Removing NOx Pollution by Photocatalytic Building Materials in Real-Life: Evaluation of Existing Field Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernille D. Pedersen ◽  
Nina Lock ◽  
Henrik Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants

: The NOx gasses (NO and NO2) are among the most important air pollutants, due to the toxicity of NO2, as well as the role of NOx in the tropospheric oxidation of Volatile Organic Carbons (VOCs), contributing to the formation of other hazardous air pollutants. Air pollution is one of the biggest health threats world-wide, hence reducing NOx levels is an important objective of the UN sustainable development goals, e.g. #3, “Good health and well-being” and #11 “Sustainable cities and communities”. Photocatalysis using TiO2 and light is a promising technique for removing NOx along with other pollutants, as demonstrated on laboratory scale. Furthermore, a long range of real-life test studies of varying scales have been conducted during the past two decades. The results of these studies have been conflicting, with some studies reporting no effect on the ambient air quality and others reporting significant reductions of NOx level. However, the studies are very difficult to compare and assess due to the very different approaches used, which consequently vary in quality. In this review, we aim to develop a set of objective evaluation criteria to assess the quality of the individual studies in order to simplify the interpretation and comparison of the existing studies. Moreover, we propose some guidelines for future test-studies. Furthermore, the approaches and main conclusions from 23 studies are independently assessed and discussed herein.

Using the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory to characterize industrial emissions in Southern California

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conner Daube ◽  
Christoph Dyroff ◽  
Edward Fortner ◽  
Jordan Krechmer ◽  
Francesca Majluf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Mobile Laboratory ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Regional Trends

<p>During late 2019, the Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory sampled numerous industrial areas primarily in the County of Los Angeles, California, USA. Commercial and laboratory-grade instruments were used to analyze the gaseous and particulate composition of ambient air samples while operating in mobile and stationary modes. Measurements of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O were collected in addition to several specific hazardous air pollutants. Short-lived plumes from a wide variety of industries and broader regional trends were observed. Multi-day measurements at identified sources and overnight sampling added depth and context to these findings. Results from this characterization of industrial emission sources, including analysis of both greenhouse gases and pollutants in the urban environment, will be presented.</p>

Application of Health Information To Hazardous Air Pollutants Modeled in Epa's Cumulative Exposure Project

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane C. Caldwell ◽  
Tracey J. Woodruff ◽  
Rachel Morello-Frosch ◽  
Daniel A. Axelrad
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Air Concentrations

Relatively little is known about the spectrum of health effects, and the scope and level of ambient air concentrations of those pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act as "hazardous air pollutants. " The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Cumulative Exposure Project uses currently available emissions inventories, from a variety of source types, and an atmospheric dispersion model to provide estimates of ambient concentrations for 148 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in over 60,000 census tracts for the year 1990. This paper uses currently available hazard information for those pollutants and provides a database of potential regulatory threshold concentrations of concern, or "benchmark concentrations, " and a methodology for prioritizing and characterizing the quality of the data. In order to demonstrate application of the database and prioritization scheme to outputs from the Cumulative Exposure Project, comparisons were made with the maximum modeled concentration of each individual hazardous air pollutant across the census tracts. Of the 197 benchmark concentrations for cancer and non-cancer (long- and short-term exposures) effects compiled for the study, approximately one half were exceeded with a predominance of exceedance of cancer benchmarks. While the number of benchmark concentrations available to fully characterize potential health effects of these pollutants was limited (approximately 80 percent of HAPs identified as cancer concerns had benchmark concentrations for cancer and 50 percent of all HAPs had non-cancer benchmark concentrations) and there was greater uncertainty in derivation of maximum modeled air concentrations than other levels, the comparison between the two was a useful approach for providing an indication of public health concern from hazardous air pollutants.

scholarly journals Assessment of the contribution of hazardous air pollutants from nigeria’s petroleum refineries to ambient air quality. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1870792
Author(s):  
Bamidele Sunday Fakinle ◽  
Abiodun Paul Olalekan ◽  
Ebenezer Leke Odekanle ◽  
Chinchong Blessing Bakut ◽  
Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Petroleum Refineries

Banking in India

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Udayan Kumar Basu
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Direct Lending ◽  
High Level

