conducive to haze in China. In this study, the relationship between the snow cover over East Europe and West Siberia (SCES) and the number of haze days in December in central North China was analyzed. This relationship significantly strengthened after the mid-1990s, which is attributed to the effective connections between the SCES and the Eurasian atmospheric circulations. During 1998–2016, the SCES significantly influenced the soil moisture and land surface radiation, and then, the combined underlying drivers of enhanced soil moisture and radiative cooling moved the East Asia jet stream northward and induced anomalous, anti-cyclonic circulation over central North China. Modulated by such atmospheric circulations, the local lower boundary layer, the decreased surface wind and the more humid air were conducive to the worsening dispersion conditions and frequent haze occurrences. In contrast, from 1979 to 1997, the linkage between the SCES and soil moisture was negligible. Furthermore, the correlated radiative cooling was distributed narrowly and far from the key area of snow cover. The associated atmospheric circulations with the SCES were not significantly linked with the ventilation conditions over central North China. Consequently, the relationship between the SCES and the number of hazy days in central North China was insignificant before the mid-1990s but has strengthened and has become significant since then.

scholarly journals Does afforestation deteriorate haze pollution in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Long ◽  
Naifang Bei ◽  
Jiarui Wu ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Tian Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Surface Wind Speed ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Although aggressive emission control strategies have been implemented recently in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area (BTH), China, pervasive and persistent haze still frequently engulfs the region during wintertime. Afforestation in BTH, primarily concentrated in the Taihang and Yanshan Mountains, has constituted one of the controversial factors exacerbating the haze pollution due to its slowdown of the surface wind speed. We report here an increasing trend of forest cover in BTH during 2001–2013 based on long-term satellite measurements and the impact of the afforestation on the fine particles (PM2.5) level. Simulations using the Weather Research and Forecast model with chemistry reveal that the afforestation in BTH since 2001 generally deteriorates the haze pollution in BTH to some degree, enhancing PM2.5 concentrations by up to 6 % on average. Complete afforestation or deforestation in the Taihang and Yanshan Mountains would increase or decrease the PM2.5 level within 15 % in BTH. Our model results also suggest that implementing a large ventilation corridor system would not be effective or beneficial to mitigate the haze pollution in Beijing.

scholarly journals Speciated Atmospheric Mercury during Haze and Non-haze Days in an Inland City in China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianqian Hong ◽  
Zhouqing Xie ◽  
Cheng Liu ◽  
Feiyue Wang ◽  
Pinhua Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Atmospheric Mercury ◽  
Central China ◽  
Mercury Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Elemental Mercury ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Mercury Transport ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Haze Days

Abstract. Long-term continuous measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury were conducted at Hefei, a mid-latitude inland city in east central China, from July 2013 to June 2014. The mean concentrations (± standard deviation) of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particle-bound mercury (PBM) were 3.95 ± 1.93 ng m−3, 2.49 ± 2.41 pg m−3 and 23.3 ± 90.8 pg m−3, respectively, during non-haze days, and 4.74 ± 1.62 ng m−3, 4.32 ± 8.36 pg m−3 and 60.2 ± 131.4 pg m−3, respectively, during haze days. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis suggested that the atmospheric mercury pollution during haze days was caused primarily by local mercury emissions, instead of via long-range mercury transport. In addition, the disadvantageous diffussion during haze days will also enhance the level of atmospheric mercury. Compared to the GEM and RGM, change in PBM was more sensitive to the haze pollution. The mean PBM concentration during haze days was 2.5 times that during non-haze days due to elevated concentrations of particulate matter. A remarkable seasonal trend in PBM was observed with concentration decreasing in the following order in response to the frequency of haze days: autumn, winter, spring, summer. A distinct diurnal relationship was found between GEM and RGM during haze days, with the peak values of RGM coinciding with the decline in GEM. Using HgOH as an intermediate product during GEM oxidation, our results suggest that NO2 aggregation with HgOH could explain the enhanced production of RGM during the daytime in haze days. Increasing level of NOx will potentially accelerate the oxidation of GEM despite the decrease of solar radiation.

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