scholarly journals Stratospheric ozone depletion during the 1995–1996 Arctic winter: 3-D simulations on the potential role of different PSC types

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hendricks ◽  
F. Baier ◽  
G. Günther ◽  
B. C. Krüger ◽  
A. Ebel
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Particle Growth ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Type Ia

Abstract. The sensitivity of modelled ozone depletion in the winter Arctic stratosphere to different assumptions of prevalent PSC types and PSC formation mechanisms is investigated. Three-dimensional simulations of the winter 1995/96 are performed with the COlogne Model of the Middle Atmosphere (COMMA) by applying different PSC microphysical schemes. Model runs are carried out considering either liquid or solid PSC particles or a combined microphysical scheme. These simulations are then compared to a model run which only takes into account binary sulfate aerosols. The results obtained with the three-dimensional model agree with trajectory-box simulations performed in previous studies. The simulations suggest that conditions appropriate for type Ia PSC existence (T < TNAT ) occur over longer periods and cover larger areas when compared to conditions of potential type Ib PSC existence. Significant differences in chlorine activation and ozone depletion occur between the simulations including only either liquid or solid PSC particles. The largest differences, occurring over large spatial scales and during prolonged time periods, are modelled first, when the stratospheric temperatures stay below TNAT , but above the threshold of effective liquid particle growth and second, in the case of the stratospheric temperatures remaining below this threshold, but not falling below the ice frost point. It can be generally concluded from the present study that differences in PSC microphysical schemes can cause significant fluctuations in ozone depletion modelled for the winter Arctic stratosphere.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles; cloud physics and chemistry; middle atmosphere composition and chemistry)

scholarly journals Three-dimensional model evaluation of the Ozone Depletion Potentials for n-propyl bromide, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2371-2380 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Wuebbles ◽  
K. O. Patten ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
D. Youn ◽  
M. Martínez-Avilés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Past Study ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
Simplified Modeling

Abstract. The existing solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) and proposed solvent n-propyl bromide (nPB) have atmospheric lifetimes from days to a few months, but contain chlorine or bromine that could affect stratospheric ozone. Several previous studies estimated the Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for various assumptions of nPB emissions location, but these studies used simplified modeling treatments. The primary purpose of this study is to reevaluate the ODP for n-propyl bromide (nPB) using a current-generation chemistry-transport model of the troposphere and stratosphere. For the first time, ODPs for TCE and PCE are also evaluated in a three-dimensional, global atmospheric chemistry-transport model. Emissions representing industrial use of each compound are incorporated on land surfaces from 30° N to 60° N. The atmospheric chemical lifetime obtained for nPB is 24.7 days, similar to past literature, but the ODP is 0.0049, lower than in our past study of nPB. The derived atmospheric lifetime for TCE is 13.0 days and for PCE is 111 days. The corresponding ODPs are 0.00037 and 0.0050, respectively.

scholarly journals Atmospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in a three-dimensional model

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 10867-10874 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Patten ◽  
D. J. Wuebbles
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Atmospheric Lifetime ◽  
Ozone Loss ◽  
Land Surfaces

Abstract. The chloroalkenes trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene (tCFP) and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (tDCE) have been proposed as candidate replacements for other compounds in current use that cause concerns regarding potential environmental effects including destruction of stratospheric ozone. Because tCFP and tDCE contain chlorine atoms, the effects of these short-lived compounds on stratospheric ozone must be established. In this study, we derive the atmospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for tCFP and for tDCE assuming emissions from land surfaces at latitudes 30° N to 60° N using the MOZART 3 three-dimensional model of atmospheric chemistry and physics. 53% of the ozone loss due to tCFP and 98% of the ozone loss due to tDCE take place in the troposphere, rather than in the stratosphere as generally expected from longer-lived chlorocarbons. The atmospheric lifetime of tCFP against chemical reaction is 40.4 days, and its ODP is quite small at 0.00034. The tDCE atmospheric lifetime is 12.7 days, and its ODP is 0.00024, which is the lowest ODP found for any chlorocarbon we have studied. Our study suggests that chlorine from tCFP and tDCE are unlikely to affect ozone at quantities likely to be emitted to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional model evaluation of the Ozone Depletion Potentials for n-propyl bromide, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 17889-17910 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Wuebbles ◽  
K. O. Patten ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
D. Youn ◽  
M. Martínez-Avilés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Atmospheric Lifetime ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
Simplified Modeling ◽  
First Time

