scholarly journals Correlation of black carbon aerosol and carbon monoxide concentrations measured in the high-altitude environment of Mt. Huangshan, Eastern China

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 4447-4485 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. L. Pan ◽  
Y. Kanaya ◽  
Z. F. Wang ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
P. Pochanart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Co Concentration

Abstract. Understanding the relationship between black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) will help improve BC emission inventories and the evaluation of global/regional climate forcing effects. In the present work, the BC (PM1) and CO mixing ratio was continuously measured at a~high-altitude background station on the summit of Mt Huangshan between 2006 and 2009. Annual mean BC concentration was 654.6 ± 633.4 ng m−3 with maxima in spring and autumn, when biomass was burned over a large area in Eastern China. The yearly averaged CO concentration was 446.4 ± 167.6 ppbv, and the increase in the CO concentration was greatest in the cold season, implying that the large-scale domestic coal/biofuel combustion for heating has an effect. The BC–CO relationship was found to have different seasonal features but strong positive correlation (R > 0.8). Back trajectory cluster analysis showed that the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio of plumes from the Yangtze River Delta region was 6.58 ± 0.96 ng m−3 ppbv−1, which is consistent with result from INTEX-B emission inventory. The ΔBC/ΔCO ratios for air masses from Northern, Central Eastern and Southern China were 5.2 ± 0.63, 5.65 ± 0.58 and 5.21 ± 0.93 ng m−3 ppbv−1, respectively. Over the whole observation period, the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio had unimodal diurnal variations and had a maximum during the day (09:00–17:00 LST) and minimum at night (21:00–04:00 LST) in spring, summer, autumn and winter, indicating the effects of the intrusion of clean air mass from the high troposphere. The case study combined with measurements of urban PM10 concentrations and satellite observations demonstrated that the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio for a plume of burning biomass was 12.4 ng m−3 ppbv−1 and that for urban plumes in Eastern China was 5.3 ± 0.53 ng m−3 ppbv−1. Transportation and industry were deemed as controlling factors of the BC–CO relationship and major contributions to atmospheric BC and CO loadings in urban areas. The loss of BC during transportation was also investigated on the basis of the ΔBC/ΔCO–RH relationship along air mass pathways, and the results showed that 30–50% BC was lost when air mass traveled under higher RH conditions (>60%) for 2 days.

scholarly journals Correlation of black carbon aerosol and carbon monoxide in the high-altitude environment of Mt. Huang in Eastern China

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 9735-9747 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. L. Pan ◽  
Y. Kanaya ◽  
Z. F. Wang ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
P. Pochanart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Understanding the relationship between black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) will help improve BC emission inventories and the evaluation of global/regional climate forcing effects. In the present work, the BC (PM1) mass concentration and CO mixing ratio were continuously measured at a high-altitude background station on the summit of Mt. Huang (30.16° N, 118.26° E, 1840 m a.s.l.). Annual mean BC mass concentration was 1004.5 ± 895.5 ng m−3 with maxima in spring and autumn, and annual mean CO mixing ratio was 424.1 ± 159.2 ppbv. A large increase of CO was observed in the cold season, implying the contribution from the large-scale domestic coal/biofuel combustion for heating. The BC-CO relationship was found to show different seasonal features but strong positive correlation (R>0.8). In Mt. Huang area, the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio showed unimodal diurnal variations and had a maximum during the day (09:00–17:00 LST) and minimum at night (21:00–04:00 LST) in all seasons, indicating the impact of planetary boundary layer and the intrusion of clean air masses from the high troposphere. Back trajectory cluster analysis showed that the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio of plumes from the Eastern China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang provinces and Shanghai) was 8.8 ± 0.9 ng m−3 ppbv−1. Transportation and industry were deemed as controlling factors of the BC-CO relationship in this region. The ΔBC/ΔCO ratios for air masses from Northern China (Anhui, Henan, Shanxi and Shandong provinces) and southern China (Jiangxi, Fujian and Hunan provinces) were quite similar with mean values of 6.5 ± 0.4 and 6.5 ± 0.2 ng m−3 ppbv−1 respectively. The case studies combined with satellite observations demonstrated that the ΔBC/ΔCO ratio for biomass burning (BB) plumes were 10.3 ± 0.3 and 11.6 ± 0.5ng m−3 ppbv−1, significantly higher than those during non-BB impacted periods. The loss of BC during transport was also investigated on the basis of the ΔBC/ΔCO-RH (relative humidity) relationship along air mass pathways. The results showed that BC particles from Eastern China area was much more easily removed from atmosphere than other inland regions due to the higher RH along transport pathway, implying the importance of chemical compositions and mixing states on BC residence time in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Impacts of East Asian Summer and Winter Monsoon on Interannual Variations of Mass Concentrations and Direct Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon over Eastern China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hao Mao ◽  
Hong Liao
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Southern China ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Winter Monsoon ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
Direct Radiative Forcing ◽  
Asian Summer

