scholarly journals Tropospheric column amount of ozone retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb-nadir-matching observations

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 7811-7865 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ebojie ◽  
C. von Savigny ◽  
A. Ladstätter-Weißenmayer ◽  
A. Rozanov ◽  
M. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Tropospheric O3 ◽  
Scanning Imaging

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone, O3, has two sources: transport from the stratosphere and photochemical production in the troposphere. It plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. In this manuscript we describe the retrieval of tropospheric O3 columns from limb-nadir matching (LNM) observations of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument, which flies as part of the payload onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite Envisat. This retrieval technique is a residual approach that utilizes the subtraction of the stratospheric O3 columns, derived from the limb observations, from the total O3 columns, derived from the nadir observations. The technique requires accurate knowledge of the stratospheric O3 columns, the total O3 columns, tropopause height, and their associated errors. The stratospheric O3 columns were determined from the stratospheric O3 profile retrieved in the Hartley and Chappius bands, based on SCIAMACHY limb scattering measurements. The total O3 columns were also derived from SCIAMACHY measurements, in the nadir viewing mode using the Weighting Function Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (WFDOAS) technique in the Huggins band. Comparisons of the tropospheric O3 columns from SCIAMACHY and collocated measurements from ozonesondes, in both hemispheres between January 2003 and December 2011 show agreement to within 2–5 DU (1 DU = 2.69 × 1016 molecules cm−2). Comparison of tropospheric O3 from SCIAMACHY with the results from ozonesondes, the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), and the LNM method combining Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data (hereinafter referred to as OMI/MLS), have been investigated. We find that all four retrieved data sets show agreement within the error bars and exhibit strong seasonal variation, which differs in amplitude. The spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone observed shows pollution plumes related to the release of precursors at the different seasons in both hemispheres.

scholarly journals Tropospheric column amount of ozone retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb–nadir-matching observations

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2073-2096 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ebojie ◽  
C. von Savigny ◽  
A. Ladstätter-Weißenmayer ◽  
A. Rozanov ◽  
M. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Tropospheric O3 ◽  
Scanning Imaging

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3), has two main sources: transport from the stratosphere and photochemical production in the troposphere. It plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Its amount and destruction are being modified by anthropogenic activity. Global measurements are needed to test our understanding of its sources and sinks. In this paper, we describe the retrieval of tropospheric O3 columns (TOCs) from the combined limb and nadir observations (hereinafter referred to as limb–nadir-matching (LNM)) of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument, which flew as part of the payload onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite Envisat (2002–2012). The LNM technique used in this study is a residual approach that subtracts stratospheric O3 columns (SOCs), retrieved from the limb observations, from the total O3 columns (TOZs), derived from the nadir observations. The technique requires accurate knowledge of the SOCs, TOZs, tropopause height, and their associated errors. The SOCs were determined from the stratospheric O3 profiles retrieved in the Hartley and Chappuis bands from SCIAMACHY limb scattering measurements. The TOZs were also derived from SCIAMACHY measurements, but in this case from the nadir viewing mode using the Weighting Function Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (WFDOAS) technique in the Huggins band. Comparisons of the TOCs from SCIAMACHY and collocated measurements from ozonesondes in both hemispheres between January 2003 and December 2011 show agreement to within 2–5 DU (1 DU = 2.69 × 1016 molecules cm−2). TOC values from SCIAMACHY have also been compared to the results from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and from the LNM technique exploiting Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data (hereinafter referred to as OMI/MLS). All compared data sets agree within the given data product error range and exhibit similar seasonal variations, which, however, differ in amplitude. The spatial distributions of tropospheric O3 in the SCIAMACHY LNM TOC product show characteristic variations related to stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes, anthropogenic activities and biospheric emissions.

scholarly journals Validation of MIPAS IMK/IAA methane profiles

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5251-5261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Laeng ◽  
J. Plieninger ◽  
T. von Clarmann ◽  
U. Grabowski ◽  
G. Stiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Solar Occultation ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Satellite Instruments

