Increasing and decreasing trends of the atmospheric deposition   of organochlorine compounds in European remote areas during the last   decade

Abstract. Bulk atmospheric deposition samples were collected between 2004 and 2007 at four high altitude European sites encompassing east (Skalnaté pleso), west (Lochnagar), central (Gossenköllesee) and south (Redòn) regions, and analysed for legacy and current-use organochlorine compounds (OCs). Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) generally showed the highest deposition fluxes in the four sites, between 112 and 488 ng m−2 mo−1, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) the lowest, a few ng m−2 mo−1. Among pesticides, endosulfans were found at higher deposition fluxes (11–177 ng m−2 mo−1) than hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (17–66 ng m−2 mo−1) in all sites except Lochnagar that was characterized by very low fluxes of this insecticide. Comparison of the present measurements with previous determinations in Redòn (1997–1998 and 2001–2002) and Gossenköllesee (1996–1998) provided for the first time an assessment of the long-term temporal trends in OC atmospheric deposition in the European background areas. PCBs showed increasing deposition trends while HCB deposition fluxes remained nearly constant. Reemission of PCBs from soils or as consequence of glacier melting and subsequent precipitation and trapping of the volatilized compounds may explain the observed PCB trends. This process does not occur for HCB due to its high volatility which keeps most of this pollutant in the gas phase. A significant decline of pesticide deposition was observed during this studied decade (1996–2006) which is consistent with the restriction in the use of these compounds in most of the European countries. In any case, degassing of HCHs or endosulfans from ice melting to the atmosphere should be limited because of the low Henry's law constants of these compounds that will retain them dissolved in the melted water. Investigation of the relationship between air mass trajectories arriving at each site and OC deposition fluxes showed no correlation for PCBs, which is consistent with diffuse pollution from unspecific sources as the predominant origin of these compounds in these remote sites. In contrast, significant correlations between current-use pesticides and air masses flowing from the south were observed in Gossenköllesee, Lochnagar and Redòn. In the case of Redòn, the higher proportion of air masses from the south occurred in parallel to higher temperatures, which did not allow to discriminating between these two determinant factors of pesticide deposition. However, in Gossenköllesee and Lochnagar, the relationship between pesticide concentration and southern air masses was univocal reflecting the impact of regions with intensive agricultural activities.

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Increasing and decreasing trends of the atmospheric deposition of organochlorine compounds in European remote areas during the last decade

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-15-6069-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 6069-6085 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

L. Arellano ◽

P. Fernández ◽

R. Fonts ◽

N. L. Rose ◽

U. Nickus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Deposition ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Organochlorine Compounds ◽

The South ◽

Deposition Fluxes ◽

Air Masses ◽

High Volatility ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Pesticide Deposition

Abstract. Bulk atmospheric deposition samples were collected between 2004 and 2007 at four high-altitude European sites encompassing east (Skalnaté Pleso), west (Lochnagar), central (Gossenköllesee) and south (Redòn) regions, and analysed for legacy and current-use organochlorine compounds (OCs). Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) generally showed the highest deposition fluxes in the four sites, between 112 and 488 ng m−2 mo−1, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) the lowest, a few ng m−2 mo−1. Among pesticides, endosulfans were found at higher deposition fluxes (11–177 ng m−2 mo−1) than hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (17–66 ng m−2 mo−1) in all sites except Lochnagar that was characterized by very low fluxes of this insecticide. Comparison of the present measurements with previous determinations in Redòn (1997–1998 and 2001–2002) and Gossenköllesee (1996–1998) provided for the first time an assessment of the long-term temporal trends in OC atmospheric deposition in the European background areas. PCBs showed increasing deposition trends while HCB deposition fluxes remained nearly constant. Re-emission of PCBs from soils or as a consequence of glacier melting and subsequent precipitation and trapping of the volatilized compounds may explain the observed PCB trends. This process does not occur for HCB due to its high volatility which keeps most of this pollutant in the gas phase. A significant decline of pesticide deposition was observed during this studied decade (1996–2006) which is consistent with the restriction in the use of these compounds in most of the European countries. In any case, degassing of HCHs or endosulfans from ice melting to the atmosphere should be limited because of the low Henry's law constants of these compounds that will retain them dissolved in the melted water. Investigation of the relationship between air mass trajectories arriving at each site and OC deposition fluxes showed no correlation for PCBs, which is consistent with diffuse pollution from unspecific sources as the predominant origin of these compounds in these remote sites. In contrast, significant correlations between current-use pesticides and air masses flowing from the south were observed in Gossenköllesee, Lochnagar and Redòn. In the case of Redòn, the higher proportion of air masses from the south occurred in parallel to higher temperatures, which did not allow us to discriminate between these two determinant factors of pesticide deposition. However, in Gossenköllesee and Lochnagar, the relationship between pesticide concentration and southern air masses was univocal, reflecting the impact of regions with intensive agricultural activities.

