scholarly journals Emission Characteristics and Risk Assessment in an Industrial Metropolitan Area in Taiwan using the AERMOD Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Jiun-Horng Tsai ◽  
Wei-Ting Gu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Toxics ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Port Operations ◽  
Aermod Model ◽  
Stationary Sources

Abstract. Air toxics, also known as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), have gained increased public awareness in recent years. Air toxics may be released from various sources, such as mobile sources, stationary sources, and fugitive emissions. This study investigated profiles of air toxics from mobile sources, stationary sources, and the operations in a port in an industrial metropolitan area in Taiwan. Six carcinogens, including benzene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, arsenic, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and diesel particulate matter (DPM), were chosen as the target pollutants. The AERMOD model was applied to simulate the concentrations of the ambient air toxic species, and the concentrations were used to evaluate cancer risk. Cancer risk for each air toxic was also investigated to evaluate the potential impact on residents. The results of the emission estimation for the base year (2014) showed that the emissions of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde could be mainly attributed to mobile sources in the study areas. The contributions, in order, were 86 %, 77 %, and 69 %. DPM emissions from port operations accounted for 76 %, and most of the arsenic (70 %) and 2,3,7,8-TCDD (99 %) were emitted from stationary sources, especially from the steel industry. Approximately 66 % and 32 % of the cancer risk of air toxics were contributed to the emissions from port operations and on-road vehicles, respectively, in this area, and approximately 1.4 % of the risk was contributed to stationary sources. DPM was the pollutant that posed the highest cancer risk among all six air toxics. It accounted for more than 80 % of the overall cancer risk, followed by 1,3-butadiene (10 %), benzene (4.7 %), formaldehyde (1.2 %), arsenic (0.7 %), and 2,3,7,8-TCDD (0.2 %). The dominant sources of DPM were ocean-going vessels and diesel trucks.

Characteristics and Control Priority of Hazardous Air Pollutants in the Metropolitan Areas : A Case Study in Tainan, Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiun-Horng Tsai ◽  
Hsiao-Hsuan Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Air Toxics ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Mobile Source ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
The City ◽  
Hot Zone

<p>This research investigated the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), also known as air toxics, emission profiles and the potential health risks in Tainan City in Taiwan. Emission profiles of HAPs were derived by source test data and speciation data bank. Emissions from stationary source, mobile source, and area source were estimated in this study. Airborne concentration of target HAPs had been simulated by Models-3/CMAQ simulation and followed by cancer risk assessments for control priority assessment.</p><p>Five species of air toxics were selected as target component in this study, which included benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and 1,3-butadiene, by weighting the emissions and toxicity factors. Emission estimation indicated that these target air toxics were released by stationary sources with 34.5, 35.0, 5.0, 72.3, 94.5 %, respectively. Emissions of these 5 air toxics from mobile sources were 62.8, 45.4, 94.7. 27.5, 3.5 %, respectively. Area sources contributed less fraction in the city. The simulated annual average concentrations of target air toxics indicated the hot zone of various HAPs present in different location in the city. The airborne concentration of benzene and acetaldehyde in hot zone were mainly caused by mobile source emissions. Concentrations of formaldehyde in hot zone was caused by various sources. Airborne concentrations of acrolein and 1,3-butadiene in hot zone were mainly caused by area sources. The potential health risk assessment imposed by these target air toxics were evaluated by simulated exposure concentrations and with inhalation unit risk factor (cancer risk) and reference concentration level (non-cancer risk), respectively. The results showed 1,3-butadiene would pose the highest carcinogenic potential in the city which were mainly released by area sources. Acrolein had the highest non-carcinogenic potential. The cancer burden, by considering population density and exposure concentration, was higher in downtown area. Formaldehyde was the critical HAP which would impose the highest impacts on people caused by dense emission from mobile sources.</p>

scholarly journals PM2.5 and Trace Elements in Underground Shopping Districts in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Soo Ran Won ◽  
In-Keun Shim ◽  
Jeonghoon Kim ◽  
Hyun Ah Ji ◽  
Yumi Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Soil Dust ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Seoul Metropolitan Area

We measured PM2.5 in 41 underground shopping districts (USDs) in the Seoul metropolitan area from June to November 2017, and associated 18 trace elements to determine the sources and assess the respiratory risks. The PM2.5 concentrations were 18.0 ± 8.0 μg/m3 inside USDs, which were lower than 25.2 ± 10.6 μg/m3 outside. We identified five sources such as indoor miscellanea, soil dust, vehicle exhaust/cooking, coal combustion, and road/subway dust, using factor analysis. Almost 67% of the total trace element concentration resulted from soil dust. Soil dust contribution increased with the number of stores because of fugitive dust emissions due to an increase in passers-by. Vehicle exhaust/cooking contribution was higher when the entrances of the USDs were closed, whereas coal combustion contribution was higher when the entrances of the USDs were open. Although miscellanea and coal combustion contributions were 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively, among five elements with cancer risk, Cr and Ni were included in miscellanea, and Pb, Cd, and As were included in coal combustion. The excess cancer risk (ECR) was the highest at 67 × 10−6 for Cr, and the ECR for Pb was lower than 10−6, a goal of the United States Environmental Protection Agency for hazardous air pollutants.