Abstract. The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) is an infrared (IR) limb emission spectrometer on the Envisat platform. It measures trace gas distributions during day and night, pole-to-pole, over an altitude range from 6 to 70 km in nominal mode and up to 170 km in special modes, depending on the measurement mode, producing more than 1000 profiles day−1. We present the results of a validation study of methane, version V5R_CH4_222, retrieved with the IMK/IAA (Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Karlsruhe/Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Grenada) MIPAS scientific level 2 processor. The level 1 spectra are provided by the ESA (European Space Agency) and version 5 was used. The time period covered is 2005–2012, which corresponds to the period when MIPAS measured trace gas distributions at a reduced spectral resolution of 0.0625 cm−1. The comparison with satellite instruments includes the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), the HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) and the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). Furthermore, comparisons with MkIV balloon-borne solar occultation measurements and with air sampling measurements performed by the University of Frankfurt are presented. The validation activities include bias determination, assessment of stability, precision validation, analysis of histograms and comparison of corresponding climatologies. Above 50 km altitude, MIPAS methane mixing ratios agree within 3 % with ACE-FTS and SOFIE. Between 30 and 40 km an agreement within 3 % with SCIAMACHY has been found. In the middle stratosphere, there is no clear indication of a MIPAS bias since comparisons with various instruments contradict each other. In the lower stratosphere (below 25 km) MIPAS CH4 is biased high with respect to satellite instruments, and the most likely estimate of this bias is 14 %. However, in the comparison with CH4 data obtained from cryogenic whole-air sampler (cryosampler) measurements, there is no evidence of a high bias in MIPAS between 20 and 25 km altitude. Precision validation is performed on collocated MIPAS–MIPAS pairs and suggests a slight underestimation of its uncertainties by a factor of 1.2. No significant evidence of an instrumental drift has been found.

scholarly journals Stratospheric CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> profiles derived from SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 11467-11511 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Noël ◽  
K. Bramstedt ◽  
M. Hilker ◽  
P. Liebing ◽  
J. Plieninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Solar Occultation ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Latitudinal Range ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. Stratospheric profiles of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been derived from solar occultation measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). The retrieval is performed using a method called "Onion Peeling DOAS" (ONPD) which combines an onion peeling approach with a weighting function DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) fit. By use of updated pointing information and optimisation of the data selection and of the retrieval approach the altitude range for reasonable CH4 could be extended to about 17 to 45 km. Furthermore, the quality of the derived CO2 has been assessed such that now the first stratospheric profiles of CO2 from SCIAMACHY are available. Comparisons with independent data sets yield an estimated accuracy of the new SCIAMACHY stratospheric profiles of about 5–10 % for CH4 and 2–3 % for CO2. The accuracy of the products is currently mainly restricted by the appearance of unexpected vertical oscillations in the derived profiles which need further investigation. Using the improved ONPD retrieval, CH4 and CO2 stratospheric data sets covering the whole SCIAMACHY time series (August 2002–April 2012) and the latitudinal range between about 50 and 70° N have been derived. Based on these time series, CH4 and CO2 trends have been estimated, which are in reasonable agreement with total column trends for these gases. This shows that the new SCIAMACHY data sets can provide valuable information about the stratosphere.

scholarly journals Are there urban signatures in the tropospheric ozone column products derived from satellite measurements?

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 5213-5222 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kar ◽  
J. Fishman ◽  
J. K. Creilson ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
J. Ziemke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Ratio Distribution ◽  
Total Column Ozone ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Column Ozone ◽  
Ozone Column

Abstract. In view of the proposed geostationary satellite missions to monitor air quality from space, it is important to first assess the capability of the current suite of satellite instruments to provide information on the urban scale pollution. We explore the possibility of detecting urban signatures in the tropospheric column ozone data derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)/Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite data. We find that distinct isolated plumes of tropospheric ozone near several large and polluted cities around the world may be detected in these data sets. The ozone plumes generally correspond with the tropospheric column NO2 plumes around these cities as observed by the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument. Similar plumes are also seen in tropospheric mean ozone mixing ratio distribution after accounting for the surface and tropopause pressure variations. The total column ozone retrievals indicate fairly significant sensitivity to the lower troposphere over the polluted land areas, which might help explain these detections. These results indicate that ultraviolet (UV) measurements may, in principle, be able to capture the urban signatures and may have implications for future missions using geostationary satellites.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of daytime stratospheric NO<sub>2</sub> satellite retrievals and model simulations

