scholarly journals Long-term trend of CO<sub>2</sub> and ocean acidification in the surface water of the Ulleung Basin, the East/Japan Sea inferred from the underway observational data

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2443-2454 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-Y. Kim ◽  
D.-J. Kang ◽  
T. Lee ◽  
K.-R. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Thermal Effect ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Ulleung Basin ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Decadal Trend ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Anthropogenic carbon is responsible for both global warming and ocean acidification. Efforts are underway to understand the role of ocean in a high CO2 world on a global context. However, marginal seas received little attention despite their significant contribution to biogeochemical cycles. Here we report the CO2 increase and ocean acidification in the surface waters of the Ulleung Basin (UB) of the East/Japan Sea, and possible causes are discussed. Fourteen observations of surface fCO2 were made in the period from 1995 to 2009. The contribution of temperature variation to the seasonality of fCO2 was almost equivalent to the non-thermal effect in the UB. However, the difference of relative contribution with the season makes two seasonal peaks of fCO2 in the surface water of the UB. Non-thermal effect contributed to the surface fCO2 drawdown in summer, whereas the surface fCO2 elevation in winter. The decadal trend of fCO2 increment was estimated by harmonic analysis. The estimated rates of increase of fCO2 were 1.8 ± 0.4 μatm yr−1 for the atmosphere and 2.7 ± 1.1 μatm yr−1 for the surface water. The ocean acidification trend, calculated from total alkalinity and fCO2, was estimated to be −0.03 ± 0.02 pH units decade−1. These rates seem to be higher than observations at most other ocean time-series sites during the same period of time. Sustained observations are required to understand more accurate trend in this area.

scholarly journals Rapid increasing trend of CO<sub>2</sub> and ocean acidification in the surface water of the Ulleung Basin, East/Japan Sea inferred from the observations from 1995 to 2004

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 9573-9602
Author(s):  
J.-Y. Kim ◽  
D.-J. Kang ◽  
T. Lee ◽  
K.-R. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Ulleung Basin ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Decadal Trend ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. Anthropogenic carbon is responsible for both global warming and ocean acidification. Efforts are underway to understand the role of ocean in a high CO2 world on a global context. However, marginal seas received little attention despite their significant contribution to biogeochemical cycles. Here we report that the CO2 increase and ocean acidification in the surface waters of the Ulleung Basin (UB) of the East/Japan Sea are much faster than the global mean, and possible causes are discussed. Twelve observations of surface fCO2 were made in the period from 1995 to 2004. The decadal trend of fCO2 increment was estimated by harmonic analysis. The estimated rates of increase of fCO2 were 1.97 μatm yr−1 for the atmosphere and 3.36 μatm yr−1 for the surface ocean. The rates exceed the global mean of 1.5 μatm yr−1. The ocean acidification trend, calculated from total alkalinity and fCO2, was estimated to be 0.04 pH units decade−1. Surface seawater of the UB has been acidified more rapidly compared to the global mean (0.02 pH units decade−1). Results show that, if warming strengthens the currents or advection in the marginal seas, biological pump will be enhanced. This would lead to compensation for the presumed reduction in oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 in the warmer world, which warrants quantification worldwide.

scholarly journals Regional Atmospheric Simulation of Monthly Precipitation Using High-Resolution SST Obtained from an Ocean Assimilation Model: Application to the Wintertime Japan Sea

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (7) ◽  
pp. 2164-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaru Yamamoto ◽  
Naoki Hirose
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Cold Tongue ◽  
Surface Heat Fluxes ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Atmospheric Simulations

The present study examines the influence of an assimilation SST product on simulated monthly precipitation. The high-resolution SST structures located close to the oceanic front and coastal areas are important in regional atmospheric simulations over semienclosed marginal seas such as the Japan Sea. Two simulations are conducted using assimilation and interpolation SST products (experiments R and N, respectively), for January 2005. The surface heat fluxes and PBL height in experiment R are lower than those in experiment N in coastal areas and the cold tongue. A decrease of 4 K in SST leads to decreases of 120 W m−2 in surface sensible and latent fluxes and 300 m in PBL height. The precipitation in experiment R is less than that in experiment N for the sea area except at 38°N, 137°E. The cold tongue in the central Japan Sea acts to reduce moisture supply via the latent heat flux, resulting in low precipitation in coastal areas. The fact that the difference between observed and modeled precipitation in experiment R is 21% less than that in experiment N demonstrates that the assimilation of SST data leads to improved regional atmospheric simulations of monthly precipitation.

