An automated system for selective and continuous measurements of vertical Thoron profiles for the determination of transport times near the ground

Abstract. The quantification of in-canopy transport times is of a~major importance for the investigation of sources, sinks and net fluxes of reactive trace gases within plant canopies. The Damköhler number, which compares timescales of chemical reactions with transport times, is a widely applied measure to evaluate flux divergences. In this study, we present and evaluate a novel automated measurement system for selective vertical Thoron (Tn) profiles near the earth's surface and demonstrate its suitability for the direct and reliable determination of transport times within a natural grassland canopy. For the first time, we perform a rigorous determination of systematic and random uncertainties of Tn (and Rn) concentrations under field conditions for this type of measurement system. The obtained median precisions for three concentration classes (> 100 Bq m−3, 100–15 Bq m−3 < 15 Bq m−3) were 8.8%, 23.2% and 132.1% for Tn (and 16.6%, 25.0%, 99.2% for Rn). We calculate in-canopy transport times (τ) and propagate it's uncertainty from the individual errors of the Tn concentration measurements. A quality assessment of τ for the field experiment revealed a good data quality with 44% of the relative uncertainties below 50%. The occurrence of transport time uncertainties higher than 100% was caused by absolute Tn gradients lower than 70 Bq m−3, which was found for 22% of all determined transport times. In addition, the method was found to be highly sensitive to the Tn concentrations at the upper of two inlet heights (zu). Low values of CTnzu result in high absolute uncertainties of the transport time. A comparison of the measured τ with empirical parameterizations revealed the lowest scatter for the measured τ values. We found an excellent agreement of τ with transport times obtained by the in-canopy resistance approach used, e.g. in the SURFATM model during daytime, while the SURFATM model significantly overestimated transport times during nighttime.

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An automated system for selective and continuous measurements of vertical thoron profiles for the determination of transport times near the ground

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-6-1017-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 1017-1030 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. Plake ◽

I. Trebs

Keyword(s):

Measurement System ◽

Automated System ◽

Transport Time ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Plant Canopies ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Resistance Approach ◽

Reactive Trace Gases ◽

The Individual

Abstract. The quantification of in-canopy transport times is of major importance for the investigation of sources, sinks and net fluxes of reactive trace gases within plant canopies. The Damköhler number, which compares timescales of chemical reactions with transport times, is a widely applied measure to evaluate flux divergences. In this study we present and evaluate a novel automated measurement system for selective vertical thoron (Tn) profiles near the Earth's surface and demonstrate its suitability for the direct and reliable determination of transport times within a natural grassland canopy. For the first time, we perform a rigorous determination of systematic and random uncertainties of Tn (and Rn) concentrations under field conditions for this type of measurement system. The obtained median precisions for three concentration classes (> 100 Bq m−3, 100–15 Bq m−3, < 15 Bq m−3) were 8.8%, 23.2% and 132.1% for Tn (and 16.6%, 25.0%, 99.2% for Rn). We calculate in-canopy transport times (τ) and propagate their uncertainty from the individual errors of the Tn concentration measurements. A quality assessment of τ for the field experiment during a period of 51 days revealed good data quality with 44% of the relative uncertainties below 50%. The occurrence of transport time uncertainties higher than 100% was caused by absolute Tn gradients lower than 70 Bq m−3 m−1, which was found for 22% of all determined transport times. In addition, the method was found to be highly sensitive to the Tn concentrations at the upper of the two inlet heights (zu). Low values of CTnzu result in high absolute uncertainties of the transport time. A comparison with empirical parameterizations revealed a much lower scatter for the τ values determined from our measurements. We found an excellent agreement with τ values obtained by the in-canopy resistance approach used, e.g., in the SURFATM model during daytime, while the SURFATM model significantly overestimated transport times during nighttime.

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Non-invasive ploidy determination in live fish by measuring erythrocyte size in capillaries

Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria ◽

10.3897/aiep.51.65718 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 275-280

Author(s):