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2203-2225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Belmonte Rivas ◽  
P. Veefkind ◽  
F. Boersma ◽  
P. Levelt ◽  
H. Eskes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Relative Errors ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. This paper evaluates the agreement between stratospheric NO2 retrievals from infrared limb sounders (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)) and solar UV/VIS backscatter sensors (Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) limb and nadir) over the 2005–2007 period and across the seasons. The observational agreement is contrasted with the representation of NO2 profiles in 3-D chemical transport models such as the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) and TM4. A conclusion central to this work is that the definition of a reference for stratospheric NO2 columns formed by consistent agreement among SCIAMACHY, MIPAS and HIRDLS limb records (all of which agree to within 0.25 × 1015 molecules cm−2 or better than 10%) allows us to draw attention to relative errors in other data sets, e.g., (1) WACCM overestimates NO2 densities in the extratropical lower stratosphere, particularly in the springtime and over northern latitudes by up to 35% relative to limb observations, and (2) there are remarkable discrepancies between stratospheric NO2 column estimates from limb and nadir techniques, with a characteristic seasonally and latitudinally dependent pattern. We find that SCIAMACHY nadir and OMI stratospheric columns show overall biases of −0.5 × 1015 molecules cm−2 (−20%) and +0.6 × 1015 molecules cm−2 (+20%) relative to limb observations, respectively. It is argued that additive biases in nadir stratospheric columns are not expected to affect tropospheric retrievals significantly, and that they can be attributed to errors in the total slant column density, related either to algorithmic or instrumental effects. In order to obtain accurate and long-term time series of stratospheric NO2, an effort towards the harmonization of currently used differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) approaches to nadir retrievals becomes essential, as well as their agreement to limb and ground-based observations, particularly now that limb techniques are giving way to nadir observations as the next generation of climate and air quality monitoring instruments pushes forth.

scholarly journals Stratospheric CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> profiles derived from SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1485-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Noël ◽  
Klaus Bramstedt ◽  
Michael Hilker ◽  
Patricia Liebing ◽  
Johannes Plieninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Solar Occultation ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Latitudinal Range ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. Stratospheric profiles of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been derived from solar occultation measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY). The retrieval is performed using a method called onion peeling DOAS (ONPD), which combines an onion peeling approach with a weighting function DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) fit in the spectral region between 1559 and 1671 nm. By use of updated pointing information and optimisation of the data selection as well as of the retrieval approach, the altitude range for reasonable CH4 could be broadened from 20 to 40 km to about 17 to 45 km. Furthermore, the quality of the derived CO2 has been assessed such that now the first stratospheric profiles (17–45 km) of CO2 from SCIAMACHY are available. Comparisons with independent data sets yield an estimated accuracy of the new SCIAMACHY stratospheric profiles of about 5–10 % for CH4 and 2–3 % for CO2. The accuracy of the products is currently mainly restricted by the appearance of unexpected vertical oscillations in the derived profiles which need further investigation. Using the improved ONPD retrieval, CH4 and CO2 stratospheric data sets covering the whole SCIAMACHY time series (August 2002–April 2012) and the latitudinal range between about 50 and 70° N have been derived. Based on these time series, CH4 and CO2 trends have been estimated. CH4 trends above about 20 km are not significantly different from zero and the trend at 17 km is about 3 ppbv year−1. The derived CO2 trends show a general decrease with altitude with values of about 1.9 ppmv year−1 at 21 km and about 1.3 ppmv year−1 at 39 km. These results are in reasonable agreement with total column trends for these gases. This shows that the new SCIAMACHY data sets can provide valuable information about the stratosphere.

scholarly journals Six years of total ozone column measurements from SCIAMACHY nadir observations

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lerot ◽  
M. Van Roozendael ◽  
J. van Geffen ◽  
J. van Gent ◽  
C. Fayt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ozone Data ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
German Aerospace ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Total O3 columns have been retrieved from six years of SCIAMACHY nadir UV radiance measurements using SDOAS, an adaptation of the GDOAS algorithm previously developed at BIRA-IASB for the GOME instrument. GDOAS and SDOAS have been implemented by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in the version 4 of the GOME Data Processor (GDP) and in version 3 of the SCIAMACHY Ground Processor (SGP), respectively. The processors are being run at the DLR processing centre on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA). We first focus on the description of the SDOAS algorithm with particular attention to the impact of uncertainties on the reference O3 absorption cross-sections. Second, the resulting SCIAMACHY total ozone data set is globally evaluated through large-scale comparisons with results from GOME and OMI as well as with ground-based correlative measurements. The various total ozone data sets are found to agree within 2% on average. However, a negative trend of 0.2–0.4%/year has been identified in the SCIAMACHY O3 columns; this probably originates from instrumental degradation effects that have not yet been fully characterized.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of NO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>4</sub>, O<sub>3</sub> and HCHO slant column measurements by MAX-DOAS and zenith-sky UV–visible spectrometers during CINDI-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2169-2208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Kreher ◽  
Michel Van Roozendael ◽  
Francois Hendrick ◽  
Arnoud Apituley ◽  
Ermioni Dimitropoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
Data Products