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The risk of global financial markets: The case of China in a developing country

Risk Governance and Control Financial Markets & Institutions ◽

10.22495/rgcv7i1art6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 46-53

Author(s):

Philemon Nji Kum ◽

Chux Gervase Iwu ◽

Samuel Augustine Umezurike

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Financial Markets ◽

South African ◽

South African Government ◽

The South ◽

African Government ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Liberal Policy

Globalization has forced many countries to rely on one another for products and services which they are unable to source locally. More so, trade is used as the channel to procure those. South Africa and China share very close relations which are boosted by South Africa’s neo-liberal policy, and its membership of the BRICS bloc. Often, this relationship has been subjected to different interpretations leading to the inability to reach a consensus on South Africa’s intention and exact benefits from neo-liberalization and membership of BRICS bloc. On this basis, we affirm that a notable gap exists in scholarly literature which has not provided the full-fledged understanding of the impact of Chinese manufactured goods into South Africa. We draw from the concepts of protectionism and free trade to expatiate the concerns raised by many with respect to the nature and benefits of the relationship. The paper relied extensively on secondary sources of data from which the authors then analyzed, interpreted and drew conclusions to provide a contextual explanation of the phenomenon of Chinese invasion of South African market. This method was useful for two reasons; namely its capacity to generate new insights and secondly, access to comparative studies. While the results show that South African clothing firms are increasingly shutting down because of lower prices from international competitors (especially China), and also due to structural issues of the present South African economy, we are equally aware of the extensive pressure from interest groups for the South African government to protect major local industries such as steel and textile. We argue anyway that the South African government is playing its cards carefully to avoid a backlash, especially considering its position within the BRICS bloc.

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Transmisión de los precios del arroz en Colombia y el mundo

Lecturas de Economía ◽

10.17533/udea.le.n91a05 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 151-179

Author(s):

Ricardo Troncoso-Sepúlveda

Keyword(s):

Transition Probability ◽

Price Transmission ◽

Trade Policies ◽

Correction Model ◽

Vector Error Correction ◽

Agricultural Prices ◽

Vector Error ◽

High Volatility ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this paper is to analyse the spatial price transmission of rice in Colombia, emphasizing the impact of trade policies. For this purpose, a Markov-switching vector error correction model was used to model regime shifts in the relationship between domestic and international rice prices in Colombia and some control countries, from January 1996 to September 2018. The results reveal three price transmission regimes that coincide with internal trade policies and with the food crisis of 2007-2008. The high volatility regime was the most persistent, with an average duration of 15.4 months, a transition probability of 93 % and an adjustment speed of 0.24. In addition, during this regime, Colombia was less integrated into the international rice market. These results are relevant, since they constitute the application of a threshold methodology to the analysis of the transmission of agricultural prices and can be useful for the design of agrarian policies that contribute to the integration and competitiveness of the Colombian rice sector.