scholarly journals Current estimates of K<sub>1</sub>* and K<sub>2</sub>* appear inconsistent with measured CO<sub>2</sub> system parameters in cold oceanic regions

Ocean Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sulpis ◽  
Siv K. Lauvset ◽  
Mathilde Hagens
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. Seawater absorption of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has led to a range of changes in carbonate chemistry, collectively referred to as ocean acidification. Stoichiometric dissociation constants used to convert measured carbonate system variables (pH, pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity) into globally comparable parameters are crucial for accurately quantifying these changes. The temperature and salinity coefficients of these constants have generally been experimentally derived under controlled laboratory conditions. Here, we use field measurements of carbonate system variables taken from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 and the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas data products to evaluate the temperature dependence of the carbonic acid stoichiometric dissociation constants. By applying a novel iterative procedure to a large dataset of 948 surface-water, quality-controlled samples where four carbonate system variables were independently measured, we show that the set of equations published by Lueker et al. (2000), currently preferred by the ocean acidification community, overestimates the stoichiometric dissociation constants at temperatures below about 8 ∘C. We apply these newly derived temperature coefficients to high-latitude Argo float and cruise data to quantify the effects on surface-water pCO2 and calcite saturation states. These findings highlight the critical implications of uncertainty in stoichiometric dissociation constants for future projections of ocean acidification in polar regions and the need to improve knowledge of what causes the CO2 system inconsistencies in cold waters.

scholarly journals Current estimates of K<sub>1</sub><sup>*</sup> and K<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup> appear inconsistent with measured CO<sub>2</sub> system parameters in cold oceanic regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sulpis ◽  
Siv K. Lauvset ◽  
Mathilde Hagens
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. Seawater absorption of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has led to a range of changes in carbonate chemistry, collectively referred to as ocean acidification. Stoichiometric dissociation constants used to convert measured carbonate system variables (pH, pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity) into globally comparable parameters are crucial for accurately quantifying these changes. The temperature and salinity coefficients of these constants have generally been experimentally derived under controlled laboratory conditions. Here, we use field measurements of carbonate system variables taken from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 and the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas databases to evaluate the temperature dependence of the carbonic acid stoichiometric dissociation constants. By applying a novel iterative procedure to a large dataset of 948 surface-water, quality-controlled samples where four carbonate system variables were independently measured, we show that the set of equations published by Lueker et al. (2000), currently preferred by the ocean acidification community, overestimates the stoichiometric dissociation constants at low temperatures, below ~ 8 °C. We apply these newly derived temperature coefficients to high-latitude Argo float and cruise data to quantify the effects on surface-water pCO2 and calcite saturation states. These findings highlight the critical implications of uncertainty in stoichiometric dissociation constants for future projections of ocean acidification in polar regions, and the need to improve knowledge of what causes the CO2 system inconsistencies in cold waters.

scholarly journals Acidification-vulnerable carbonate system of the East Sea (Japan Sea)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taehee Na ◽  
Jeomshik Hwang ◽  
Soyun Kim ◽  
Seonghee Jeong ◽  
TaeKeun Rho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
East Sea ◽  
Ulleung Basin ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
The South ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Deep Waters

Abstract. The East Sea (Japan Sea) has its own deep overturning circulation, but this operates over a much shorter timescale than that in the open ocean. This allows the East Sea to be used as a natural laboratory in which to investigate potential future changes in the oceanic system. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) were measured in 2014 and 2017 to investigate the characteristics and temporal variability of the carbonate system of the East Sea. When the East Sea was compared with a site in the South Atlantic that has similar apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) values, it was also found to have similar DIC content of the deep waters. However, the TA levels in the East Sea were much lower than those recorded in the South Atlantic. Consequently, the DIC / TA ratio of the deep waters of the East Sea was high and similar to that in the North Pacific, which leaves the deep waters of the East Sea vulnerable to acidification by CO2 input. High export production of organic matter, together with low rates of CaCO3 export, are responsible for this high DIC / TA ratio. In the Ulleung Basin, in the southwest of the East Sea, the DIC and AOU of the deep waters increased between 1999 and 2014. pH decrease of the deep waters and shoaling of the carbonate saturation horizons was faster than that recorded in the oceans. Both slowed deep-water ventilation, and the intrusion of anthropogenic CO2 contributed to the acidification of the East Sea. However, a clear increase in DIC from the Japan Basin to the Ulleung Basin, accompanied by a commensurate increase in AOU, was observed in 2014, whereas the meridional gradient was absent in 1999. This observation appears to reflect recent changes in deep-water ventilation, such as the re-initiation of deep-water formation. The East Sea is extremely vulnerable to acidification and should be seen as a special case of ocean acidification rather than an example of how the oceans will respond to a slowdown in ventilation in the future.