Abstract. In September 2016, 36 spectrometers from 24 institutes measured a number of key atmospheric pollutants for a period of 17 d during the Second Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI-2) that took place at Cabauw, the Netherlands (51.97∘ N, 4.93∘ E). We report on the outcome of the formal semi-blind intercomparison exercise, which was held under the umbrella of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and the European Space Agency (ESA). The three major goals of CINDI-2 were (1) to characterise and better understand the differences between a large number of multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and zenith-sky DOAS instruments and analysis methods, (2) to define a robust methodology for performance assessment of all participating instruments, and (3) to contribute to a harmonisation of the measurement settings and retrieval methods. This, in turn, creates the capability to produce consistent high-quality ground-based data sets, which are an essential requirement to generate reliable long-term measurement time series suitable for trend analysis and satellite data validation. The data products investigated during the semi-blind intercomparison are slant columns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the oxygen collision complex (O4) and ozone (O3) measured in the UV and visible wavelength region, formaldehyde (HCHO) in the UV spectral region, and NO2 in an additional (smaller) wavelength range in the visible region. The campaign design and implementation processes are discussed in detail including the measurement protocol, calibration procedures and slant column retrieval settings. Strong emphasis was put on the careful alignment and synchronisation of the measurement systems, resulting in a unique set of measurements made under highly comparable air mass conditions. The CINDI-2 data sets were investigated using a regression analysis of the slant columns measured by each instrument and for each of the target data products. The slope and intercept of the regression analysis respectively quantify the mean systematic bias and offset of the individual data sets against the selected reference (which is obtained from the median of either all data sets or a subset), and the rms error provides an estimate of the measurement noise or dispersion. These three criteria are examined and for each of the parameters and each of the data products, performance thresholds are set and applied to all the measurements. The approach presented here has been developed based on heritage from previous intercomparison exercises. It introduces a quantitative assessment of the consistency between all the participating instruments for the MAX-DOAS and zenith-sky DOAS techniques.

scholarly journals Validation of SCIAMACHY AMC-DOAS water vapour columns

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1835-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Noël ◽  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
H. Bovensmann ◽  
J. P. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Visible Spectral Region ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Monthly Means ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Microwave Imager ◽  
Scanning Imaging

Abstract. A first validation of water vapour total column amounts derived from measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) in the visible spectral region has been performed. For this purpose, SCIAMACHY water vapour data have been determined for the year 2003 using an extended version of the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method, called Air Mass Corrected (AMC-DOAS). The SCIAMACHY results are compared with corresponding water vapour measurements by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and with model data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In confirmation of previous results it could be shown that SCIAMACHY derived water vapour columns are typically slightly lower than both SSM/I and ECMWF data, especially over ocean areas. However, these deviations are much smaller than the observed scatter of the data which is caused by the different temporal and spatial sampling and resolution of the data sets. For example, the overall difference with ECMWF data is only -0.05 g/cm2 whereas the typical scatter is in the order of 0.5 g/cm2. Both values show almost no variation over the year. In addition, first monthly means of SCIAMACHY water vapour data have been computed. The quality of these monthly means is currently limited by the availability of calibrated SCIAMACHY spectra. Nevertheless, first comparisons with ECMWF data show that SCIAMACHY (and similar instruments) are able to provide a new independent global water vapour data set.

scholarly journals Accurate satellite-derived estimates of the tropospheric ozone impact on the global radiation budget

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5505-5547 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Joiner ◽  
M. R. Schoeberl ◽  
A. P. Vasilkov ◽  
L. Oreopoulos ◽  
S. Platnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Radiative Effect ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Cloud Effect ◽  
Tropospheric O3

Abstract. Estimates of the radiative forcing due to anthropogenically-produced tropospheric O3 are derived primarily from models. Here, we use tropospheric ozone and cloud data from several instruments in the A-train constellation of satellites as well as information from the GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System to accurately estimate the radiative effect of tropospheric O3 for January and July 2005. Since we cannot distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sources with the satellite data, our derived radiative effect reflects the unadjusted (instantaneous) effect of the total tropospheric O3 rather than the anthropogenic component. We improve upon previous estimates of tropospheric ozone mixing ratios from a residual approach using the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) by incorporating cloud pressure information from OMI. We focus specifically on the magnitude and spatial structure of the cloud effect on both the short- and long-wave radiative budget. The estimates presented here can be used to evaluate the various aspects of model-generated radiative forcing. For example, our derived cloud impact is to reduce the radiative effect of tropospheric ozone by ~16%. This is centered within the published range of model-produced cloud effect on instantaneous radiative forcing.

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