scholarly journals Influences of in-cloud aerosol scavenging parameterizations on aerosol concentrations and wet deposition in ECHAM5-HAM

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 22041-22101 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Croft ◽  
U. Lohmann ◽  
R. V. Martin ◽  
P. Stier ◽  
S. Wurzler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Cloud Scavenging ◽  
Nucleation Scavenging ◽  
Scavenging Ratios ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. A diagnostic nucleation scavenging scheme, which determines stratiform cloud scavenging ratios for both aerosol mass and number distributions, based on cloud droplet, and ice crystal number concentrations, is introduced into the ECHAM5-HAM global climate model. This is coupled with a size-dependent in-cloud impaction scavenging parameterization for both cloud droplet-aerosol, and ice crystal-aerosol collisions. Sensitivity studies are presented, which compare aerosol concentrations, and deposition between a variety of in-cloud scavenging approaches, including prescribed fractions, several diagnostic schemes, and a prognostic aerosol cloud processing treatment that passes aerosol in-droplet and in-ice crystal concentrations between model time steps. For one sensitivity study, assuming 100% of the in-cloud aerosol is scavenged into the cloud droplets and ice crystals, the annual global mean accumulation mode number burden is decreased by 65%, relative to a simulation with prognostic aerosol cloud processing. Diagnosing separate nucleation scavenging ratios for aerosol number and mass distributions, as opposed to equating the aerosol mass scavenging to the number scavenging ratios, reduces the annual global mean sulfate burden by near to 10%. The annual global mean sea salt burden is 30% lower for the diagnostic approach, which does not carry aerosol in-droplet and in-crystal concentrations between model time-steps as compared to the prognostic scheme. Implementation of in-cloud impaction scavenging reduced the annual, global mean black carbon burden by 30% for the prognostic aerosol cloud processing scheme. Better agreement with observations of black carbon profiles from aircraft (changes near to one order of magnitude for mixed phase clouds), 210Pb surface layer concentrations and wet deposition, and the geographic distribution of aerosol optical depth are found for the new diagnostic scavenging as compared to prescribed ratio scavenging scheme of the standard ECHAM5-HAM.

scholarly journals Influences of in-cloud aerosol scavenging parameterizations on aerosol concentrations and wet deposition in ECHAM5-HAM

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1511-1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Croft ◽  
U. Lohmann ◽  
R. V. Martin ◽  
P. Stier ◽  
S. Wurzler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Cloud Scavenging ◽  
Nucleation Scavenging ◽  
Ice Phase

Abstract. A diagnostic cloud nucleation scavenging scheme, which determines stratiform cloud scavenging ratios for both aerosol mass and number distributions, based on cloud droplet, and ice crystal number concentrations, is introduced into the ECHAM5-HAM global climate model. This scheme is coupled with a size-dependent in-cloud impaction scavenging parameterization for both cloud droplet-aerosol, and ice crystal-aerosol collisions. The aerosol mass scavenged in stratiform clouds is found to be primarily (>90%) scavenged by cloud nucleation processes for all aerosol species, except for dust (50%). The aerosol number scavenged is primarily (>90%) attributed to impaction. 99% of this impaction scavenging occurs in clouds with temperatures less than 273 K. Sensitivity studies are presented, which compare aerosol concentrations, burdens, and deposition for a variety of in-cloud scavenging approaches: prescribed fractions, a more computationally expensive prognostic aerosol cloud processing treatment, and the new diagnostic scheme, also with modified assumptions about in-cloud impaction and nucleation scavenging. Our results show that while uncertainties in the representation of in-cloud scavenging processes can lead to differences in the range of 20–30% for the predicted annual, global mean aerosol mass burdens, and near to 50% for accumulation mode aerosol number burden, the differences in predicted aerosol mass concentrations can be up to one order of magnitude, particularly for regions of the middle troposphere with temperatures below 273 K where mixed and ice phase clouds exist. Different parameterizations for impaction scavenging changed the predicted global, annual mean number removal attributed to ice clouds by seven-fold, and the global, annual dust mass removal attributed to impaction by two orders of magnitude. Closer agreement with observations of black carbon profiles from aircraft (increases near to one order of magnitude for mixed phase clouds), mid-troposphere 210Pb vertical profiles, and the geographic distribution of aerosol optical depth is found for the new diagnostic scavenging scheme compared to the prescribed scavenging fraction scheme of the standard ECHAM5-HAM. The diagnostic and prognostic schemes represent the variability of scavenged fractions particularly for submicron size aerosols, and for mixed and ice phase clouds, and are recommended in preference to the prescribed scavenging fractions method.

