Impact of urban emission on local and regional air-quality: investigating the role of the urban canopy meteorological forcing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Huszar ◽  
Jan Karlicky ◽  
Jana Markova ◽  
Tereza Novakova ◽  
Marina Liaskoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
Island Effect ◽  
Regional Air Quality ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

<p>Urban canopies impact the meteorological conditions in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and above in many ways: apart from urban heat island effect, the urban breeze circulation can form. Further, the enhanced drag causes intensification of the turbulent diffusion leading to elevated PBL height and this drag, at the same time causes lower windspeeds. These changes together act as a 'meteorological forcing' for the chemical processes involing transport, diffusion and chemical transformation of urban pollutants in the urban canopy and over larger scales, therefor we use the term urban canopy meteorological forcing (UCMF). Using regional scale coupled chemistry-climate models over central Europe (involving models RegCM, CAMx and WRF-Chem),  we investigate here how the UCMF influences the urban emissions and their dispersion into regional scales. The analysis covers key pollutants as O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> and PM2.5 and the 2015-2016 period. </p><p>While urban emissions contribute by about 60-80% to the total NO<sub>2</sub> and PM2.5 concentrations in cities, for ozone, they cause decrease in the urban cores and slight increase over sourrounding rural areas. More importantly, we found that if UCMF is considered, the impacts on all three pollutants are reduced, by about 20-30%. This is caused by the fact that vertical turbulence is greatly enhanced in urban areas leading to reduced fingerprint of the urban emissions (the case of NO<sub>2</sub> and PM2.5) while in case of O<sub>3</sub>, reduction of the NO<sub>2</sub> impact means smaller first-order titraltion therefor higher ozone concentrations - i.e. the ozone fingerprint of urban emissions is smaller. Our analysis showed that for evaluating the impact of urban emissions over regional scales, the meterological effects caused by the urban canopy have to be considered in modeling studies.</p>

scholarly journals The regional impact of urban emissions on air quality in Europe: the role of the urban canopy effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Huszar ◽  
Jan Karlický ◽  
Jana Marková ◽  
Tereza Nováková ◽  
Marina Liaskoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Urban areas are hot-spots of intense emissions and they influence air-quality not only locally but on regional or even global scales. The impact of urban emissions over different scales depends on the dilution and chemical transformation of the urban plumes which are governed by the local and regional scale meteorological conditions. These are influenced by the presence of urbanized land-surface via the so called urban canopy meteorological forcing (UCMF). In this study, we investigate for selected central European cities (Berlin, Budapest, Munich, Prague, Vienna and Warsaw), how the urban emission impact (UEI) is modulated by the UCMF for present day climate conditions (2015–2016) using three regional climate-chemistry models: the regional climate models RegCM and WRF-Chem (its meteorological part), the chemistry transport model CAMx coupled to either RegCM and WRF and the “chemical” component of WRF-Chem. The UCMF was calculated by replacing the urbanized surface by rural one while the UEI was estimated by removing all anthropogenic emissions from the selected cities. We analyzed the urban emissions induced changes of near surface concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5. We found increases of NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations over cities by 4–6 ppbv, and 4–6 μgm−3, respectively meaning that about 40–60 % and 20–40 % of urban concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 are caused by local emissions and the rest is the result of emissions from surrounding rural areas. We showed that if UCMF is included, the UEI of these pollutants is about 40–60 % smaller, or in other words, the urban emission impact is overestimated if urban canopy effects are not taken into account. In case of ozone, models due to UEI usually predict decreases around −2 to −4 ppbv (about 10–20 %), which is again smaller if UCMF is considered (by about 60 %). We further showed that the impact on extreme (95th percentile) air-pollution is much stronger, as well as the modulation of UEI is larger for such situations. Finally, we evaluated the contribution of the urbanization induced modifications of vertical eddy-diffusion to the modulation of UEI, and found that it alone is able to explain the modelled decrease of the urban emission impact if the effects of UCMF are considered. In summary, our results showed that the meteorological changes resulting from urbanization have to be included in regional model studies if they intend to quantify the regional fingerprint of urban emissions. Ignoring these meteorological changes can lead to strong overestimation of UEI.

