scholarly journals Evaluation of SO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and an updated SO<sub>2</sub> dry deposition parameterization in UKESM1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Hardacre ◽  
Jane P. Mulcahy ◽  
Richard Pope ◽  
Colin G. Jones ◽  
Steven R. Rumbold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Simulated Surface ◽  
The Impact ◽  
So2 Dry Deposition ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. In this study we evaluate simulated surface SO2 and sulphate (SO42−) concentrations from the United Kingdom Earth System Model (UKESM1) against observations from ground based measurement networks in the USA and Europe for the period 1987 to 2014. We find that UKESM1 captures the historical trend for decreasing concentrations of atmospheric SO2 and SO42− in both Europe and the USA over the period 1987 to 2014. However, in the polluted regions of the eastern USA and Europe, UKESM1 over-predicts surface SO2 concentrations by a factor of 3, while under-predicting surface SO42− concentrations by 25–35 %. In the cleaner western USA, the model over-predicts both surface SO2 and SO42− concentrations by a factor of 12 and 1.5 respectively. We find that UKESM1’s bias in surface SO2 and SO42− concentrations is variable according to region and season. We also evaluate UKESM1 against total column SO2 from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) using an updated data product. This comparison provides information about the model’s global performance, finding that UKESM1 over predicts total column SO2 over much of the globe, including the large source regions of India, China, the USA and Europe as well as over outflow regions. Finally, we assess the impact of a more realistic treatment of the model’s SO2 dry deposition parameterization. This change increases SO2 dry deposition to the land and ocean surfaces, thus reducing the atmospheric loading of SO2 and SO42− . In comparison with the ground-based and satellite observations, we find that the modified parameterization reduces the model’s over prediction of surface SO2 concentrations and total column SO2. Relative to the ground-based observations the simulated surface SO42− concentrations are also reduced, while the simulated SO2 dry deposition fluxes increase.

scholarly journals Evaluation of SO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and an updated SO<sub>2</sub> dry deposition parameterization in the United Kingdom Earth System Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 18465-18497
Author(s):  
Catherine Hardacre ◽  
Jane P. Mulcahy ◽  
Richard J. Pope ◽  
Colin G. Jones ◽  
Steven T. Rumbold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Simulated Surface ◽  
So2 Dry Deposition ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. In this study we evaluate simulated surface SO2 and sulfate (SO42-) concentrations from the United Kingdom Earth System Model (UKESM1) against observations from ground-based measurement networks in the USA and Europe for the period 1987–2014. We find that UKESM1 captures the historical trend for decreasing concentrations of atmospheric SO2 and SO42- in both Europe and the USA over the period 1987–2014. However, in the polluted regions of the eastern USA and Europe, UKESM1 over-predicts surface SO2 concentrations by a factor of 3 while under-predicting surface SO42- concentrations by 25 %–35 %. In the cleaner western USA, the model over-predicts both surface SO2 and SO42- concentrations by factors of 12 and 1.5 respectively. We find that UKESM1’s bias in surface SO2 and SO42- concentrations is variable according to region and season. We also evaluate UKESM1 against total column SO2 from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) using an updated data product. This comparison provides information about the model's global performance, finding that UKESM1 over-predicts total column SO2 over much of the globe, including the large source regions of India, China, the USA, and Europe as well as over outflow regions. Finally, we assess the impact of a more realistic treatment of the model's SO2 dry deposition parameterization. This change increases SO2 dry deposition to the land and ocean surfaces, thus reducing the atmospheric loading of SO2 and SO42-. In comparison with the ground-based and satellite observations, we find that the modified parameterization reduces the model's over-prediction of surface SO2 concentrations and total column SO2. Relative to the ground-based observations, the simulated surface SO42- concentrations are also reduced, while the simulated SO2 dry deposition fluxes increase.