scholarly journals Uncertainty associated with convective wet removal of entrained aerosols in a global climate model

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 10725-10748 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Croft ◽  
J. R. Pierce ◽  
R. V. Martin ◽  
C. Hoose ◽  
U. Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Wet Scavenging ◽  
Precipitation Changes ◽  
Wet Removal

Abstract. The uncertainties associated with the wet removal of aerosols entrained above convective cloud bases are investigated in a global aerosol-climate model (ECHAM5-HAM) under a set of limiting assumptions for the wet removal of the entrained aerosols. The limiting assumptions for the wet removal of entrained aerosols are negligible scavenging and vigorous scavenging (either through activation, with size-dependent impaction scavenging, or with the prescribed fractions of the standard model). To facilitate this process-based study, an explicit representation of cloud-droplet-borne and ice-crystal-borne aerosol mass and number, for the purpose of wet removal, is introduced into the ECHAM5-HAM model. This replaces and is compared with the prescribed cloud-droplet-borne and ice-crystal-borne aerosol fraction scavenging scheme of the standard model. A 20% to 35% uncertainty in simulated global, annual mean aerosol mass burdens and optical depth (AOD) is attributed to different assumptions for the wet removal of aerosols entrained above convective cloud bases. Assumptions about the removal of aerosols entrained above convective cloud bases control modeled upper tropospheric aerosol concentrations by as much as one order of magnitude. Simulated aerosols entrained above convective cloud bases contribute 20% to 50% of modeled global, annual mean aerosol mass convective wet deposition (about 5% to 10% of the total dry and wet deposition), depending on the aerosol species, when including wet scavenging of those entrained aerosols (either by activation, size-dependent impaction, or with the prescribed fraction scheme). Among the simulations, the prescribed fraction and size-dependent impaction schemes yield the largest global, annual mean aerosol mass convective wet deposition (by about two-fold). However, the prescribed fraction scheme has more vigorous convective mixed-phase wet removal (by two to five-fold relative to the size-dependent impaction scheme) since nearly all entrained accumulation and coarse mode aerosols are assumed to be cloud-droplet borne or ice-crystal borne, and evaporation due to the Bergeron-Findeisen process is neglected. The simulated convective wet scavenging of entrained accumulation and coarse mode aerosols has feedbacks on new particle formation and the number of Aitken mode aerosols, which control stratiform and convective cloud droplet number concentrations and yield precipitation changes in the ECHAM5-HAM model. However, the geographic distribution of aerosol annual mean convective wet deposition change in the model is driven by changes to the assumptions regarding the scavenging of aerosols entrained above cloud bases rather than by precipitation changes, except for sea salt deposition in the tropics. Uncertainty in the seasonal, regional cycles of AOD due to assumptions about entrained aerosol wet scavenging is similar in magnitude to the estimated error in the AOD retrievals. The uncertainty in aerosol concentrations, burdens, and AOD attributed to different assumptions for the wet scavenging of aerosols entrained above convective cloud bases in a global model motivates the ongoing need to better understand and model the activation and impaction processes that aerosols undergo after entrainment into convective updrafts.

scholarly journals The Relative Importance of Scavenging, Oxidation, and Ice-Phase Processes in the Production and Wet Deposition of Sulfate

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 2118-2135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlado Spiridonov ◽  
Mladjen Curic
Keyword(s):  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Sulfate Production ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Cloud Resolving Model ◽  
Cloud Scavenging ◽  
Nucleation Scavenging ◽  
Ice Phase

Abstract The relative importance of various processes to sulfate production and wet deposition is examined by using a cloud-resolving model coupled with a sulfate chemistry submodel. Results using different versions of the model are then compared and principal differences with respect to their dynamics, microphysics, and chemistry are carefully discussed. The results imply that the dominant microphysical and chemical conversions of sulfate in the 3D run are nucleation, scavenging, and oxidation. Due to the lower cloud water and rainwater pH, oxidation does not contribute as significantly to the sulfate mass in the 2D run as the 3D. Sensitivity tests have revealed that in-cloud scavenging in the 2D run for continental nonpolluted and continental polluted clouds accounted for 29.4% and 31.5% of the total sulfur deposited, respectively. The 3D run shows a lower percentage contribution to sulfur deposition for about 28.2% and 29.6%. In addition, subcloud scavenging for the 2D run contributed about 32.7% and 38.2%. In-cloud oxidation in the 2D run accounted for about 24.5% to 30.4% of the total sulfur mass deposited. Subcloud oxidation contributed from 21.0% to 20.6% of the total sulfur mass removed by wet deposition. In-cloud oxidation for the 3D run shows slightly lower percentage values when compared to those from the 2D run. The relative contribution of subcloud oxidation for continental nonpolluted and polluted clouds exceeds those values in the 2D run by approximately 7% and 10%, respectively. Ignoring the ice phase and considering those types of convective clouds in the 2D run may lead to a higher value of the total sulfur mass removed by the wet deposition of about 33.9% to 39.2% for the continental nonpolluted and 36.2% to 45.6% for the continental polluted distributions relative to the base runs.