scholarly journals Measuring coral calcification under ocean acidification: methodological considerations for the 45Ca-uptake and total alkalinity anomaly technique

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Cohen ◽  
Thomas Krueger ◽  
Maoz Fine
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Coral Calcification ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Skeletal Calcium

As the oceans become less alkaline due to rising CO2 levels, deleterious consequences are expected for calcifying corals. Predicting how coral calcification will be affected by on-going ocean acidification (OA) requires an accurate assessment of CaCO3 deposition and an understanding of the relative importance that decreasing calcification and/or increasing dissolution play for the overall calcification budget of individual corals. Here, we assessed the compatibility of the 45Ca-uptake and total alkalinity (TA) anomaly techniques as measures of gross and net calcification (GC, NC), respectively, to determine coral calcification at pHT 8.1 and 7.5. Considering the differing buffering capacity of seawater at both pH values, we were also interested in how strongly coral calcification alters the seawater carbonate chemistry under prolonged incubation in sealed chambers, potentially interfering with physiological functioning. Our data indicate that NC estimates by TA are erroneously ∼5% and ∼21% higher than GC estimates from 45Ca for ambient and reduced pH, respectively. Considering also previous data, we show that the consistent discrepancy between both techniques across studies is not constant, but largely depends on the absolute value of CaCO3 deposition. Deriving rates of coral dissolution from the difference between NC and GC was not possible and we advocate a more direct approach for the future by simultaneously measuring skeletal calcium influx and efflux. Substantial changes in carbonate system parameters for incubation times beyond two hours in our experiment demonstrate the necessity to test and optimize experimental incubation setups when measuring coral calcification in closed systems, especially under OA conditions.

Ecological and hygienic assessment pollution of surface and groundwater in Transural Region Republic of Bashkortostan

2017 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Z.B. Baktybaeva ◽  
R.A. Suleymanov ◽  
T.K. Valeev ◽  
N.R. Rakhmatullin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

Carried out ecological and hygienic assessment of pollution of surface and groundwater of mining areas in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Revealed exceeding standards for fishery water bodies and drinking and cultural and community water use, which indicates the potential danger of surface water for the health of the region's population. The greatest relative contribution to the overall pollution of surface water bodies are making manganese (33,0–66,6 %), iron (9,1–15,6 %), calcium (6,5–11,7 %), lead (5,8– 7,2 %). The quality of water used for drinking purposes from decentralized water sources (boreholes, wells, springs), do not always correspond to the hygienic and sanitary-epidemiological requirements. In this case, the highest priority performance of drinking water contamination are increased stiffness, high content of iron, calcium, nitrate, presence cadmium, and hexavalent chromium.

scholarly journals An evaluation of water quality at Sandhill Wetland: implications for reclaiming wetlands above soft tailings deposits in northern Alberta, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy A. Hartsock ◽  
Jessica Piercey ◽  
Melissa K. House ◽  
Dale H. Vitt
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Water Quality Guidelines ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Annual Water

AbstractThe experimental Sandhill Wetland is the first permanent reclamation of a composite tailings deposit, and annual water quality monitoring is of specific interest for evaluating and predicting long-term reclamation performance. Here, we present water chemistry monitoring data obtained from Sandhill Wetland (years 2009–2019) and compare results to twelve natural reference wetlands and to environmental quality guidelines for Alberta surface waters. By comparing water quality at Sandhill Wetland and natural sites to established guidelines, we can begin to document the natural background water quality of wetlands in the region and examine if guideline exceedances are seen in natural undisturbed environments, or appear only at active reclamation sites. At Sandhill Wetland the dominant ions in near-surface water were bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Since the first growing season concentrations for these ions have increased annually, causing concurrent increases in electrical conductivity. In year 2019, water chemistry at Sandhill Wetland was most comparable to regional saline fens, systems that exhibit elevated electrical conductivity and high sodicity. Near-surface water at Sandhill Wetland exceeded water quality guidelines for three substances/properties (dissolved chloride, iron, and total alkalinity) in the most recent year of monitoring. The saline fen natural sites also exceeded water quality guidelines for the same chemical substances/properties, suggesting guideline exceedances are a norm for some natural wetland site types in the region. Of note, in each year of monitoring at Sandhill Wetland, dissolved organic compounds evaluated in sub- and near-surface water were below detection limits.

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