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Entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation and opportunity exploitation in driving business performance: moderating effect of interfunctional coordination

Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies ◽

10.1108/jeee-03-2021-0114 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Rose Boitumelo Mathafena ◽

Jabulile Msimango-Galawe

Keyword(s):

Market Orientation ◽

South African ◽

Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽

Business Performance ◽

The South ◽

Content Type ◽

Opportunity Exploitation ◽

Corporate Context ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Purpose The study aims to investigate the extent to which interfunctional coordination (IFC) moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO), market orientation (MO) and organisational opportunity exploitation (OE) and business performance (BP); second, to examine the impact of EO, MO and organisational OE on the BP. Design/methodology/approach The study used a cross-sectional design approach, with the research framework tested on a sample of 203 cases of employees mostly at skilled, professional and management levels in Gauteng Province. Data was analysed through correlation, regression and moderation analysis. Findings The results indicated that EO, MO and OE account for BP. Furthermore, IFC significantly moderates only the relationship between MO and BP (financial) and OE and BP (non-financial). While the relationship between EO and BP is not significantly moderated. Practical implications The study highlights that IFC is not yet embedded in organisational practice and culture. Scaling interventions to promote IFC as a performance enabler, particularly in conjunction with the entrepreneurial, market-oriented and OE activities, is essential in the South African corporate entrepreneurial environment. Originality/value Although EO, MO and OE are widely recognised as performance enablers, very little is known about the potential moderating role of IFC towards these identified complementary strategic capabilities within the South African corporate context. The empirical research strengthens awareness about the need and criticality of IFC in improving organisational performance in emerging economies.

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Biochemical responses of oligotrophic Adriatic Sea surface layers to atmospheric deposition inputs

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-15108 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sanja Frka ◽

Andrea Milinković ◽

Abra Penezić ◽

Saranda Bakija Alempijević ◽

Blaženka Gašparović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Deposition ◽

Source Apportionment ◽

Adriatic Sea ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Environmental Research ◽

Surface Layers ◽

Model Calculations ◽

Deposition Fluxes ◽

Biochemical Responses ◽

The Impact

Biochemical responses of oligotrophic Adriatic Sea surface layers to atmospheric deposition inputs&#160;Frka1, A. Milikovi&#263;1, A. Penezi&#263;1, S. Bakija Alempijevi&#263;1, B. Ga&#353;parovi&#263;1, S. Skeji&#263;2, D. &#352;anti&#263;2, S. Brzaj3, V. D&#382;aja Grgi&#269;in3, S. Vidi&#269;3, I. &#352;imi&#263;4, I. Be&#353;li&#263;4, S. &#381;u&#382;ul4, R. Godec4, G. Pehnec41Division for marine and environmental research, Ru&#273;er Bo&#353;kovi&#263; Institute, Zagreb, Croatia2Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia3Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Zagreb, Croatia4Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia&#160;The atmosphere is a significant pathway by which both natural and anthropogenic material is transported from continents to both coastal and open seas. Once deposited through atmospheric deposition (AD) processing, atmospheric particulate matter (PM) provides the aqueous ecosystems with an external source of nutrients and pollutants. This, in turn, influences the organic matter (OM) production by the phytoplankton, changes CO2 uptake and indirectly affects the climate. The input of AD is especially important in oligotrophic environments and it is expected to increase in the future scenarios of a warmer atmosphere with increased PM emissions and deposition rates. While the majority of the data related to the AD impacts generated so far in the Mediterranean have been conducted on its western and eastern regions, the effects of the AD inputs to oligotrophic surface waters of the Adriatic Sea sub-basin are unknown. This work is designed to assess the impact of AD on complex biochemical responses of Adriatic oligotrophic systems, considering the sea surface microlayer (SML) at the air-water interface.Field campaign was conducted during the period of retrieval of sea surface oligotrophic conditions (February-July 2019) at the Martinska, Central Adriatic, Croatia. On-line black carbon (BC) concentrations were measured while the PM10, wet and total deposition samples as well as the SML and underlying water (ULW; 0.5 m depth) samples were collected simultaneously. The temporal dynamics of the SML biology as well as concentrations of&#160; inorganic and organic constituents enabled the assessment of their sources and the nature of the enrichments taking place within the SML. The first comprehensive insight into concentration levels of macro nutrients (N, P), trace metals (eg. Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Co) and OM (including aromatic pollutants) in atmospheric samples, their transport history, source apportionment and deposition fluxes to the oligotrophic Adriatic area will be presented. Daily and seasonal variations of PM10 composition were affected by local traffic and open-fire events as well as by local meteorological conditions and long-range transport. The BC contribution of biomass burning versus fossil fuel combustion changed seasonally. Source apportionment module of LOTOS-EUROS chemical transport model enabled identification and quantification of main source areas contributing to deposition of PM. The main PM contributor is a public power sector outside Croatia while other contributing sectors are energy production, traffic, residential combustion as well as shipping. First deposition fluxes estimates show reasonable agreement between model calculations and measured data, and could be used for more general assessments of atmospheric inputs.&#160;Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by Croatian Science Foundation under the IP-2018-01-3105 project: Biochemical responses of oligotrophic Adriatic surface ecosystems to atmospheric deposition inputs.