scholarly journals The regional impact of urban emissions on air quality in Europe: the role of the urban canopy effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 14309-14332
Author(s):  
Peter Huszar ◽  
Jan Karlický ◽  
Jana Marková ◽  
Tereza Nováková ◽  
Marina Liaskoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Regional Climate Models ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Urban areas are hot spots of intense emissions, and they influence air quality not only locally but on a regional or even global scale. The impact of urban emissions over different scales depends on the dilution and chemical transformation of the urban plumes which are governed by the local- and regional-scale meteorological conditions. These are influenced by the presence of urbanized land surface via the so-called urban canopy meteorological forcing (UCMF). In this study, we investigate for selected central European cities (Berlin, Budapest, Munich, Prague, Vienna and Warsaw) how the urban emission impact (UEI) is modulated by the UCMF for present-day climate conditions (2015–2016) using two regional climate models, the regional climate models RegCM and Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem; its meteorological part), and two chemistry transport models, Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) coupled to either RegCM and WRF and the “chemical” component of WRF-Chem. The UCMF was calculated by replacing the urbanized surface by a rural one, while the UEI was estimated by removing all anthropogenic emissions from the selected cities. We analyzed the urban-emission-induced changes in near-surface concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5. We found increases in NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations over cities by 4–6 ppbv and 4–6 µg m−3, respectively, meaning that about 40 %–60 % and 20 %–40 % of urban concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 are caused by local emissions, and the rest is the result of emissions from the surrounding rural areas. We showed that if UCMF is included, the UEI of these pollutants is about 40 %–60 % smaller, or in other words, the urban emission impact is overestimated if urban canopy effects are not taken into account. In case of ozone, models due to UEI usually predict decreases of around −2 to −4 ppbv (about 10 %–20 %), which is again smaller if UCMF is considered (by about 60 %). We further showed that the impact on extreme (95th percentile) air pollution is much stronger, and the modulation of UEI is also larger for such situations. Finally, we evaluated the contribution of the urbanization-induced modifications of vertical eddy diffusion to the modulation of UEI and found that it alone is able to explain the modeled decrease in the urban emission impact if the effects of UCMF are considered. In summary, our results showed that the meteorological changes resulting from urbanization have to be included in regional model studies if they intend to quantify the regional footprint of urban emissions. Ignoring these meteorological changes can lead to the strong overestimation of UEI.

scholarly journals Impact of urban canopy meteorological forcing on aerosol concentrations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Huszar ◽  
Michal Belda ◽  
Jan Karlický ◽  
Tatsiana Bardachova ◽  
Tomas Halenka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Temperature Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Meteorological Effects

Abstract. The regional climate model RegCM4 extended with the land-surface model CLM4.5 was coupled to the chemistry transport model CAMx to analyze the impact of urban meteorological forcing on the surface fine aerosol (PM2.5) concentrations for summer conditions over the 2001–2005 period focusing on the area of Europe. Starting with the analysis of the meteorological modifications caused by urban canopy forcing we found significant increases of urban surface temperatures (up to 2–3 K), decrease of specific humidity (by up to 0.4–0.6 g/kg) reduction of wind speed (up to −1 m/s) and enhancement of vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient (up to 60–70 m2/s). These modifications translated into significant changes in surface aerosol concentrations that were calculated by cascading experimental approach. First, none of the urban meteorological effects were considered. Than, the temperature effect was added, than the humidity, the wind and finally, the enhanced turbulence was considered in the chemical runs. This facilitated the understanding of the underlying processes acting to modify urban aerosol concentrations. Moreover, we looked at the impact of the individual aerosol components as well. The urban induced temperature changes resulted in decreases of PM2.5 by −1.5 to −2 μg/m3, while decreased urban winds resulted in increases by 1–2 μg/m3. The enhanced turbulence over urban areas results in decreases of PM2.5 by −2 μg/m3. The combined effect of all individual impact depends on the competition between the partial impacts and can reach up to −3 μg/m3 for some cities, especially were the temperature impact was stronger in magnitude than the wind impact. The effect of changed humidity was found to be minor. The main contributor to the temperature impact is the modification of secondary inorganic aerosols, mainly nitrates, while the wind and turbulence impact is most pronounced in case of primary aerosol (primary black and organic carbon and other fine particle matter). The overall as well as individual impacts on secondary organic aerosol is very small with the increased turbulence acting as the main driver. The analysis of the vertical extend of the aerosol changes showed that the perturbations caused by urban canopy forcing, besides being large near the surface, have a secondary maximum for turbulence and wind impact over higher model levels, which is attributed to the vertical extend of the changes in turbulence over urban areas. The validation of model data with measurements showed good agreement and we could detect a clear model improvement at some areas when including the urban canopy meteorological effects in our chemistry simulations.

scholarly journals On the long term impact of emissions from central European cities on regional air-quality