Abstract. The existing solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) and proposed solvent n-propyl bromide (nPB) have atmospheric lifetimes from days to a few months, but contain chlorine or bromine that could affect stratospheric ozone. Several previous studies estimated the Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for various assumptions for location of nPB emissions, but these studies used simplified modeling treatments. The primary purpose of this study is to reevaluate the ODP for nPB using a current-generation chemistry-transport model of the troposphere and stratosphere. For the first time, ODPs for TCE and PCE are also evaluated. Emissions representing industrial use of each compound are incorporated on land surfaces from 30° N to 60° N. The atmospheric chemical lifetime obtained for nPB is 24.7 days, similar to past literature, but the ODP is 0.0049, lower than in past studies. The derived atmospheric lifetime for TCE is 13.0 days and for PCE is 111 days. The corresponding ODPs are 0.00035 and 0.0060, respectively.

scholarly journals Atmospheric lifetimes and ozone depletion potentials of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in a three-dimensional model

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 16637-16657 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Patten ◽  
D. J. Wuebbles
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Atmospheric Lifetime ◽  
Land Surfaces

Abstract. The chloroalkenes trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene (tCFP) and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (tDCE) have been proposed as candidate replacements for other compounds in current use that cause concerns regarding potential environmental effects including destruction of stratospheric ozone. Because tCFP and tDCE contain chlorine atoms, the effects of these short-lived compounds on stratospheric ozone must be established. In this study, we derive the atmospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for tCFP and for tDCE assuming emissions from land surfaces at latitudes 30° N to 60° N using the MOZART 3 three-dimensional model of atmospheric chemistry and physics. Both tCFP and tDCE are shown to primarily affect ozone in the troposphere, rather than in the stratosphere as generally expected from longer-lived chlorocarbons. The atmospheric lifetime of tCFP against chemical reaction is 40.4 days, and its ODP is quite small at 0.00034. The tDCE atmospheric lifetime is 12.7 days, and its ODP is 0.00024, which is the lowest ODP found for any chlorocarbon we have studied. Our study suggests that chlorine from tCFP and tDCE are unlikely to significantly affect ozone at quantities likely to be emitted to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Copernicus stratospheric ozone service, 2009–2012: validation, system intercomparison and roles of input data sets

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 2269-2293 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lefever ◽  
R. van der A ◽  
F. Baier ◽  
Y. Christophe ◽  
Q. Errera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. This paper evaluates and discusses the quality of the stratospheric ozone analyses delivered in near real time by the MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) project during the 3-year period between September 2009 and September 2012. Ozone analyses produced by four different chemical data assimilation (CDA) systems are examined and compared: the Integrated Forecast System coupled to the Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers (IFS-MOZART); the Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical ObsErvations (BASCOE); the Synoptic Analysis of Chemical Constituents by Advanced Data Assimilation (SACADA); and the Data Assimilation Model based on Transport Model version 3 (TM3DAM). The assimilated satellite ozone retrievals differed for each system; SACADA and TM3DAM assimilated only total ozone observations, BASCOE assimilated profiles for ozone and some related species, while IFS-MOZART assimilated both types of ozone observations. All analyses deliver total column values that agree well with ground-based observations (biases < 5%) and have a realistic seasonal cycle, except for BASCOE analyses, which underestimate total ozone in the tropics all year long by 7 to 10%, and SACADA analyses, which overestimate total ozone in polar night regions by up to 30%. The validation of the vertical distribution is based on independent observations from ozonesondes and the ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment – Fourier Transform Spectrometer) satellite instrument. It cannot be performed with TM3DAM, which is designed only to deliver analyses of total ozone columns. Vertically alternating positive and negative biases are found in the IFS-MOZART analyses as well as an overestimation of 30 to 60% in the polar lower stratosphere during polar ozone depletion events. SACADA underestimates lower stratospheric ozone by up to 50% during these events above the South Pole and overestimates it by approximately the same amount in the tropics. The three-dimensional (3-D) analyses delivered by BASCOE are found to have the best quality among the three systems resolving the vertical dimension, with biases not exceeding 10% all year long, at all stratospheric levels and in all latitude bands, except in the tropical lowermost stratosphere. The northern spring 2011 period is studied in more detail to evaluate the ability of the analyses to represent the exceptional ozone depletion event, which happened above the Arctic in March 2011. Offline sensitivity tests are performed during this month and indicate that the differences between the forward models or the assimilation algorithms are much less important than the characteristics of the assimilated data sets. They also show that IFS-MOZART is able to deliver realistic analyses of ozone both in the troposphere and in the stratosphere, but this requires the assimilation of observations from nadir-looking instruments as well as the assimilation of profiles, which are well resolved vertically and extend into the lowermost stratosphere.