scholarly journals Ship impacts on the marine atmosphere: insights into the contribution of shipping emissions to the properties of marine aerosol and clouds

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 8439-8458 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Coggon ◽  
A. Sorooshian ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
A. R. Metcalf ◽  
A. A. Frossard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Aerosol Instrumentation

Abstract. We report properties of marine aerosol and clouds measured in the shipping lanes between Monterey Bay and San Francisco off the coast of Central California. Using a suite of aerosol instrumentation onboard the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft, these measurements represent a unique set of data contrasting the properties of clean and ship-impacted marine air masses in dry aerosol and cloud droplet residuals. Below-cloud aerosol exhibited average mass and number concentrations of 2 μg m−3 and 510 cm−3, respectively, which are consistent with previous studies performed off the coast of California. Enhancements in vanadium and cloud droplet number concentrations are observed concurrently with a decrease in cloud water pH, suggesting that periods of high aerosol loading are primarily linked to increased ship influence. Mass spectra from a compact time-of-flight Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer reveal an enhancement in the fraction of organic at m/z 42 (f42) and 99 (f99) in ship-impacted clouds. These ions are well correlated to each other (R2>0.64) both in and out of cloud and constitute 14% (f44) and 3% (f99) of organic mass during periods of enhanced sulfate. High-resolution mass spectral analysis of these masses from ship measurements suggests that the ions responsible for this variation were oxidized, possibly due to cloud processing. We propose that the organic fractions of these ions be used as a metric for determining the extent to which cloud-processed ship emissions impact the marine atmosphere where (f42 > 0.15; f99 > 0.04) would imply heavy influence from shipping emissions, (0.05 < f42 < 0.15; 0.01 < f99 < 0.04) would imply moderate, but persistent, influences from ships, and (f42 < 0.05; f99 < 0.01) would imply clean, non-ship-influenced air.

scholarly journals Shepard and Hardy Multiquadric Interpolation Methods for Multicomponent Aerosol–Cloud Parameterization

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Rap ◽  
Satyajit Ghosh ◽  
Michael H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interpolation Techniques ◽  
Cloud Parameterization

Abstract This paper presents a novel method based on the application of interpolation techniques to the multicomponent aerosol–cloud parameterization for global climate modeling. Quantifying the aerosol indirect effect still remains a difficult task, and thus developing parameterizations for general circulation models (GCMs) of the microphysics of clouds and their interactions with aerosols is a major challenge for climate modelers. Three aerosol species are considered in this paper—namely sulfate, sea salt, and biomass smoke—and a detailed microphysical chemical parcel model is used to obtain a dataset of points relating the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) to the three aerosol input masses. The resulting variation of CDNC with the aerosol mass has some nonlinear features that require a complex but efficient parameterization to be easily incorporated into GCMs. In bicomponent systems, simple interpolation techniques may be sufficient to relate the CDNC to the aerosol mass, but with increasing components, simple methods fail. The parameterization technique proposed in this study employs either the modified Shepard interpolation method or the Hardy multiquadrics interpolation method, and the numerical results obtained show that both methods provide realistic results for a wide range of aerosol mass loadings. This is the first application of these two interpolation techniques to aerosol–cloud interaction studies.

scholarly journals The analysis of size-segregated cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) data and its implications for cloud droplet activation

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 10285-10301 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Paramonov ◽  
P. P. Aalto ◽  
A. Asmi ◽  
N. Prisle ◽  
V.-M. Kerminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Critical Diameter ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Ambient Aerosol ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Boreal Environment

