scholarly journals Aerosol distribution over Europe: a model evaluation study with detailed aerosol microphysics

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langmann ◽  
S. Varghese ◽  
E. Marmer ◽  
E. Vignati ◽  
J. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper summarizes an evaluation of model simulations with a regional scale atmospheric climate-chemistry/aerosol model called REMOTE, which has been extended by a microphysical aerosol module. Model results over Europe are presented and compared with available measurements in surface air focusing on the European distribution and variability of primary and secondary aerosols. Additionally, model results obtained with detailed aerosol microphysics are compared to those based on an aerosol bulk mass approach revealing the impact of dry deposition fluxes on atmospheric burden concentration. An improved determination of elevated ozone and sulfate concentrations could be achieved by considering a diurnal cycle in the anthropogenic emission fluxes. Deviation between modelled and measured organic carbon concentrations can be mainly explained by missing formation of secondary organic aerosols and deficiencies in emission data. Changing residential heating practices in Europe, where the use of wood is no longer restricted to rural areas, need to be considered in emission inventories as well as vegetation fire emissions which present a dominant source of organic carbon.

scholarly journals Aerosol distribution over Europe: a model evaluation study with detailed aerosol microphysics

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 17893-17926 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langmann ◽  
S. Varghese ◽  
E. Marmer ◽  
E. Vignati ◽  
J. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper summarizes an evaluation of model simulations with a regional scale atmospheric climate-chemistry/aerosol model called REMOTE, which has been extended by a microphysical aerosol module. Model results over Europe are presented and compared with available measurements in surface air focusing on the European distribution and variability of primary and secondary aerosols. Additionally, model results obtained with detailed aerosol microphysics are compared to those based on an aerosol bulk mass approach revealing the impact of dry deposition fluxes on atmospheric burden concentration. An improved determination of elevated ozone and sulfate concentrations could be achieved by considering a diurnal cycle in the anthropogenic emission fluxes. Deviation between modelled and measured organic carbon concentrations can be mainly explained by missing formation of secondary organic aerosols and deficiencies in emission data. Changing residential heating practices in Europe, where the use of wood is no longer restricted to rural areas, need to be considered in emission inventories as well as vegetation fire emissions which present a dominant source of organic carbon.

scholarly journals Atmospheric inversion of SO<sub>2</sub> and primary aerosol emissions for the year 2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 6555-6573 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Huneeus ◽  
O. Boucher ◽  
F. Chevallier
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Skill Scores ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. Natural and anthropogenic emissions of primary aerosols and sulphur dioxide (SO2) are estimated for the year 2010 by assimilating daily total and fine mode aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite instrument into a global aerosol model of intermediate complexity. The system adjusts monthly emission fluxes over a set of predefined regions tiling the globe. The resulting aerosol emissions improve the model performance, as measured from usual skill scores, both against the assimilated observations and a set of independent ground-based measurements. The estimated emission fluxes are 67 Tg S yr−1 for SO2, 12 Tg yr−1 for black carbon (BC), 87 Tg yr−1 for particulate organic matter (POM), 17 000 Tg yr−1 for sea salt (SS, estimated at 80 % relative humidity) and 1206 Tg yr−1 for desert dust (DD). They represent a difference of +53, +73, +72, +1 and −8%, respectively, with respect to the first guess (FG) values. Constant errors throughout the regions and the year were assigned to the a priori emissions. The analysis errors are reduced with respect to the a priori ones for all species and throughout the year, they vary between 3 and 18% for SO2, 1 and 130% for biomass burning, 21 and 90 % for fossil fuel, 1 and 200% for DD and 1 and 5% for SS. The maximum errors on the global-yearly scale for the estimated fluxes (considering temporal error dependence) are 3% for SO2, 14% for BC, 11% for POM, 14% for DD and 2% for SS. These values represent a decrease as compared to the global-yearly errors from the FG of 7% for SO2, 40% for BC, 55% for POM, 81% for DD and 300% for SS. The largest error reduction, both monthly and yearly, is observed for SS and the smallest one for SO2. The sensitivity and robustness of the inversion system to the choice of the first guess emission inventory is investigated by using different combinations of inventories for industrial, fossil fuel and biomass burning sources. The initial difference in the emissions between the various set-ups is reduced after the inversion. Furthermore, at the global scale, the inversion is sensitive to the choice of the BB (biomass burning) inventory and not so much to the industrial and fossil fuel inventory. At the regional scale, however, the choice of the industrial and fossil fuel inventory can make a difference. The estimated baseline emission fluxes for SO2, BC and POM are within the estimated uncertainties of the four experiments. The resulting emissions were compared against projected emissions for the year 2010 for SO2, BC and POM. The new estimate presents larger emissions than the projections for all three species, with larger differences for SO2 than POM and BC. These projected SO2 emissions are outside the uncertainties of the estimated emission inventories.