scholarly journals NOGAPS-ALPHA model simulations of stratospheric ozone during the SOLVE2 campaign

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 2401-2423 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. McCormack ◽  
S. D. Eckermann ◽  
L. Coy ◽  
D. R. Allen ◽  
Y.-J. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
First Case ◽  
Nwp Model ◽  
January Event

Abstract. This paper presents three-dimensional prognostic O3 simulations with parameterized gas-phase photochemistry from the new NOGAPS-ALPHA middle atmosphere forecast model. We compare 5-day NOGAPS-ALPHA hindcasts of stratospheric O3 with satellite and DC-8 aircraft measurements for two cases during the SOLVE II campaign: (1) the cold, isolated vortex during 11-16 January 2003; and (2) the rapidly developing stratospheric warming of 17-22 January 2003. In the first case we test three different photochemistry parameterizations. NOGAPS-ALPHA O3 simulations using the NRL-CHEM2D parameterization give the best agreement with SAGE III and POAM III profile measurements. 5-day NOGAPS-ALPHA hindcasts of polar O3 initialized with the NASA GEOS4 analyses produce better agreement with observations than do the operational ECMWF O3 forecasts of case 1. For case 2, both NOGAPS-ALPHA and ECMWF 114-h forecasts of the split vortex structure in lower stratospheric O3 on 21 January 2003 show comparable skill. Updated ECMWF O3 forecasts of this event at hour 42 display marked improvement from the 114-h forecast; corresponding updated 42-hour NOGAPS-ALPHA prognostic O3 fields initialized with the GEOS4 analyses do not improve significantly. When NOGAPS-ALPHA prognostic O3 is initialized with the higher resolution ECMWF O3 analyses, the NOGAPS-ALPHA 42-hour lower stratospheric O3 fields closely match the operational 42-hour ECMWF O3 forecast of the 21 January event. We find that stratospheric O3 forecasts at high latitudes in winter can depend on both model initial conditions and the treatment of photochemistry over periods of 1-5 days. Overall, these results show that the new O3 initialization, photochemistry parameterization, and spectral transport in the NOGAPS-ALPHA NWP model can provide reliable short-range stratospheric O3 forecasts during Arctic winter.

Modelling the global sources and sinks of radiatively active gases

1995 ◽  
Vol 351 (1696) ◽  
pp. 397-411 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Two Dimensional Model

The use of numerical models in understanding the budgets of atmospheric trace gases is discussed. The budget of methane is calculated in a two-dimensional model. The contrasting behaviour of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere reflects changes in the relative importance of emissions, transport and chemistry. Models can also be used to test hypotheses. An example of such a study is presented in which it is shown that changes in stratospheric ozone could have played a significant role in the dramatic change in methane trend observed in the early 1990s. Finally, use of a three-dimensional model to study tropospheric trace gases is introduced.

scholarly journals Solar cycle changes to planetary wave propagation and their influence on the middle atmosphere circulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. Arnold ◽  
T. R. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Solar Maximum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Quasi Biennial Oscillation ◽  
Small Perturbations ◽  
Summer Hemisphere ◽  
Waves And Tides ◽  
Dynamical Coupling ◽  
Stratospheric Circulation

Abstract. Recent observations suggest that there may be a causal relationship between solar activity and the strength of the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation in the stratosphere. A three-dimensional model of the atmosphere between 10–140 km was developed to assess the influence of solar minimum and solar maximum conditions on the propagation of planetary waves and the subsequent changes to the circulation of the stratosphere. Ultraviolet heating in the middle atmosphere was kept constant in order to emphasise the importance of non-linear dynamical coupling. A realistic thermosphere was achieved by relaxing the upper layers to the MSIS-90 empirical temperature model. In the summer hemisphere, strong radiative damping prevents significant dynamical coupling from taking place. Within the dynamically controlled winter hemisphere, small perturbations are reinforced over long periods of time, resulting in systematic changes to the stratospheric circulation. The winter vortex was significantly weakened during solar maximum and western phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation, in accordance with reported 30 mb geopotential height and total ozone measurements.Key words. Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics (Climatology; Middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides)

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