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Temporal trends in food group availability and cancer incidence in Africa: an ecological analysis

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019000831 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 2569-2580 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elom K Aglago ◽

Freddie Bray ◽

Francis Zotor ◽

Nadia Slimani ◽

Veronique Chajès ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Food Availability ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Food Group ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Food Groups ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

AbstractObjective:We evaluated the relationship between food availability, as the only dietary exposure data available across Africa, and age-standardised cancer incidence rates (ASR) in eighteen countries.Design:Ecological study.Setting:Availability of food groups and dietary energy was considered for five hypothetical time points: years of collection of ASR (T 0) and 5, 10, 15 and 20 preceding years (T –5, T –10, T –15, T –20). Ecological correlations adjusted for human development index, smoking and obesity rates were calculated to evaluate the relationship between food availability and ASR of breast, prostate, colorectal, oesophageal, pancreatic, stomach and thyroid cancer.Results:Red meat was positively correlated with pancreatic cancer in men (T –20: r –20 = 0·61, P < 0·05), stomach cancer in women (T 0: r 0 = 0·58, P < 0·05), and colorectal cancer in men (T 0: r 0 = 0·53, P < 0·05) and women (T –20: r –20 = 0·58, P < 0·05). Animal products including meat, animal fats and higher animal-sourced energy supply tended to be positively correlated with breast, colorectal, pancreatic, stomach and thyroid cancer. Alcoholic beverages were positively correlated to oesophageal cancer in men (r 0 = 0·69, P < 0·001) and women (r –20 = 0·72, P < 0·001).Conclusions:The present analysis provides initial insights into the impact of alcoholic beverages, and increasing use of animal over plant products, on the incidence of specific cancers in Africa. The findings support the need for epidemiological studies to investigate the role of diet in cancer development in Africa.

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Evaluating the Impact of the Synar Program: Tobacco Access and Use among Youth in Mississippi, the South, and the U.S.

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8010004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jerri S. Avery ◽

John P. Bartkowski ◽

Xiaohe Xu ◽

Janelle Kohler ◽

Melissa Mason

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Of Innovation ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Structuration Theory ◽