Analysis, estimation and prediction criteria for damage from geo-hydrological events: a top-down approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Boschini ◽  
Federica Zambrini ◽  
Givanni Menduni ◽  
Daniela Molinari ◽  
Daniele Bignami
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Intrinsic Complexity ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;A rapid evaluation of flood damage is strategic for the good success of emergency management activities after a natural disaster. A method for the estimation of economic damage is developed considering the impact of hydrogeological phenomena with meteoclimatic forcing over settlements, industrial and rural areas and commercial activities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Damage estimation is a very current research field, but the available methods are far from being effective in the period immediately following the event. This is due particularly to the intrinsic complexity and variability of the damage process and the lack of reliable and consistent damage measures across areas at least at the regional scale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This work proposes a national scale first approximation correlation between vulnerated area and expected damage. The relationship, expressed in terms of power law, is calibrated on a huge number of single damage records collected by the Italian government all through the country during flood and landslide events in the last 6 years. Data have been grouped following the type of flood. Records come from official data provided by government commissioners in charge of emergency management, according to the national law. Validation, carried out on an independent data set, is quite encouraging and provides indications for further developments.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The regional impact of urban emissions on air quality in Europe: the role of the urban canopy effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Huszar ◽  
Jan Karlický ◽  
Jana Marková ◽  
Tereza Nováková ◽  
Marina Liaskoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Urban areas are hot-spots of intense emissions and they influence air-quality not only locally but on regional or even global scales. The impact of urban emissions over different scales depends on the dilution and chemical transformation of the urban plumes which are governed by the local and regional scale meteorological conditions. These are influenced by the presence of urbanized land-surface via the so called urban canopy meteorological forcing (UCMF). In this study, we investigate for selected central European cities (Berlin, Budapest, Munich, Prague, Vienna and Warsaw), how the urban emission impact (UEI) is modulated by the UCMF for present day climate conditions (2015–2016) using three regional climate-chemistry models: the regional climate models RegCM and WRF-Chem (its meteorological part), the chemistry transport model CAMx coupled to either RegCM and WRF and the “chemical” component of WRF-Chem. The UCMF was calculated by replacing the urbanized surface by rural one while the UEI was estimated by removing all anthropogenic emissions from the selected cities. We analyzed the urban emissions induced changes of near surface concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5. We found increases of NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations over cities by 4–6 ppbv, and 4–6 μgm−3, respectively meaning that about 40–60 % and 20–40 % of urban concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 are caused by local emissions and the rest is the result of emissions from surrounding rural areas. We showed that if UCMF is included, the UEI of these pollutants is about 40–60 % smaller, or in other words, the urban emission impact is overestimated if urban canopy effects are not taken into account. In case of ozone, models due to UEI usually predict decreases around −2 to −4 ppbv (about 10–20 %), which is again smaller if UCMF is considered (by about 60 %). We further showed that the impact on extreme (95th percentile) air-pollution is much stronger, as well as the modulation of UEI is larger for such situations. Finally, we evaluated the contribution of the urbanization induced modifications of vertical eddy-diffusion to the modulation of UEI, and found that it alone is able to explain the modelled decrease of the urban emission impact if the effects of UCMF are considered. In summary, our results showed that the meteorological changes resulting from urbanization have to be included in regional model studies if they intend to quantify the regional fingerprint of urban emissions. Ignoring these meteorological changes can lead to strong overestimation of UEI.