Application of Electron Optics to Characterization of Particulate Pollutants

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran ◽  
J. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Fuel Additives ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Air Quality Standards ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Stationary Sources ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standards

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 provide the basis for a dramatic change in Federal air quality programs. The Act establishes new standards for motor vehicles and requires EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards, standards of performance for new stationary sources of pollution, and standards for stationary sources emitting hazardous substances. Further, it establishes procedures which allow states to set emission standards for existing sources in order to achieve national ambient air quality standards. The Act also permits the Administrator of EPA to register fuels and fuel additives and to regulate the use of motor vehicle fuels or fuel additives which pose a hazard to public health or welfare.National air quality standards for particulate matter have been established. Asbestos, mercury, and beryllium have been designated as hazardous air pollutants for which Federal emission standards have been proposed.

scholarly journals Relationship between Air Pollutant Exposure and Gynecologic Cancer Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5353
Author(s):  
Qiwei Yu ◽  
Liqiang Zhang ◽  
Kun Hou ◽  
Jingwen Li ◽  
Suhong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk

Exposure to air pollution has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of women’s health disorders. However, it remains unknown to what extent changes in ambient air pollution affect gynecological cancer. In our case–control study, the logistic regression model was combined with the restricted cubic spline to examine the association of short-term exposure to air pollution with gynecological cancer events using the clinical data of 35,989 women in Beijing from December 2008 to December 2017. We assessed the women’s exposure to air pollutants using the monitor located nearest to each woman’s residence and working places, adjusting for age, occupation, ambient temperature, and ambient humidity. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were examined to evaluate gynecologic cancer risk in six time windows (Phase 1–Phase 6) of women’s exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) and the highest ORs were found in Phase 4 (240 days). Then, the higher adjusted ORs were found associated with the increased concentrations of each pollutant (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) in Phase 4. For instance, the adjusted OR of gynecological cancer risk for a 1.0-mg m−3 increase in CO exposures was 1.010 (95% CI: 0.881–1.139) below 0.8 mg m−3, 1.032 (95% CI: 0.871–1.194) at 0.8–1.0 mg m−3, 1.059 (95% CI: 0.973–1.145) at 1.0–1.4 mg m−3, and 1.120 (95% CI: 0.993–1.246) above 1.4 mg m−3. The ORs calculated in different air pollution levels accessed us to identify the nonlinear association between women’s exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) and the gynecological cancer risk. This study supports that the gynecologic risks associated with air pollution should be considered in improved public health preventive measures and policymaking to minimize the dangerous effects of air pollution.

Removing NOx Pollution by Photocatalytic Building Materials in Real-Life: Evaluation of Existing Field Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernille D. Pedersen ◽  
Nina Lock ◽  
Henrik Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants

: The NOx gasses (NO and NO2) are among the most important air pollutants, due to the toxicity of NO2, as well as the role of NOx in the tropospheric oxidation of Volatile Organic Carbons (VOCs), contributing to the formation of other hazardous air pollutants. Air pollution is one of the biggest health threats world-wide, hence reducing NOx levels is an important objective of the UN sustainable development goals, e.g. #3, “Good health and well-being” and #11 “Sustainable cities and communities”. Photocatalysis using TiO2 and light is a promising technique for removing NOx along with other pollutants, as demonstrated on laboratory scale. Furthermore, a long range of real-life test studies of varying scales have been conducted during the past two decades. The results of these studies have been conflicting, with some studies reporting no effect on the ambient air quality and others reporting significant reductions of NOx level. However, the studies are very difficult to compare and assess due to the very different approaches used, which consequently vary in quality. In this review, we aim to develop a set of objective evaluation criteria to assess the quality of the individual studies in order to simplify the interpretation and comparison of the existing studies. Moreover, we propose some guidelines for future test-studies. Furthermore, the approaches and main conclusions from 23 studies are independently assessed and discussed herein.

National review of ambient air toxics observations

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Strum ◽  
Richard Scheffe
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Toxics ◽  
National Review
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