Commercial banks play a very important role in the economy of any country. They constitute the most useful intermediary in the financial markets, who have a vital role in ensuring the efficacy of all monetary and fiscal measures. Their continued good health and sustained viability are therefore of immense significance for any economy. Measures to ensure their well-being are of paramount importance in order to maintain a high level of investor confidence. In India, financial liberalization has opened up new vistas for the commercial banks and they can now operate as universal banks offering, under one roof, all kinds of financial services including project financing and leasing. Besides, banks are allowed to go in for investment in securities also. However, the guidelines for direct lending have not been touched so far. Consequently, there are restrictions on the ways in which banks in India can deploy their available resources. In this article, an analysis has been carried out to show how such structural restrictions translate into what is often termed as interest rate rigidities for banks. How the loan losses impact on their interest spread as well as the urgent need to improve the framework for recovery of banks' NPAs has also been gone into. Moreover, the scope for moral hazards in banks, which are limited liability entities, has been explored and need for efficient risk management as well as effective risk-based supervision for ensuring their sustained viability has been analyzed and commented upon. A cut-off risk for bankable projects has also been worked out. The findings are interesting because the analysis takes into account the real life constraints faced by the banking sector and the results reflect the realities of this sector.

Air Pollution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez ◽  
Isabelle Romieu ◽  
Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Cardiac Disorders

This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including acute and chronic respiratory disorders, cardiac disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. A section deals with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Agency for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Another section describes exposure assessment. The chapter also describes various measures to control hazardous air pollutants and prevent disorders related to air pollution. In addition, a section features indoor air pollution, including pollution due to burning of biomass for cooking and heat.

scholarly journals Monitoring of particulate hazardous air pollutants and affecting factors in the largest industrial area in South Korea: The Sihwa-Banwol complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-923
Author(s):  
Kyung-Min Baek ◽  
Young-Kyo Seo ◽  
Jun-Young Kim ◽  
Sung-Ok Baek
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Industrial Complexes

Ambient air monitoring of particulate hazardous air pollutants was performed from 2005 to 2007 in the Sihwa-Banwol industrial complexes, which is the largest industrial area in Korea. The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals, their spatial and seasonal distributions, and the factors affecting the variations in concentrations were investigated. The annual average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene was 1.27 ng/m<sup>3</sup>, with a maximum of 10.41 ng/m<sup>3</sup>. The PAH levels between the industrial and residential sites did not differ significantly, although heavy metals strongly related to industrial activities showed a clear variation between the two groups. Thus, industrial activities were not the only sources of PAHs; they also included automobile emissions and residential heating fuels. Coal-fired power plants outside the city and transboundary contributions from China and North Korea also affected the PAH levels in the area. Although ambient levels of heavy metals had no specific seasonal pattern, PAH levels showed distinct seasonal variations, with the highest level in winter. Factors affecting the PAH concentrations were vehicle exhaust, domestic heating, industrial activities, incineration within the area, and fuel combustion outside the area. The Sihwa-Banwol industrial complexes can be regarded as a hot-spot of PAH pollution in the Seoul metropolitan area.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variations and Health Implications of Hazardous Air Pollutants in Ulsan, a Multi-Industrial City in Korea

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Kyung-Min Baek ◽  
Min-Ji Kim ◽  
Young-Kyo Seo ◽  
Byung-Wook Kang ◽  
Jong-Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Industrial City

We measured a wide range of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) simultaneously at five sites over four seasons in 2009–2010 in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in Korea. Target analytes included volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and heavy metals (HMs). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence and spatiotemporal distributions of HAPs, and to identify important HAPs based on health risk assessment. Industrial emissions affected ambient levels of VOCs and HMs, as demonstrated by spatial distribution analysis. However, concentrations of PAHs and phthalates were relatively uniform at all sites. VOCs and HMs exhibited little seasonal variation, while formaldehyde increased in the summer due to its secondary formation. PAHs exhibited notable seasonal variation; higher in cold seasons and lower in warm seasons. Cumulative cancer risks imposed by 35 HAPs were 4.7 × 10−4 and 1.7 × 10−4 in industrial and residential areas, respectively. The top five major cancer risk drivers appeared to be formaldehyde, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, As, and Co. The sums of hazard quotients (HQ) derived by 47 HAPs were 10.0 (industrial) and 2.4 (residential). As the individual species, only two HAPs exceeded the HQ of 1, which are As (3.1) and Pb (2.1) in the industrial area. This study demonstrated the importance of a comprehensive monitoring and health risk assessment to prioritize potentially toxic pollutants in the ambient air of a large industrial city.

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