Challenging UKESM1 with SO2 and sulphate observational data to evaluate the aerosol sulphur cycle 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Hardacre ◽  
Jane P. Mulcahy ◽  
Richard Pope ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Steve Rumbold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Cold Bias ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Sulphur Cycle ◽  
The Usa ◽  
So2 Dry Deposition

&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;UKESM1 is the latest generation Earth system model to be developed in the UK. It simulates the core physical and dynamical processes of land, atmosphere, ocean and sea ice systems which are extended to incorporate key marine and terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. These include the carbon and nitrogen cycles and interactive stratosphere-troposphere trace gas chemistry. Feedbacks between these components that have an important amplifying or dampening effect on the physical climate, and/or change themselves in response to changes in the physical climate are also included. One focus for the future development of UKESM1 is improved treatment of sulphur processes, including emission, chemical processing and deposition in the aerosol-chemistry scheme, UKCA-Mode. These processes span land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere boundaries and can therefore impact feedbacks between these systems. Emissions of SO2 can be oxidised to form sulphate aerosol, which plays a key role in both acid deposition, atmospheric aerosol loading and cloud properties, thereby directly contributing to the Earth&amp;#8217;s radiative balance. Good representation of sulphur processes in UKESM1 is therefore essential for constraining uncertainties associated with the impacts of aerosols on the Earth system and thus understanding the global climate. Here we challenge UKESM1 with observations of SO2 and&amp;#160;sulphate&amp;#160;from ground-based measurement networks in Europe and the USA, and of SO2 from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We use these to evaluate temporal and spatial biases in the model&amp;#8217;s simulation of SO2 and sulphate.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;We find that UKESM1 captures the historical trend for decreasing concentrations of atmospheric SO2 and&amp;#160;sulphate&amp;#160;in both Europe and the USA over the period 1987 to 2014. However, in the polluted regions of the Eastern USA and Europe, UKESM1 over-predicts surface SO2 concentrations by an average of 320-340%, while under-predicting surface&amp;#160;sulphate&amp;#160;concentrations by 25-35%. In the cleaner Western USA, the model over-predicts both surface SO2 and&amp;#160;sulphate&amp;#160;concentrations by 1200% and 150% respectively. The variability in the direction of UKESM1&amp;#8217;s bias according to species and region suggests that the model bias may be driven differently depending on species and region. These drivers likely result from uncertainty in aspects of the sulphur cycle, including SO2 emission, loss processes (oxidation and deposition) or transport. To evaluate UKESM1 at the global scale we use a newly available data product for total column SO2 (TCSO2) from OMI. We find that UKESM1 over-predicts TCSO2 over much of the globe, particularly the large source regions of India, China, the USA and Europe as well as over background regions, including much of the ocean.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In this study we also assess changes to UKESM1&amp;#8217;s SO2 dry deposition parameterization. These changes increase SO2 dry deposition to land and ocean surfaces, thus reducing atmospheric SO2 and sulphate concentrations, and ultimately reducing cold bias in UKESM1's simulation of mid 20th C global mean surface temperatures. In comparison with the ground based and satellite observations, we find that the changes reduce UKESM1's over prediction of surface SO2 concentrations and TCSO2&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