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (22) ◽  
pp. 32101-32155 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Huszar ◽  
M. Belda ◽  
T. Halenka
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Central European ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Regional Air Quality ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. For the purpose of qualifying and quantifying the impact of urban emission from Central European cities on the present-day regional air-quality, the regional climate model RegCM4.2 was coupled with the chemistry transport model CAMx, including two-way interactions. A series of simulations was carried out for the 2001–2010 period either with all urban emissions included (base case) or without considering urban emissions. Further, the sensitivity of ozone production to urban emissions was examined by performing reduction experiments with −20 % emission perturbation of NOx and/or NMVOC. The validation of the modeling system's air-quality related outputs using AirBase and EMEP surface measurements showed satisfactory reproduction of the monthly variation for ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). In terms of hourly correlations, reasonable values are achieved for ozone (r around 0.5–0.8) and for NO2 (0.4–0.6), but SO2 is poorly or not correlated at all with measurements (r around 0.2–0.5). The modeled fine particulates (PM2.5) are usually underestimated, especially in winter, mainly due to underestimation of nitrates and carbonaceous aerosols. EC air-quality measures were chosen as metrics describing the cities emission impact on regional air pollution. Due to urban emissions, significant ozone titration occurs over cities while over rural areas remote from cities, ozone production is modeled, mainly in terms of number of exceedances and accumulated exceedances over the threshold of 40 ppbv. Urban NOx, SO2 and PM2.5 emissions also significantly contribute to concentrations in the cities themselves (up to 50–70 % for NOx and SO2, and up to 60 % for PM2.5), but the contribution is large over rural areas as well (10–20 %). Although air pollution over cities is largely determined by the local urban emissions, considerable (often a few tens of %) fraction of the concentration is attributable to other sources from rural areas and minor cities. Further, for the case of Prague (Czech Republic capital) it is shown that the inter-urban interference between large cities does not play an important role which means that the impact on a chosen city of emissions from all other large cities is very small. The emissions perturbation experiments showed that to achieve significant ozone reduction over cities in central Europe, the emission control strategies have to focus on the reduction of NMVOC, as reducing NOx, due to suppressed titration, leads often to increased O3. The influence over rural areas remote from cities is however always in favor of improved air-quality, i.e. both NOx and/or NMVOC reduction ends up in decreased ozone pollution, mainly in terms of exceedances.

scholarly journals On the long-term impact of emissions from central European cities on regional air quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1331-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Huszar ◽  
M. Belda ◽  
T. Halenka
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Central European ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Regional Air Quality ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. For the purpose of qualifying and quantifying the impact of urban emission from Central European cities on the present-day regional air quality, the regional climate model RegCM4.2 was coupled with the chemistry transport model CAMx, including two-way interactions. A series of simulations was carried out for the 2001–2010 period either with all urban emissions included (base case) or without considering urban emissions. Further, the sensitivity of ozone production to urban emissions was examined by performing reduction experiments with −20 % emission perturbation of NOx and/or non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). The modeling system's air quality related outputs were evaluated using AirBase, and EMEP surface measurements showed reasonable reproduction of the monthly variation for ozone (O3), but the annual cycle of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) is more biased. In terms of hourly correlations, values achieved for ozone and NO2 are 0.5–0.8 and 0.4–0.6, but SO2 is poorly or not correlated at all with measurements (r around 0.2–0.5). The modeled fine particulates (PM2.5) are usually underestimated, especially in winter, mainly due to underestimation of nitrates and carbonaceous aerosols. European air quality measures were chosen as metrics describing the cities emission impact on regional air pollution. Due to urban emissions, significant ozone titration occurs over cities while over rural areas remote from cities, ozone production is modeled, mainly in terms of number of exceedances and accumulated exceedances over the threshold of 40 ppbv. Urban NOx, SO2 and PM2.5 emissions also significantly contribute to concentrations in the cities themselves (up to 50–70 % for NOx and SO2, and up to 60 % for PM2.5), but the contribution is large over rural areas as well (10–20 %). Although air pollution over cities is largely determined by the local urban emissions, considerable (often a few tens of %) fraction of the concentration is attributable to other sources from rural areas and minor cities. For the case of Prague (Czech Republic capital), it is further shown that the inter-urban interference between large cities does not play an important role which means that the impact on a chosen city of emissions from all other large cities is very small. At last, it is shown that to achieve significant ozone reduction over cities in central Europe, the emission control strategies have to focus on the reduction of NMVOC, as reducing NOx (due to suppressed titration) often leads to increased O3. The influence over rural areas is however always in favor of improved air quality, i.e. both NOx and/or NMVOC reduction ends up in decreased ozone pollution, mainly in terms of exceedances.

scholarly journals Impact of urban canopy meteorological forcing on aerosol concentrations

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 14059-14078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Huszar ◽  
Michal Belda ◽  
Jan Karlický ◽  
Tatsiana Bardachova ◽  
Tomas Halenka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Vertical Extent ◽  
Temperature Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Meteorological Effects