Abstract. We applied a global three-dimensional chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine the impacts of the East Asian monsoon on the interannual variations of mass concentrations and direct radiative forcing (DRF) of black carbon (BC) over eastern China (110–125° E, 20–45° N). With emissions fixed at the year 2010 levels, model simulations were driven by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-4) meteorological fields for 1986–2006 and the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological fields for 1980–2010. During the period of 1986–2006, simulated JJA and DJF surface BC concentrations were higher in MERRA than in GEOS-4 by 0.30 µg m−3 (44 %) and 0.77 µg m−3 (54 %), respectively, because of the generally weaker precipitation in MERRA. We found that the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM, (East Asian winter monsoon, EAWM)) negatively correlated with simulated JJA (DJF) surface BC concentrations (r = –0.7 (–0.7) in GEOS-4 and –0.4 (–0.7) in MERRA), mainly by the changes in atmospheric circulation. Relative to the five strongest EASM years, simulated JJA surface BC concentrations in the five weakest monsoon years were higher over northern China (110–125° E, 28–45° N) by 0.04–0.09 µg m−3 (3–11 %), but lower over southern China (110–125° E, 20–27° N) by 0.03–0.04 µg m−3 (10–11 %). Compared to the five strongest EAWM years, simulated DJF surface BC concentrations in the five weakest monsoon years were higher by 0.13–0.15 µg m−3 (5–8 %) in northern China and by 0.04–0.10 µg m−3 (3–12 %) in southern China. The resulting JJA (DJF) mean all-sky DRF of BC at the top of the atmosphere were 0.04 W m−2 (3 %, (0.03 W m−2, 2 %)) higher in northern China but 0.06 W m−2 (14 %, (0.03 W m−2, 3 %)) lower in southern China. In the weakest monsoon years, the weaker vertical convection led to the lower BC concentrations above 1–2 km in southern China, and therefore the lower BC DRF in the region. The differences in vertical profiles of BC between the weakest and strongest EASM years (1998–1997) and EAWM years (1990–1996) reached up to –0.09 µg m−3 (–46 %) and –0.08 µg m−3 (–11 %) at 1–2 km in eastern China.

scholarly journals Evaluation of in situ measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide at Mount Waliguan, China

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5195-5206 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Zhang ◽  
L. X. Zhou ◽  
P. C. Novelli ◽  
D. E. J. Worthy ◽  
C. Zellweger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Western China ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Source Contribution ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Potential Source

Abstract. Quasicontinuous measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) recorded over three years at Mount Waliguan (WLG), a global baseline station in remote western China, were examined using back trajectory analysis. The data include a revision to correct the working reference scale to the WMO2000 scale and corrections for drift in the reference gases. Between July 2004 and June 2007, CO exhibited large fluctuations and the 5 %, 50 % and 95 %-percentiles of relevant CO mixing ratios were 102 ppb, 126 ppb and 194 ppb. Approximately 50 % of all observed data were selected as CO background data using a mathematical procedure of robust local regression, with the remainder affected by regional-scale pollution. The monthly mean background CO mixing ratios showed a minimum in summer and a maximum in late winter, although all seasons were affected by short-term enhancements that exceeded background levels. The CO data were compared to values observed at the high alpine research station at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Smaller seasonal amplitudes were observed at WLG compared to the Jungfraujoch due to lower winter and spring CO levels, however, episodic enhancements of polluted air were greater at WLG. The air parcels arriving at WLG came predominately from the west, except in summer when advection from the east and southeast prevailed. Transport from the east or southeast typically brought polluted air to the site, having passed over populated urban areas upwind. A large number of elevated CO mixing ratios could also be associated with advection from the northwest of WLG via the central Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) and the Ge'ermu urban area where growing industrial activities as well as crops residue burning provide sources of CO. Air masses passing over northwestern Gansu were associated with relatively high CO values suggesting an anthropogenic influence, which was likely due to anthropogenic emissions from northwestern China (based on back-trajectory and potential source contribution analysis and on the INTEX-B: intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B). Background conditions were observed most frequently in air parcels from remote Tibet west of WLG. The probability that air parcels pass over regions of clean or polluted regions was further identified using potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis.