The South ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

The Impact ◽

Retail Access

(1) Background: This study examines the impact of Synar policy adoption on youth commercial access to tobacco products in Mississippi, the South, and the remaining U.S. The principal focus on youth commercial access is complemented by analyses of Synar’s impact on minors’ non-commercial access to tobacco and tobacco use patterns. Mississippi has been especially aggressive in implementing Synar, as evidenced by its unusually low retailer violation rates (RVRs). Synar, a mandatory, enforceable regulation meant to limit youth’s retail access to tobacco, was implemented nationwide in 1997. This study is governed by a combination of conceptual insights from a diffusion of health innovation perspective and structuration theory. (2) Methods: Repeated cross-sectional data from 1995 to 2011 from the CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey are analyzed using a pre/post-implementation, quasi-experimental analytic strategy. Tobacco access and use in the pre-Synar era (1995–1997) are compared with two post-Synar periods (1999–2005 and 2007–2011), thereby highlighting diffusion effects related to this policy innovation within Mississippi, the South, and the remaining U.S. (3) Results: Analyses of temporal trends reveal that Mississippi and other study regions effectively restricted commercial access to tobacco. Positive outcomes associated with Synar adoption were observed several years after initial implementation, thus supporting a diffusion of innovation perspective. However, results also reveal that Mississippi youth were more inclined than their counterparts elsewhere to gain access to tobacco through non-commercial means after Synar implementation, and that declines in tobacco use among Mississippi youth were less robust than those observed elsewhere. Such variegated effects are in line with expectations linked to structuration theory. (4) Conclusions: Synar policy implementation has been generally effective at deterring youth access to tobacco and, in many cases, has yielded declines in tobacco use. However, there is no evidence that especially aggressive retailer compliance checks in Mississippi have yielded distinctive benefits for youth in this state.

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Assessing the impact of short term outdoor air pollution exposure on cardiac dyspnea: a case study of the south of France

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3493 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

F Simoes ◽

C Bouveyron ◽

D Piga ◽

D Borel ◽

S Descombes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Hospital Admission ◽

Funding Source ◽

Outdoor Air ◽

The South ◽

Short Term ◽

Outdoor Air Pollution ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Abstract There is a growing body of evidence that air pollution is a significant threat to health worldwide. The time exposure to air pollution leads diverse impact on the health. A short-term exposure increases hospital admission and mortality rate, causing mainly respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, including dyspnea; whereas a long-term exposure reduce life expectancy. Although the relationship between short term exposure to air pollution and several cardiovascular pathologies, such as coronaropathy, is widely established, the link regarding cardiac dyspnea is quite controversial. Nevertheless, previous studies are lead on few selected cities preventing a global overview on an entire territory. Here, we aim to fill this gap and finally establish the impact of pollution on cardiac dyspnea, using the “Région Sud” in the south of France, as a model. We focused on the period from 2013 to 2018 for which we dispose of clinical data of people having attended one of the 47 emergency departmentss of the region with symptoms related to cardiac dyspnea, collected by the gip e-santé ORUPACA, for a total of 43,404 events. We collected pollutants (NO2, PM10 and O3) and climate (temperature and pressure) measurements on a daily basis supplied by the French agency AtmoSud. We set up a reproducible statistical framework based on a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to show the relationship between short term exposure to outdoor air pollution and the incidence of cardiac dyspnoea event for each of the defined 366 areas of the region. This study showed that each pollutant has a significant effect on triggering cardiac dyspnoea. Specifically, we found that the biggest cities of the region, with more than 300000 habitants, such as Marseille and Nice have a significant increase of 1,5 and 1,2 respectively, if the NO2 pass the threshold of 200 mg/m3, three days before the dyspnea event. In cities with habitants between 50000 and 100000, such as Avignon and Fréjus, we found that is the O3 to have the most significant effect on the cardiac dyspnea events. A peak of O3 over 180 mg/m3 in these cities, will increase of five times the number of dyspnea events after 6 days. We observed a milder effect of PM10 on dyspnea events and mainly on cities on the coast, such as Marseille, Nice and Toulon, for which the risk of dyspnea events significantly increase if the level of PM10 overcome 50 mg/m3. Importantly, we established the impact of three different pollutants on hospital admission for cardiac dyspnea in each of the 366 areas in the South of France. Overall, we observed that each pollutant impacts the cardiac dyspnea events on different time frame between the pollution peak and the event, such as: few days for NO2, between 6 and 8 days for O3 and the same day or the day before for PM10. Finally, we developed a user-friendly web application called HEART (Health, Environment in PACA Region Tool) to easily show the results of this study. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): Idex UCAJEDI