Abstract. The regional climate model RegCM4 extended with the land surface model CLM4.5 was coupled to the chemistry transport model CAMx to analyze the impact of urban meteorological forcing on surface fine aerosol (PM2.5) concentrations for summer conditions over the 2001–2005 period, focusing on the area of Europe. Starting with the analysis of the meteorological modifications caused by urban canopy forcing, we found a significant increase in urban surface temperatures (up to 2–3 K), a decrease of specific humidity (by up to 0.4–0.6 gkg−1), a reduction of wind speed (up to −1 ms−1) and an enhancement of vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient (up to 60–70 m2s−1). These modifications translated into significant changes in surface aerosol concentrations that were calculated by a “cascading” experimental approach. First, none of the urban meteorological effects were considered. Then, the temperature effect was added, then the humidity and the wind, and finally, the enhanced turbulence was considered in the chemical runs. This facilitated the understanding of the underlying processes acting to modify urban aerosol concentrations. Moreover, we looked at the impact of the individual aerosol components as well. The urbanization-induced temperature changes resulted in a decrease of PM2.5 by −1.5 to −2 µg m−3, while decreased urban winds resulted in increases by 1–2 µg m−3. The enhanced turbulence over urban areas resulted in decreases of PM2.5 by −2 µg m−3. The combined effect of all individual impact depends on the competition between the partial impacts and can reach up to −3 µg m−3 for some cities, especially when the temperature impact was stronger in magnitude than the wind impact. The effect of changed humidity was found to be minor. The main contributor to the temperature impact is the modification of secondary inorganic aerosols, mainly nitrates, while the wind and turbulence impact is most pronounced in the case of primary aerosol (primary black and organic carbon and other fine particle matter). The overall as well as individual impacts on secondary organic aerosol are very small, with the increased turbulence acting as the main driver. The analysis of the vertical extent of the aerosol changes showed that the perturbations caused by urban canopy forcing, besides being large near the surface, have a secondary maximum for turbulence and wind impact over higher model levels, which is attributed to the vertical extent of the changes in turbulence over urban areas. The validation of model data with measurements showed good agreement, and we could detect a clear model improvement in some areas when including the urban canopy meteorological effects in our chemistry simulations.

Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽  
Rengasamy Stalin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

scholarly journals Aerosol distribution over Europe: a model evaluation study with detailed aerosol microphysics

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langmann ◽  
S. Varghese ◽  
E. Marmer ◽  
E. Vignati ◽  
J. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper summarizes an evaluation of model simulations with a regional scale atmospheric climate-chemistry/aerosol model called REMOTE, which has been extended by a microphysical aerosol module. Model results over Europe are presented and compared with available measurements in surface air focusing on the European distribution and variability of primary and secondary aerosols. Additionally, model results obtained with detailed aerosol microphysics are compared to those based on an aerosol bulk mass approach revealing the impact of dry deposition fluxes on atmospheric burden concentration. An improved determination of elevated ozone and sulfate concentrations could be achieved by considering a diurnal cycle in the anthropogenic emission fluxes. Deviation between modelled and measured organic carbon concentrations can be mainly explained by missing formation of secondary organic aerosols and deficiencies in emission data. Changing residential heating practices in Europe, where the use of wood is no longer restricted to rural areas, need to be considered in emission inventories as well as vegetation fire emissions which present a dominant source of organic carbon.

IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING: THE PRESENT SCENARIO IN TELANGANA STATE – AN EMPERICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (65) ◽  
pp. 15164-15172
Author(s):  
S. Pratap ◽  
Aziz Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas ◽  
Telangana State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

In present scenario of COVID-19, the effect of pandemic on Digital Marketing is visible not only in urban areas but also in rural areas. Customers are searching for various products and services through Google by which they can purchase wide range of products and services to fill their needs and desires at relatively low price. The freedom to select numerous products is available by browsing various websites. Hence this study focuses on Impact of digital marketing particularly in the selected rural areas of Telangana state. This state been formed recently but in the IT sector it is receiving much attention throughout the globe, as many MNC’s are establishing their operations in this state. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to find out how the Impact of digital marketing is trickling down in the rural and remote areas of newly formed Telangana state. Hence this study focuses the impact of digital marketing in the selected areas of Telangana state.

Impact of adenotonsillectomy on the quality of life of patients operated on at the Hospital de Clínicas, Paraguay

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Carlos Mena Canata ◽  
Rebeca Noemí Ruiz Vallejos
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study is to determine the impact of adenotonsillectomy on the quality of life of postoperative patients.The study is observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective. The files of all postoperative adenotonsillectomy patients in Otorhinolaryngology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, San Lorenzo Paraguay. The Obstructive sleep apnea – 18 questionnaire (OSA 18) was applied, asking patients about symptoms before and after surgery. An effective sample of 143 postoperative patients was obtained. The average age was 6.05 ± 2.08 years, 55.10% (81) were male and 44.89% (66) were female, 65.30% (96) were from urban areas and 34.69% (51) from the rural areas. The t test was performed for means of two paired samples, comparing the results of the Obstructive sleep apnea – 18 questionnaire surveys before and after surgery which presented a significant difference (p <0.05) with a tendency to improve the quality of life after surgery. It has been shown that there is a significant difference, a considerable improvement in the quality of life of patients after adenotonsillectomy.

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