Abstract. Ambient aerosol, CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) and hygroscopic properties were measured with a size-segregated CCNC (cloud condensation nuclei counter) in a boreal environment of southern Finland at the SMEAR (Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) II station. The instrumental setup operated at five levels of supersaturation S covering a range from 0.1–1% and measured particles with a size range of 20–300 nm; a total of 29 non-consecutive months of data are presented. The median critical diameter Dc ranged from 150 nm at S of 0.1% to 46 nm at S of 1.0%. The median aerosol hygroscopicity parameter κ ranged from 0.41 at S of 0.1% to 0.14 at S of 1.0%, indicating that ambient aerosol in Hyytiälä is less hygroscopic than the global continental or European continental averages. It is, however, more hygroscopic than the ambient aerosol in an Amazon rainforest, a European high Alpine site or a forested mountainous site. A fairly low hygroscopicity in Hyytiälä is likely a result of a large organic fraction present in the aerosol mass comparative to other locations within Europe. A considerable difference in particle hygroscopicity was found between particles smaller and larger than ~100 nm in diameter, possibly pointing out to the effect of cloud processing increasing κ of particles > 100 nm in diameter. The hygroscopicity of the smaller, ~50 nm particles did not change seasonally, whereas particles with a diameter of ~150 nm showed a decreased hygroscopicity in the summer, likely resulting from the increased VOC emissions of the surrounding boreal forest and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. For the most part, no diurnal patterns of aerosol hygroscopic properties were found. Exceptions to this were the weak diurnal patterns of small, ~50 nm particles in the spring and summer, when a peak in hygroscopicity around noon was observed. No difference in CCN activation and hygroscopic properties was found on days with or without atmospheric new particle formation. During all seasons, except summer, a CCN-inactive fraction was found to be present, rendering the aerosol of 75–300 nm in diameter as internally mixed in the summer and not internally mixed for the rest of the year.

scholarly journals The single-particle mixing state and cloud scavenging of black carbon: a case study at a high-altitude mountain site in southern China

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 14975-14985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohua Zhang ◽  
Qinhao Lin ◽  
Long Peng ◽  
Xinhui Bi ◽  
Duohong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Mountain Site ◽  
Cloud Scavenging ◽  
Scavenging Efficiency

Abstract. In the present study, a ground-based counterflow virtual impactor (GCVI) was used to sample cloud droplet residual (cloud RES) particles, while a parallel PM2.5 inlet was used to sample cloud-free or cloud interstitial (cloud INT) particles. The mixing state of black carbon (BC)-containing particles and the mass concentrations of BC in the cloud-free, RES and INT particles were investigated using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) and two aethalometers, respectively, at a mountain site (1690 m a. s. l. ) in southern China. The measured BC-containing particles were extensively internally mixed with sulfate and were scavenged into cloud droplets (with number fractions of 0.05–0.45) to a similar (or slightly lower) extent as all the measured particles (0.07–0.6) over the measured size range of 0.1–1.6 µm. The results indicate the preferential activation of larger particles and/or that the production of secondary compositions shifts the BC-containing particles towards larger sizes. BC-containing particles with an abundance of both sulfate and organics were scavenged less than those with sulfate but limited organics, implying the importance of the mixing state on the incorporation of BC-containing particles into cloud droplets. The mass scavenging efficiency of BC with an average of 33 % was similar for different cloud events independent of the air mass. This is the first time that both the mixing state and cloud scavenging of BC in China have been reported. Our results would improve the knowledge on the concentration, mixing state, and cloud scavenging of BC in the free troposphere.

scholarly journals Ship impacts on the marine atmosphere: insights into the contribution of shipping emissions to the properties of marine aerosol and clouds

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 14393-14445 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Coggon ◽  
A. Sorooshian ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
A. R. Metcalf ◽  
A. A. Frossard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Aerosol Instrumentation

Abstract. We report properties of marine aerosol and clouds measured in the shipping lanes between Monterey Bay and San Francisco off the coast of Central California. Using a suite of aerosol instrumentation onboard the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft, these measurements represent a unique set of data contrasting the properties of clean and ship-impacted marine air masses in dry aerosol and cloud droplet residuals. Average mass and number concentrations of below-cloud aerosol of 2 μg m−3 and 510 cm−3 are consistent with previous studies performed off the coast of California. Enhancement of vanadium and cloud droplet number concentration observed concurrently with a decrease in cloud water pH suggests that periods of high aerosol loading are primarily linked to increased ship influence. Mass spectra from a compact time-of-flight Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer reveal an enhancement in the fraction of organic at m/z 42 (f42) and 99 (f99) in ship-impacted clouds. These ions are well correlated to each other (R2 > 0.64) both in and out of cloud and dominate organic mass during periods of enhanced sulfate. High-resolution mass spectral analysis of these masses from ship measurements suggests that the ions responsible for this variation were oxidized, possibly due to cloud processing. We propose that the organic fractions of these ions be used as a metric for determining the extent to which ships impact the marine atmosphere where (f42 > 0.15; f99 > 0.04) would imply heavy influence from shipping emissions, (0.05 < f42 < 0.15; 0.01 < f99 < 0.04) would imply moderate, but persistent, influences from ships, and (f42 < 0.05; f99 < 0.01) would imply clean, non-ship-influenced air.