scholarly journals Impacts of East Asian summer and winter monsoons on interannual variations of mass concentrations and direct radiative forcing of black carbon over eastern China

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 4799-4816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hao Mao ◽  
Hong Liao ◽  
Hai-Shan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Southern China ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
Direct Radiative Forcing ◽  
Asian Summer ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. We applied a global three-dimensional chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine the impacts of the East Asian monsoon on the interannual variations of mass concentrations and direct radiative forcing (DRF) of black carbon (BC) over eastern China (110–125° E, 20–45° N). With emissions fixed at the year 2010 levels, model simulations were driven by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-4) meteorological fields for 1986–2006 and the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological fields for 1980–2010. During the period of 1986–2006, simulated June–July–August (JJA) and December–January–February (DJF) surface BC concentrations were higher in MERRA than in GEOS-4 by 0.30 µg m−3 (44 %) and 0.77 µg m−3 (54 %), respectively, because of the generally weaker precipitation in MERRA. We found that the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM; East Asian winter monsoon, EAWM) negatively correlated with simulated JJA (DJF) surface BC concentrations (r = −0. 7 (−0.7) in GEOS-4 and −0.4 (−0.7) in MERRA), mainly by the changes in atmospheric circulation. Relative to the 5 strongest EASM years, simulated JJA surface BC concentrations in the 5 weakest monsoon years were higher over northern China (110–125° E, 28–45° N) by 0.04–0.09 µg m−3 (3–11 %), but lower over southern China (110–125° E, 20–27° N) by 0.03–0.04 µg m−3 (10–11 %). Compared to the 5 strongest EAWM years, simulated DJF surface BC concentrations in the 5 weakest monsoon years were higher by 0.13–0.15 µg m−3 (5–8 %) in northern China and by 0.04–0.10 µg m−3 (3–12 %) in southern China. The resulting JJA (DJF) mean all-sky DRF of BC at the top of the atmosphere was 0.04 W m−2 (3 %; 0.03 W m−2, 2 %) higher in northern China but 0.06 W m−2 (14 %; 0.03 W m−2, 3 %) lower in southern China. In the weakest monsoon years, the weaker vertical convection at the elevated altitudes led to the lower BC concentrations above 1–2 km in southern China, and therefore the lower BC DRF in the region. The differences in vertical profiles of BC between the weakest and strongest EASM years (1998–1997) and EAWM years (1990–1996) reached up to −0.09 µg m−3 (−46 %) and −0.08 µg m−3 (−11 %) at 1–2 km in eastern China.

scholarly journals Black carbon measurements in the boundary layer over western and northern Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 13797-13853 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. McMeeking ◽  
T. Hamburger ◽  
D. Liu ◽  
M. Flynn ◽  
W. T. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Europe is a densely populated region that is a significant global source of black carbon (BC) aerosol, but there is a lack of information regarding the physical properties and spatial/vertical distribution of BC in the region. We present the first aircraft observations of sub-micron BC aerosol concentrations and physical properties measured by a single particle soot photometer (SP2) in the lower troposphere over Europe. The observations spanned a region roughly bounded by 50° to 60° N and from 15° W to 30° E. The measurements, made between April and September 2008, showed that average BC mass concentrations ranged from about 300 ng m−3 near urban areas to approximately 50 ng m−3 in remote continental regions, lower than previous surface-based measurements. BC represented between 0.5 and 3% of the sub-micron aerosol mass. Black carbon mass size distributions were log-normally distributed and peaked at approximately 180 nm, but shifted to smaller diameters (~160 nm) near source regions. Black carbon was correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) but had different ratios to CO depending on location and air mass. Light absorption coefficients were measured by particle soot absorption photometers on two separate aircraft and showed similar geographic patterns to BC mass measured by the SP2, but differed by at least a factor of two compared to each other. We summarize the BC and light absorption measurements as a function of longitude and air mass age and also provide profiles of BC mass concentrations and size distribution statistics. Our results will help evaluate model-predicted regional BC concentrations and properties and determine regional and global climate impacts from BC due to atmospheric heating and surface dimming.