Recent updates to the atmospheric aerosol modelling of the ECMWF IFS in support to CAMS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Remy ◽  
Zak Kipling ◽  
Vincent Huijnen ◽  
Johannes Flemming ◽  
Swen Metzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Deposition Velocity ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Skill Scores ◽  
Simulated Surface ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;The Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of ECMWF is used within the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to provide global analyses and forecasts of atmospheric composition, including aerosols as well as reactive trace gases and greenhouse gases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aerosol model of the IFS, IFS-AER, is a simple sectional-bulk scheme that forecasts seven species: &amp;#160;dust, sea-salt, black carbon, organic matter, sulfate, and &amp;#160;since July 2019, nitrate and ammonium. &amp;#160;The main developments that have been recently carried out, tested and are now contemplated for implementation in the next operational version (known as cycle 48r1) are presented here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The dry deposition velocities are computed as a function of roughness length, particle size and surface friction velocity, while wet deposition depends mainly on the precipitation fluxes. The parameterizations of both dry and wet deposition have been upgraded with more recent schemes, which have been shown to improve the simulated deposition fluxes for several aerosol species. The impact of this upgrade on the skill scores of simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) and surface particulate matter concentrations against a range of observations is very positive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The simulated surface concentration of nitrate and ammonium are frequently strongly overestimated over Europe and the &amp;#160;United States in the current version of the IFS. Nitrate, ammonium, and their precursors nitric acid and ammonia, were evaluated against a range of ground and remote data and it was found that the recently-implemented gas-particle partitioning scheme is too efficient in producing nitrate and ammonium particles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A series of small-scale changes, such as adjusting nitrate dry deposition velocity, direct particulate sulphate emission, and limiting nitrate/ammonium production by the concentration of mineral cations, have been implemented and shown to be effective in improving the simulated surface concentration of &amp;#160;nitrate and ammonium.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The representation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the IFS has been overhauled with the introduction of a new SOA species, distinct from primary organic matter, with anthropogenic and biogenic components. The implementation of this new species leads to a significant improvement of the simulated surface concentration of organic carbon. An evaluation of simulated SOA concentrations at the surface against climatological values derived from observations using Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) techniques also shows a reasonable agreement.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Monitoring and assimilation tests with TROPOMI data in the CAMS system: near-real-time total column ozone

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 3939-3962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Inness ◽  
Johannes Flemming ◽  
Klaus-Peter Heue ◽  
Christophe Lerot ◽  
Diego Loyola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Total Column Ozone ◽  
Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Column Ozone ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite launched in October 2017 yields a wealth of atmospheric composition data, including retrievals of total column ozone (TCO3) that are provided in near-real-time (NRT) and off-line. The NRT TCO3 retrievals (v1.0.0–v1.1.2) have been included in the data assimilation system of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), and tests to monitor the data and to carry out first assimilation experiments with them have been performed for the period 26 November 2017 to 30 November 2018. The TROPOMI TCO3 data agree to within 2 % with the CAMS analysis over large parts of the globe between 60∘ N and 60∘ S and also with TCO3 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) that are routinely assimilated by CAMS. However, the TCO3 NRT data from TROPOMI show some retrieval anomalies at high latitudes, at low solar elevations and over snow/ice (e.g. Antarctica and snow-covered land areas in the Northern Hemisphere), where the differences with the CAMS analysis and the other data sets are larger. These differences are particularly pronounced over land in the NH during winter and spring (when they can reach up to 40 DU) and come mainly from the surface albedo climatology that is used in the NRT TROPOMI TCO3 retrieval. This climatology has a coarser horizontal resolution than the TROPOMI TCO3 data, which leads to problems in areas where there are large changes in reflectivity from pixel to pixel, e.g. pixels covered by snow/ice or not. The differences between TROPOMI and the CAMS analysis also show some dependency on scan position. The assimilation of TROPOMI TCO3 has been tested in the CAMS system for data between 60∘ N and 60∘ S and for solar elevations greater than 10∘ and is found to have a small positive impact on the ozone analysis compared to Brewer TCO3 data and an improved fit to ozone sondes in the tropical troposphere and to IAGOS aircraft profiles at West African airports. The impact of the TROPOMI data is relatively small because the CAMS analysis is already well constrained by several other ozone retrievals that are routinely assimilated. When averaged over the periods February–April and September–October 2018, differences between experiments with and without assimilation of TROPOMI data are less than 2 % for TCO3 and less than 3 % in the vertical for seasonal mean zonal mean O3 mixing ratios, with the largest relative differences found in the troposphere.

scholarly journals The influence of weather-driven processes on tropospheric ozone