Karel Halačka ◽

Karel Janko ◽

Lukáš Vetešník

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Rapid Determination ◽

Minimum Size ◽

Gibel Carp ◽

Small Fish ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Live Fish ◽

Blood Smears ◽

The Individual

Information about ploidy is important in both commercial and conservation aquaculture and fish research. Unfortunately, methods for its determination, such as karyology, determination of the amount of DNA in a cell using microdensitometry or flow cytometry and/or measuring erythrocytes in a blood smear can be stressful or even destructive. Some of these methods are also limited by the relatively large minimum size of the individual being measured. The aim of this study was to test a new low-stress method of determining ploidy by measuring the size of erythrocytes in the capillaries of a fish, including small individuals. First, we examined diploid and triploid loach (Cobitis sp.) and gibel carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), using flow cytometry and blood smears, with these results being used as a control. Subsequently, we measured the size of erythrocytes in the caudal fin capillaries of anesthetized fishes of known ploidy under a light microscope. For both the loaches and gibel carp, direct observation of the mean erythrocyte size in epithelial fin capillaries provided a consistent and reliable determination of ploidy when compared with the controls based on flow cytometry and blood smears. This new method allows for rapid determination of ploidy in living small fish, where collection of tissue using other methods may cause excessive stress or damage. The method outlined here simply requires the measurement of erythrocytes directly in the bloodstream of a live fish, thereby making it possible to determine ploidy without the need for blood sampling. The method described is sufficiently efficient, less demanding on equipment than many other procedures, can be used by relatively inexperienced personnel and has benefits as regards animal welfare, which is especially important for fish production facilities or when dealing with rare or endangered species.

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Assessment of Enzyme Inhibition: A Review with Examples from the Development of Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Drugs

10.20944/preprints201707.0019.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Rona R. Ramsay ◽

Keith F. Tipton

Keyword(s):

Monoamine Oxidase ◽

Enzyme Inhibition ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Misleading Information ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

The Individual ◽

Careful Assessment ◽

Target Effects

The actions of many drugs involve enzyme inhibition. This is exemplified by the inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO) and the cholinsterases (ChE) that have been used for several pharmacological purposes. This review describes key principles and approaches for the reliable determination of enzyme activities and inhibition as well as some of the methods that are in current use for such studies with these two enzymes. Their applicability and potential pitfalls arising from their inappropriate use are discussed. Since inhibitor potency is frequently assessed in terms of the quantity necessary to give 50% inhibition (the IC50 value), the relationships between this and the mode of inhibition is also considered, in terms of the misleading information that it may provide. Incorporation of more than one functionality into the same molecule to give a multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) requires careful assessment to ensure that the specific target effects are not significantly altered and that the kinetic behaviour remains as favourable with the MTDL as it does with the individual components. Such factors will be considered in terms of recently developed MTDLs that combine MAO and ChE inhibitory functions.

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Conformational dependence of solvation energy of phosphates

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19811722 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 46 (8) ◽

pp. 1722-1733 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tomáš Bleha ◽

Ján Mlýnek ◽

Igor Tvaroška

Keyword(s):

Continuous Model ◽

Solvation Energy ◽

Molecular Volume ◽

Water Effect ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Solvent Water ◽

Dimethyl Phosphate ◽

The Individual ◽

Electrostatic Dispersion

Conformational dependence of solvation energy has been calculated for dimethyl phosphate, its monoanion and ion pair with the proton considering rotation about P-O bonds in the molecules. The solvent (water) effect has been expressed using the continuous model according to Sinanoglu. Contribution of individual terms (electrostatic, dispersion and cavity) of the solvation energy in the stabilization of individual conformers has been analyzed. Some of methodical problems of the calculation of solvation energy have been discussed and particularly the inevitability of reliable determination of torsional dependence of molecular volume has been stressed. A comparison of the three molecules has shown that different character of the solvation energy dependences is due to the electrostatic term and is connected with orientation of the group dipole moment of the central PO2 group in the individual molecules.

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High-throughput and reliable determination of 13 haloacetic acids and dalapon in water and evaluation of control strategies

Environmental Science Water Research & Technology ◽

10.1039/d0ew00296h ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 2499-2509

Author(s):

Cristina Postigo ◽

Pere Emiliano ◽

Fernando Valero

Keyword(s):

Simultaneous Determination ◽

High Throughput ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Selective Method ◽

Target Analytes ◽

Highly Sensitive

A simple, fast, highly-sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous determination of 13 haloacetic acids and dalapon in water was developed and applied to evaluate two strategies to control the concentrations of the target analytes in water.

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Electrochemical sensor based on the Mn3O4/CeO2 nanocomposite with abundant oxygen vacancies for highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide released from living cells

Analytical Methods ◽

10.1039/d1ay00085c ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 1672-1680

Author(s):

Yalin Wu ◽

Liping Lu ◽

Zhihui Yu ◽

Xiayan Wang

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Electrochemical Sensor ◽

Oxygen Vacancies ◽

Living Cells ◽

Sensitive Detection ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Highly Sensitive Detection

A novel electrochemical sensor based on the Mn3O4/CeO2 for reliable determination of extracellular H2O2 released from living cells was developed.