scholarly journals Statistical exploration of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) measured at Cape Point from 2007 to 2011

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (18) ◽  
pp. 10271-10280 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Venter ◽  
J. P. Beukes ◽  
P. G. van Zyl ◽  
E.-G. Brunke ◽  
C. Labuschagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Cluster Solution ◽  
Atmospheric Parameters ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Gaseous Elemental Mercury ◽  
Gem Data

Abstract. The authors evaluated continuous high-resolution gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) data from the Cape Point Global Atmosphere Watch (CPT GAW) station with different statistical analysis techniques. GEM data were evaluated by cluster analysis and the results indicated that two clusters, separated at 0.904 ng m−3, existed. The air mass history for the two-cluster solution was investigated by means of back-trajectory analysis. The air mass back-trajectory net result showed lower GEM concentrations originating from the sparsely populated semi-arid interior of South Africa and the marine environment, whereas higher GEM concentrations originated predominately along the coast of South Africa that most likely coincide with trade routes and industrial activities in urban areas along the coast. Considering the net result from the air mass back-trajectories, it is evident that not all low GEM concentrations are from marine origin, and similarly, not all high GEM concentrations have a terrestrial origin. Equations were developed by means of multi-linear regression (MLR) analysis that allowed for the estimation and/or prediction of atmospheric GEM concentrations from other atmospheric parameters measured at the CPT GAW station. These equations also provided some insight into the relation and interaction of GEM with other atmospheric parameters. Both measured and MLR calculated data confirm a decline in GEM concentrations at CPT GAW over the period evaluated.

scholarly journals Comparison of emission profile of black carbon and carbon monoxide over Eastern India: source apportionment and health risk impact

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balram Ambade ◽  
Tapan Kumar Sankar ◽  
Lokesh K. Sahu ◽  
Sneha Gautam ◽  
Alok Sagar Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Eastern State ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Indo Gangetic Plain

Abstract In the present study, black carbon (BC) mass concentration and carbon monoxide (CO) combination ratio were calculated simultaneously at two different cities (i.e.,Jamshedpur (JSR) and Kharagpur (KGP)) located in the eastern state of India. The analysis of GIOVANI NASA data indicates the highest concentrations of BC and CO in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) as well as the eastern part of India. The BC-CO relationship exhibited an excellent positive correlation (r2 = 0.65), while BC-PM2.5 showed a strong positive correlation (r2 > 0.96). On the other hand, the backward air trajectory showed pollutant transport mainly from India's northern part with some contributions from other countries likePakistan, Nepal, Bhutan etc. BC concentration overall health risk assessment was demonstrated as 6.27, 12.43, 11.22 and 25.60 in JSR and 2.02, 4.02, 3.63 and 8.28 in KGP, passive cigarettes comparable concerning the risk of lung cancer, low birth weight, cardiovascular mortality, and percentage lung function decrement of school-aged children.

scholarly journals Black carbon measurements in the boundary layer over western and northern Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 9393-9414 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. McMeeking ◽  
T. Hamburger ◽  
D. Liu ◽  
M. Flynn ◽  
W. T. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Europe is a densely populated region that is a significant global source of black carbon (BC) aerosol, but there is a lack of information regarding the physical properties and spatial/vertical distribution of rBC in the region. We present the first aircraft observations of sub-micron refractory BC (rBC) aerosol concentrations and physical properties measured by a single particle soot photometer (SP2) in the lower troposphere over Europe. The observations spanned a region roughly bounded by 50° to 60° N and from 15° W to 30° E. The measurements, made between April and September 2008, showed that average rBC mass concentrations ranged from about 300 ng m−3 near urban areas to approximately 50 ng m−3 in remote continental regions, lower than previous surface-based measurements. rBC represented between 0.5 and 3% of the sub-micron aerosol mass. Black carbon mass size distributions were log-normally distributed and peaked at approximately 180 nm, but shifted to smaller diameters (~160 nm) near source regions. rBC was correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) but had different ratios to CO depending on location and air mass. Light absorption coefficients were measured by particle soot absorption photometers on two separate aircraft and showed similar geographic patterns to rBC mass measured by the SP2. We summarize the rBC and light absorption measurements as a function of longitude and air mass age and also provide profiles of rBC mass concentrations and size distribution statistics. Our results will help evaluate model-predicted regional rBC concentrations and properties and determine regional and global climate impacts from rBC due to atmospheric heating and surface dimming.

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