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Emmerichs ◽  
Bruno Franco ◽  
Catherine Wespes ◽  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
Andrea Pozzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Near-surface ozone is an harmful air pollutant, which is determined to a considerable extent by weather-controlled processes, and may be significantly impacted by water vapour forming complexes with peroxy radicals. The role of water in the reaction of HO2 radical with nitrogen oxides is known from the literature, and in current models the water complex is considered by assuming a linear dependence on water concentrations. In fact, recent experimental evidence has been published, showing the significant role of water on the kinetics of one of the most important reaction for ozone chemistry, namely NO2 + OH. Here, the available kinetic data for the HOx + NOx reactions have been included in the atmospheric chemistry model ECHAM5/MESSy (EMAC) to test its global significance. Among the modified kinetics, the newly added HNO3 channel from HO2 + NO, dominates, significantly reducing NO2. A major removal process of near-surface ozone is dry deposition accounting for 20 % of the total tropospheric ozone loss mostly occurring over vegetation. However, parameterizations for modelling dry deposition represent a major source of uncertainty for tropospheric ozone simulations. This potentially belongs to the reasons why global models, such as EMAC used here, overestimate ozone with respect to observations. In fact, the employed parameterization is hardly sensitive to local meteorological conditions (e.g., humidity) and lacks non-stomatal deposition. In this study, a dry deposition scheme including these features have been used in EMAC, affecting not only the deposition of ozone but of its precursors, resulting in lower chemical production of ozone. Additionally, we improved the emissions of isoprene and nitrous acid (HONO). Namely, for isoprene emissions we have accounted for the impact of drought stress which confers a higher model sensitivity to meteorology leading to reduced annual emissions down to 32 %. For HONO, we have implemented soil emissions, which depend on soil moisture and thus on precipitation. We estimate for the first time a global source strength of 7 Tg(N) a−1. Furthermore, the usage of a parameterization for the production of lightning NOx that depends on cloud top height contributes to a more realistic representation of NO2 columns over remote oceans with respect to the satellite measurements of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The combination of all the model modifications reduces the simulated global ozone burden by ≈ 20 % to 337 Tg, which is in better agreement with recent estimates. By comparing simulation results with measurements from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) databases (of 2009) we demonstrate an overall reduction of the ozone bias by a factor of 2.

scholarly journals Analysis of Impact of Changes in IFRSs on Convergence of Accounting Systems in World

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-103
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Shkulipa
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Systems ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Practical Research ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Degree Of Convergence ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The article examines the impact of updated IFRS on the current convergence of national accounting and reporting rules in Japan, the USA, China, France, Germany, the UK, and Ukraine based on a theoretical analysis of 59 rules and concepts of IFRS. The new differences between the updated IFRS and GAAP of these countries based on the comparative analysis were revealed. The results of the study show currently Ukraine (51%) and the United Kingdom (47%) are the most convergent with IFRS, although their degree of convergence has decreased significantly after recent innovations in IFRS; a new question arises for the UK after Brexit regarding the further application of IFRS; countries with strong national accounting traditions continue to avoid rapid changes in their GAAP; 4) the increase in the convergence of GAAP Japan with IFRS will not be possible shortly. The conclusion states that the main obstacle in the convergent process GAAP and IFRS is that: 1) IFRS are changing based on GAAP USA, rather than vice versa; 2) IFRS do not belong to the “stable to change standards”, so users have a certain distrust of the declared high quality of IFRS. The study results add significant novelty to scientific and practical research on the impact of frequent changes in IFRS both locally and internationally.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the USA and the New-York state

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
New York State ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
York State ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe use an exponential growth model to analyze the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the USA and the New-York state. This model uses the number of officially reported patients tested positive and deaths to estimate an infected hindcast of the cumulative number of patients who later tested positive or who later die. For each region, an epidemic timeline is established, obtaining a precise knowledge of the chronology of the main epidemiological events during the full course of the first wave. It includes, in particular, the time that the virus has been in free circulation before the impact of the social distancing measures were observable. The results of the study suggest that among the analyzed regions, only South Korea and Germany possessed, at the beginning of the epidemic, a testing capacity that allowed to correctly follow the evolution of the epidemic. Anticipation in taking measures in these two countries caused the virus to spend less time in free circulation than in the rest of the regions. The analysis of the growth rates in the different regions suggests that the exponential growth rate of the cumulative number of infected, when the virus is in free circulation, is around 0.250737. In addition, we also study the ability of the model to properly forecast the epidemic spread at the beginning of the epidemic outbreak when very little data and information about the coronavirus were available. In the case of France, we obtain a reasonable estimate of the peak of the new cases of patients tested positive 9 days in advance and only 7 days after the implementation of a strict lockdown.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF NATIONALITY ON THE CONTEMPORARY ART MARKET