scholarly journals In-cloud scavenging scheme for aerosol modules

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eemeli Holopainen ◽  
Harri Kokkola ◽  
Anton Laakso ◽  
Thomas Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Nucleation Scavenging

Abstract. In this study we introduce an in-cloud wet deposition scheme for liquid and ice phase clouds for global aerosol-climate models which use a size-segregated aerosol description. For in-cloud nucleation scavenging, the scheme uses cloud droplet activation and ice nucleation rates obtained from the host model. For in-cloud impaction scavenging, we used a method where the removal rate depends on the aerosol size and cloud droplet radii. The scheme was compared to a scheme that uses fixed scavenging coefficients. The comparison included vertical profiles and mass and number distributions of wet deposition fluxes of different aerosol compounds and for different latitude bands. Using the scheme presented here, mass concentrations for black carbon, organic carbon, sulfate, and the number concentration of particles with diameters larger than 100 nm are higher than using fixed scavenging coefficients, with the largest differences in the vertical profiles in the Arctic. On the other hand, the number concentrations of small particles show a decrease, especially in the Arctic region. These results indicate that, compared to using fixed scavenging coefficients, nucleation scavenging is less efficient and impaction scavenging is increased in the scheme introduced here. Without further adjustments in the host model, our wet deposition scheme produced unrealistically high aerosol concentrations, especially at high altitudes. This also leads to a spuriously long lifetime of black carbon aerosol. To find a better setup for simulating aerosol vertical profiles and transport, sensitivity simulations were conducted where aerosol emission distribution and hygroscopicity were altered. The simulated vertical profiles of aerosol in these sensitivity studies were evaluated against aircraft observations. The lifetimes of different aerosol compounds were also evaluated against the ensemble mean of models involved in the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AEROCOM) project. The best comparison between the observations and the model was achieved with the new wet deposition scheme when black carbon was emitted internally mixed with soluble compounds instead of keeping it externally mixed. This also produced atmospheric lifetimes for the other species which were comparable to the AEROCOM model means.

scholarly journals In-cloud scavenging scheme for sectional aerosol modules – implementation in the framework of the Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale Applications version 2.0 (SALSA2.0) global aerosol module

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6215-6235
Author(s):  
Eemeli Holopainen ◽  
Harri Kokkola ◽  
Anton Laakso ◽  
Thomas Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Nucleation Scavenging ◽  
Aerosol Module

Abstract. In this study we introduce an in-cloud wet deposition scheme for liquid and ice phase clouds for global aerosol–climate models which use a size-segregated aerosol description. For in-cloud nucleation scavenging, the scheme uses cloud droplet activation and ice nucleation rates obtained from the host model. For in-cloud impaction scavenging, we used a method where the removal rate depends on the wet aerosol size and cloud droplet radii. We used the latest release version of ECHAM-HAMMOZ (ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0) with the Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale Applications version 2.0 (SALSA) microphysics package to test and compare our scheme. The scheme was compared to a scheme that uses fixed scavenging coefficients. The comparison included vertical profiles and mass and number distributions of wet deposition fluxes of different aerosol compounds and for different latitude bands. Using the scheme presented here, mass concentrations for black carbon, organic carbon, sulfate, and the number concentration of particles with diameters larger than 100 nm are higher than using fixed scavenging coefficients, with the largest differences in the vertical profiles in the Arctic. On the other hand, the number concentrations of particles smaller than 100 nm in diameter show a decrease, especially in the Arctic region. These results could indicate that, compared to fixed scavenging coefficients, nucleation scavenging is less efficient, resulting in an increase in the number concentration of particles larger than 100 nm. In addition, changes in rates of impaction scavenging and new particle formation (NPF) can be the main cause of reduction in the number concentrations of particles smaller than 100 nm. Without further adjustments in the host model, our wet deposition scheme produced unrealistically high aerosol concentrations, especially at high altitudes. This also leads to a spuriously long lifetime of black carbon aerosol. To find a better setup for simulating aerosol vertical profiles and transport, sensitivity simulations were conducted where aerosol emission distribution and hygroscopicity were altered. Vertical profiles of aerosol species simulated with the scheme which uses fixed scavenging rates and the abovementioned sensitivity simulations were evaluated against vertical profiles from aircraft observations. The lifetimes of different aerosol compounds were also evaluated against the ensemble mean of models involved in the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AEROCOM) project. The best comparison between the observations and the model was achieved with our wet deposition scheme when black carbon was emitted internally mixed with soluble compounds instead of keeping it externally mixed. This also produced atmospheric lifetimes for the other species which were comparable to the AEROCOM model means.

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