Impact of urban emission on local and regional air-quality: investigating the role of the urban canopy meteorological forcing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Huszar ◽  
Jan Karlicky ◽  
Jana Markova ◽  
Tereza Novakova ◽  
Marina Liaskoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
Island Effect ◽  
Regional Air Quality ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Urban canopies impact the meteorological conditions in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and above in many ways: apart from urban heat island effect, the urban breeze circulation can form. Further, the enhanced drag causes intensification of the turbulent diffusion leading to elevated PBL height and this drag, at the same time causes lower windspeeds. These changes together act as a 'meteorological forcing' for the chemical processes involing transport, diffusion and chemical transformation of urban pollutants in the urban canopy and over larger scales, therefor we use the term urban canopy meteorological forcing (UCMF). Using regional scale coupled chemistry-climate models over central Europe (involving models RegCM, CAMx and WRF-Chem),&amp;#160; we investigate here how the UCMF influences the urban emissions and their dispersion into regional scales. The analysis covers key pollutants as O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and PM2.5 and the 2015-2016 period. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;While urban emissions contribute by about 60-80% to the total NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and PM2.5 concentrations in cities, for ozone, they cause decrease in the urban cores and slight increase over sourrounding rural areas. More importantly, we found that if UCMF is considered, the impacts on all three pollutants are reduced, by about 20-30%. This is caused by the fact that vertical turbulence is greatly enhanced in urban areas leading to reduced fingerprint of the urban emissions (the case of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and PM2.5) while in case of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, reduction of the NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; impact means smaller first-order titraltion therefor higher ozone concentrations - i.e. the ozone fingerprint of urban emissions is smaller. Our analysis showed that for evaluating the impact of urban emissions over regional scales, the meterological effects caused by the urban canopy have to be considered in modeling studies.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Regional-scale correlation between CO<sub>2</sub> fire emissions, burned areas, and mid-tropospheric CO<sub>2</sub> daily variations over southern Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 18621-18657 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chédin ◽  
N. A. Scott ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
C. Rio ◽  
F. Hourdin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Thermal Plume ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Monthly mean mid-tropospheric CO2 columns are retrieved from evening and morning observations of NOAA-10 satellite over the tropics during the period 1987–1991. We find that the difference between evening and morning CO2 columns (hereafter referred to as Daily Tropospheric Excess – DTE) increases by up to a few ppm over regions affected by fires. A high positive correlation (R2~0.8) is found between annual DTE and CO2 emissions derived from burned area (Global Fire Emission Database – GFEDv2) across 10 regions with contrasted vegetation cover in southern Africa. Seasonal variability comparison between DTE and GFEDv2 also shows a good general agreement. Only two regions south of 10° S, show a seasonal increase of DTE starting earlier and rising up more rapidly than seen in two burned area products: GFEDv2 and L3JRC, the latter established by the Joint Research Center. The phase of the L3JRC dataset is however closer to DTE observations. This misfit could come from limitations in current burned area detection algorithms (difficulty in detecting small fires). 3-D simulations of the DTE signal by the LMDz General Circulation Model, in which a pyro-thermal plume model is activated, confirm the observations. A large fraction of fire products are directly injected in the mid-troposphere, well above the boundary layer. This rapid uplift of CO2, combined with atmospheric transport patterns in southern Africa during the dry season, characterized by a fluctuating continental gyre, produces a daily DTE signal mainly positive above the source region and either positive or negative outside of the source region. On a monthly mean, this results in a persistent DTE signal above the source region of an order of 1 ppm, while the impact of large-scale advection vanishes. We conclude that the DTE signal is a quantitative proxy of fire emission spatial patterns, in particular before the ATSR or MODIS observation periods when better quality fire count and burned area data became available, and can also bring a constraint in the analysis of their present results.

scholarly journals Estimating aerosol emissions by assimilating observed aerosol optical depth in a global aerosol model

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3075-3130 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Huneeus ◽  
F. Chevallier ◽  
O. Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Initial Errors ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Fine Mode ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This study estimates the emission fluxes of a range of aerosol species and aerosol precursor at the global scale. These fluxes are estimated by assimilating daily total and fine mode aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) into a global aerosol model of intermediate complexity. Monthly emissions are fitted homogenously for each species over a set of predefined regions. The performance of the assimilation is evaluated by comparing the AOD after assimilation against the MODIS observations and against independent observations. The system is effective in forcing the model towards the observations, for both total and fine mode AOD. Significant improvements for the root mean square error and correlation coefficient against both the assimilated and independent datasets are observed as well as a significant decrease in the mean bias against the assimilated observations. The assimilation is more efficient over land than over ocean. The impact of the assimilation of fine mode AOD over ocean demonstrates potential for further improvement by including fine mode AOD observations over continents. The Angström exponent is also improved in African, European and dusty stations. The estimated emission flux for black carbon is 14.5 Tg yr−1, 119 Tg yr−1 for organic matter, 17 Pg yr−1 for sea salt, 82.7 TgS yr−1 for SO2 and 1383 Tg yr−1 for desert dust. They represent a difference of +45%, +40%, +26%, +13% and −39% respectively, with respect to the a priori values. The initial errors attributed to the emission fluxes are reduced for all estimated species.