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Quemin
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Art Market ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Art World ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Although actors in the contemporary art world tend to deny the fact, nationality and territory have a major effect on artistic fame. The most recognized artists generally belong to a very select number of countries that are all Western and among which the United Kingdom and Germany, but even more so the USA, take the lion’s share. This reflects the uneven representation of countries in the elaboration of rankings, like the Kunstkompass, used to objectivize the fame and visibility of artists. The very small number of countries concentrating the most famous artists also shows a homology with the nationality of the most powerful players from the contemporary art world, as listed in the ArtReview Power 100. In concluding the article, I show that, at least for top artists over recent years, the nationalities of the most visible artists in institutions and those of the most successful artists on the artists on the market diverge.

scholarly journals Modelling the potential impacts of the recent, unexpected increase in CFC-11 emissions on total column ozone recovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 7153-7166
Author(s):  
James Keeble ◽  
N. Luke Abraham ◽  
Alexander T. Archibald ◽  
Martyn P. Chipperfield ◽  
Sandip Dhomse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Total Column Ozone ◽  
The Road ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Column Ozone ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. The temporal evolution of the abundance of long-lived, anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere is a major factor in determining the timing of total column ozone (TCO) recovery. Recent observations have shown that the atmospheric mixing ratio of CFC-11 is not declining as rapidly as expected under full compliance with the Montreal Protocol and indicate a new source of CFC-11 emissions. In this study, the impact of a number of potential future CFC-11 emissions scenarios on the timing of the TCO return to the 1960–1980 mean (an important milestone on the road to recovery) is investigated using the Met Office's Unified Model (Hewitt et al., 2011) coupled with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol scheme (UM-UKCA). Key uncertainties related to this new CFC-11 source and their impact on the timing of the TCO return date are explored, including the duration of new CFC-11 production and emissions; the impact of any newly created CFC-11 bank; and the effects of co-production of CFC-12. Scenario-independent relationships are identified between cumulative CFC emissions and the timing of the TCO return date, which can be used to establish the impact of future CFC emissions pathways on ozone recovery in the real world. It is found that, for every 200 Gg Cl (∼258 Gg CFC-11) emitted, the timing of the global TCO return to 1960–1980 averaged values is delayed by ∼0.56 years. However, a marked hemispheric asymmetry in the latitudinal impacts of cumulative Cl emissions on the timing of the TCO return date is identified, with longer delays in the Southern Hemisphere than the Northern Hemisphere for the same emission. Together, these results indicate that, if rapid action is taken to curb recently identified CFC-11 production, then no significant delay in the timing of the TCO return to the 1960–1980 mean is expected, highlighting the importance of ongoing, long-term measurement efforts to inform the accountability phase of the Montreal Protocol. However, if the emissions are allowed to continue into the future and are associated with the creation of large banks, then significant delays in the timing of the TCO return date may occur.

scholarly journals LABOR SHARE AND GROWTH IN THE LONG RUN

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1720-1757
Author(s):  
Matthieu Charpe ◽  
Slim Bridji ◽  
Peter Mcadam
Keyword(s):  
Individual Country ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Labor Share ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
The Impact

This paper establishes some stylized facts of the long-run relationship between growth and labor shares using historical data for the USA (1898–2010), the United Kingdom (1856–2010), and France (1896–2010). Performing individual country time–frequency analysis, we demonstrate the existence of long-term cycles in labor share of 30–50 years explaining a major part of the variance in the data. Further, the impact of labor share on growth changes sign with the frequency considered from negative at high frequencies to positive at low frequencies. Finally, the positive coefficient associated with the labor share at low frequencies increases over time.

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