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A state-of-the-art parameterization of atmospheric nutrient deposition fluxes in the global ocean

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13075 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Stelios Myriokefalitakis ◽

Matthias Gröger ◽

Jenny Hieronymus ◽

Ralf Döscher

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Deposition ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

Open Ocean ◽

Marine Phytoplankton ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Model Calculations ◽

Deposition Fluxes ◽

Atmospheric Processing ◽

The Impact

Atmospheric deposition of trace constituents of natural and anthropogenic origin act as a nutrient source into the open ocean, affecting the marine ecosystem functioning and subsequently the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the global ocean. Among other species that are deposited into the open ocean, nitrogen (N), iron (Fe), and phosphorus (P) are considered as highly significant nutrients that can limit marine phytoplankton growth and thus directly impact on ocean carbon fluxes in the ocean, particularly where the nutrient availability is the limiting factor for productivity. For this work, we take into account the up-to-date understanding of the effects of air quality on the atmospheric aerosol cycles to investigate the potential ocean biogeochemistry perturbations via the atmospheric input with the European Community Earth System Model EC-Earth (http://www.ec-earth.org/), which is jointly developed by several European institutes. In more detail, state-of-the-art N, Fe, and P atmospheric deposition fields are coupled to the embedded marine biogeochemistry model and the response of oceanic biogeochemistry to natural and anthropogenic atmospheric aerosols deposition changes is demonstrated and quantified. Model calculations show that compared to the present day, the preindustrial atmospheric deposition fluxes are calculated lower (~1.7, ~1.5, and ~1.4 times for N, Fe, and P, respectively) corresponding to a respective lower marine primary production. On the other hand, future changes in air pollutants under the RCP8.5 scenario result in a modest decrease of the bioaccessible nutrients input into the global ocean (~ -15%, ~ -16% and ~ -22% for N, Fe and P, respectively) and overall to a slightly lower projected export production compared to present day. Although the impact of atmospheric processing on atmospheric inputs to the ocean results in a relatively weak response in total global-scale simulated marine productivity estimates, strong regional changes up to 40-60% are calculated in the subtropical gyres. Overall, this study indicates that both the atmospheric processing and the speciation of the atmospheric nutrients deposited in the ocean should be considered in detail in carbon-cycling studies, since they may significantly affect the marine ecosystems and thus the current estimates of the carbon cycle feedbacks to climate.This work has been financed by the National Observatory of Athens internal grant (number 5065), the &#8220;Atmospheric deposition impacts on the ocean system&#8221;, and the European Commission's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, under Grant Agreement number 641816, the "Coordinated Research in Earth Systems and Climate: Experiments, kNowledge, Dissemination, and Outreach (CRESCENDO)".

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Industrial Revolution in the United States and Its Impact on the Relationship between the North and the South

Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki ◽

10.26907/2541-7738.2020.6.86-98 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 162 (6) ◽

pp. 86-98

Author(s):

A.V. Taigildin ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Republican Party ◽

Democratic Party ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

The United States ◽

The South ◽

The North ◽

A Minor ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

The impact of the industrial revolution in the United States on the relationship between its two economic and political regions – the North and the South – was discussed. In the first half of the 19th century, the interests of some regions diverged as the country proceeded with its economic development. This turned out to be a primary cause of contradictions between the North and the South that led to the Civil War of 1861–1865. The development of trade, industry, and transport system during the period under consideration was analyzed. Their role in the conflict was revealed. Special attention was paid to the land question, around which the disputes among industrialists of the North, farmers, and plantation owners of the South revolved. The problem of slavery as a reason for the disagreement between the two regions was emphasized. Based on the literature data, it was shown that the issue of slavery was a minor one. It was used to merely provide cover for the actual economic problems. The conclusion was made that the industrial revolution in the United States triggered political changes, which resulted in the formation of the Republican Party and in the split within the Democratic Party.

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