scholarly journals Atmospheric inversion of SO<sub>2</sub> and primary aerosol emissions for the year 2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 6165-6218
Author(s):  
N. Huneeus ◽  
O. Boucher ◽  
F. Chevallier
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Skill Scores ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. Natural and anthropogenic emissions of primary aerosols and sulphur dioxide (SO2) are estimated for the year 2010 by assimilating daily total and fine mode aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite instrument into a global aerosol model of intermediate complexity. The system adjusts monthly emission fluxes over a set of predefined regions tiling the globe. The resulting aerosol emissions improve the model performance, as measured from usual skill scores, both against the assimilated observations and a set of independent ground-based measurements. The estimated emission fluxes are 67 Tg S yr−1 for SO2, 12 Tg yr−1 for black carbon (BC), 87 Tg yr−1 for particulate organic matter (POM), 17 Pg yr−1 for sea salt (SS, estimated at 80% relative humidity) and 1206 Tg yr−1 for desert dust (DD). They represent a difference of +53%, +73%, +72%, +1% and −8%, respectively, with respect to the first guess (FG) values. Constant errors throughout the regions and the year were assigned to the a priori emissions. The analysis errors are reduced for all species and throughout the year, they vary between 3% and 17% for SO2, 1% and 130% for biomass burning, 25% and 89% for fossil fuel, 1% and 200% for DD and 1% and 5% for SS. The maximum errors on the global-annual scale for the estimated fluxes (considering temporal error dependence) are 12% for SO2, 39% for BC, 41% for POM, 43% for DD and 40% for SS. These values represent a decrease as compared to the global-annual errors from the FG of 12% for SO2, 42% for BC, 47% for POM, 50% for DD and 95% for SS. The largest error reduction, both monthly and yearly, is observed for SS and the smallest one for SO2. The sensitivity and robustness of the inversion system to the choice of the first guess emission inventory is investigated by using different combinations of inventories for industrial, fossil fuel and biomass burning sources. The initial difference in the emissions between the various setups is reduced after the inversion. Furthermore, at the global scale, the inversion is sensitive to the choice of the BB inventory and not so much to the industrial and fossil fuel inventory. At the regional scale, however, the choice of the industrial and fossil fuel inventory can make a difference. The estimated baseline emission fluxes for SO2, BC and POM are within the estimated uncertainties of the four experiments. The resulting emissions were compared against projected emissions for the year 2010 for SO2, BC and POM. The new estimate present larger emissions than the projections for all three species, with larger differences for SO2 than POM and BC. These projected emissions are in general outside the uncertainties of the estimated emission inventories.

scholarly journals An evaluation study of Anganwadis under ICDS in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-166
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Panda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nursery School ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme has expanded tremendously over the 30 years of its operation to cover almost all the development blocks in the country. It offers a wide range of health, nutrition and education related services to children, women and adolescent girls. The study wish to find out the impact and efficacy of the ICDS scheme. The study was conducted from April 2019 to December 2019. The study was conducted on purposive random sampling basis covering 19 States/UTs. 510 AWCs were selected and total 15300 children were covered. One of the important findings of the study is that the children in the Normal grade are found to be 77.4% of the total sample size which means that in spite of a lot of bottlenecks, the malnutrition has been reduced among the children of 0 to 5 years of age. As envisages from the field study, people are well aware of the ICDS scheme and are sending their children to AWCs. However, the children from remote areas are not able to avail these facilities. The opening of public nursery school in urban and rural areas poses a great threat to the enrollment of children in AWCs nowadays unless the infrastructural and other facilities of AWCs are upgraded. The working conditions and remuneration of AWC workers needs to be looked at sympathetically. The findings of the study are expected to help policymakers and programme implementing bodies to take appropriate corrective measures to make the ICDS more effective and thereby bringing down the malnutrition in children to zero level.

scholarly journals Estimating aerosol emissions by assimilating observed aerosol optical depth in a global aerosol model

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4585-4606 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Huneeus ◽  
F. Chevallier ◽  
O. Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Initial Errors ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Fine Mode ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This study estimates the emission fluxes of a range of aerosol species and one aerosol precursor at the global scale. These fluxes are estimated by assimilating daily total and fine mode aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) into a global aerosol model of intermediate complexity. Monthly emissions are fitted homogenously for each species over a set of predefined regions. The performance of the assimilation is evaluated by comparing the AOD after assimilation against the MODIS observations and against independent observations. The system is effective in forcing the model towards the observations, for both total and fine mode AOD. Significant improvements for the root mean square error and correlation coefficient against both the assimilated and independent datasets are observed as well as a significant decrease in the mean bias against the assimilated observations. These improvements are larger over land than over ocean. The impact of the assimilation of fine mode AOD over ocean demonstrates potential for further improvement by including fine mode AOD observations over continents. The Angström exponent is also improved in African, European and dusty stations. The estimated emission flux for black carbon is 15 Tg yr−1, 119 Tg yr−1 for particulate organic matter, 17 Pg yr−1 for sea salt, 83 TgS yr−1 for SO2 and 1383 Tg yr−1 for desert dust. They represent a difference of +45 %, +40 %, +26 %, +13 % and −39 % respectively, with respect to the a priori values. The initial errors attributed to the emission fluxes are reduced for all estimated species.

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