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Non-invasive ploidy determination in live fish by measuring erythrocyte size in capillaries

Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria ◽

10.3897/aiep.51.e65718 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 275-280

Author(s):

Karel Halačka ◽

Karel Janko ◽

Lukáš Vetešník

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Rapid Determination ◽

Minimum Size ◽

Gibel Carp ◽

Small Fish ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Live Fish ◽

Blood Smears ◽

The Individual

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A high performance electrochemical biosensor based on Cu2O–carbon dots for selective and sensitive determination of dopamine in human serum

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra05433h ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (67) ◽

pp. 54102-54108 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Qitong Huang ◽

Xiaofeng Lin ◽

Changqing Lin ◽

Yong Zhang ◽

Shirong Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Composite Film ◽

Human Serum ◽

Cuprous Oxide ◽

Carbon Dots ◽

High Performance ◽

Electrochemical Biosensor ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Sensitive Determination

A green and facile method was developed by synthesizing a cuprous oxide–carbon dots/Nafion (Cu2O–CDs/NF) composite film for highly sensitive and reliable determination of dopamine (DA).

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A panel of mono- and dinucleotide microsatellite markers is required for reliable determination of the MSI status in colorectal cancer

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(01)82977-2 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 120 (5) ◽

pp. A599-A599

Author(s):

C ARNOLD ◽

A GOEL ◽

J CARETHERS ◽

L WASSERMAN ◽

C COMPTON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Reliable Determination

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ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА ДЕТЕРМІНАЦІЯ ДОМІНУЮЧОГО ІНСТИНКТУ У КОНСТРУКТИВНІЙ САМОРЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЖІНОК

Psychology of Personality ◽

10.15330/ps.6.1.184-193 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 184-193

Author(s):

Ольга Віговська

Keyword(s):

Human Life ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Self Disclosure ◽

Self Identity ◽

Social Nature ◽

Self Actualization ◽

Rational Organization ◽

The Individual ◽

Age Range

У статті теоретично обґрунтовано феномен конструктивного самозбереження особистості як ознаки самоактуалізації, розкриття власного потенціалу і побудови перспективи розвитку особистості та емпірично виявлено ознаки психологічної детермінації домінуючого інстинкту у конструктивній самореалізації жінок з різним соціальним статусом. Зазначено, що проблема самозбереження асоціюється з особливостями прояву інстинкту самозбереження людини, але потреби вищого порядку зумовлюють соціальну природу її поведінки, яка локалізована у найвищій точці самореалізації. Теоретично обгрунтовано, що самореалізація визначає тенденцію раціональної організації життя людини та проявляється у її почутті задоволеністю життям. З’ясовано, що психологічну основу конструктивного самозбереження становлять індивідуально-типологічні характеристики людини, які відображають психофізіологічні та психосоціальні резерви самореалізації особистості. Розроблена програма емпіричного дослідження, а також комплекс використаних методів математичної обробки результатів дослідження дає змогу конкретизувати психологічний зміст детермінації домінуючого інстинкту у конструктивній самореалізації жінок вікового діапазону 35-45 років та з різним соціальним статусом. У жінок, які виховують проблемну (хвору) дитину, домінує інстинкт "егофільного типу", що виражається у їх надмірному егоцентризмі і супроводжується низькими показниками самоактуалізації, на відміну від досліджуваних жінок, які виховують здорових дітей і у яких на фоні вираженої тенденції до самоактуалізації домінує базовий інстинкт "дослідницького типу" та "лібертофільного типу". This article theoretically proves constructive phenomenon of self identity as signs of self-disclosure own potential and prospects of development of individual construction. In addition, it empirically showes signs of psychological determination of the dominant instinct in a constructive self-determination of women with different social statuses. It was noted that the issue of self-preservation is associated with the peculiarities of manifestation of self-preservation instinct of man, but it needs higher-order cause social nature of the behavior that is localized at the highest point of self-realization. It theorized that self-realization determines the trend of rational organization of human life and manifests itself in its sense of life satisfaction. It was found that the psychological basis of constructive self-preservation of the individual make individually-typological characteristics of a person that reflect physiological and psychosocial reserves of self-realization. The developed program of empirical research, as well as the methods used complex mathematical processing of results of research allows to specify the content of the psychological determination of the dominant instinct of constructive self-realization а women age range of 35-45 years and with different social status. Women who bring up the problem child dominates the instinct of self-preservation, which is reflected in their excessive self-centeredness, and is accompanied by low levels of self-actualization, as opposed to the study of women who are raising healthy children and that against the backdrop of a pronounced tendency to self-actualization, dominated by basic instinct "research type" and "independent type."

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