Succession within the prokaryotic communities during the VAHINE mesocosms  experiment in the New Caledonia lagoon

Abstract. N2 fixation fuels ∼  50 % of new primary production in the oligotrophic South Pacific Ocean. The VAHINE experiment has been designed to track the fate of diazotroph-derived nitrogen (DDN) and carbon within a coastal lagoon ecosystem in a comprehensive way. For this, large-volume ( ∼  50 m3) mesocosms were deployed in the New Caledonian lagoon and were intentionally fertilized with dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) to stimulate N2 fixation. This study examined the temporal dynamics of the prokaryotic community together with the evolution of biogeochemical parameters for 23 consecutive days in one of these mesocosms (M1) and in the Nouméa lagoon using MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing and flow cytometry. Combining these methods allowed for inference of absolute cell numbers from 16S data. We observed clear successions within M1, some of which were not mirrored in the lagoon. The dominating classes in M1 were Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, eukaryotic microalgae, Marine Group II Euryarchaeota, Flavobacteriia, and Acidimicrobia. Enclosure led to significant changes in the M1 microbial community, probably initiated by the early decay of Synechococcus and diatoms. However, we did not detect a pronounced bottle effect with a copiotroph-dominated community. The fertilization with ∼  0.8 µM DIP on day 4 did not have directly observable effects on the overall community within M1, as the data samples obtained from before and 4 days after fertilization clustered together, but likely influenced the development of individual populations later on, like Defluviicoccus-related bacteria and UCYN-C-type diazotrophic cyanobacteria (Cyanothece). Growth of UCYN-C led to among the highest N2-fixation rates ever measured in this region and enhanced growth of nearly all abundant heterotrophic groups in M1. We further show that different Rhodobacteraceae were the most efficient heterotrophs in the investigated system and we observed niche partitioning within the SAR86 clade. Whereas the location in- or outside the mesocosm had a significant effect on community composition, the temporal effect was significantly stronger and similar in both locations, suggesting that overarching abiotic factors were more influential than the enclosure. While temporal community changes were evident, prokaryotic diversity (Shannon index) only declined slightly from ∼  6.5 to 5.7 or 6.05 in the lagoon and M1, respectively, throughout the experiment, highlighting the importance of multiple and varying sources of organic matter maintaining competition.

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Succession within the prokaryotic communities during the VAHINE mesocosms experiment in the New Caledonia lagoon

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-12-20179-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 20179-20222 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

U. Pfreundt ◽

F. Van Wambeke ◽

S. Bonnet ◽

W. R. Hess

Keyword(s):

N2 Fixation ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

New Caledonia ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Niche Partitioning ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

South Pacific Ocean

Abstract. N2 fixation fuels ~ 50 % of new primary production in the oligotrophic South Pacific Ocean. The VAHINE experiment has been designed to track the fate of diazotroph derived nitrogen (DDN) and carbon within a coastal lagoon ecosystem in a comprehensive way. For this, large-volume (~ 50 m3) mesocosms were deployed in the New Caledonia lagoon and were intentionally fertilized with dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) to stimulate N2 fixation. This study examined the temporal dynamics of the prokaryotic community together with the evolution of biogeochemical parameters for 23 consecutive days in one of these mesocosms (M1) and in the Nouméa lagoon using MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We observed clear successions within M1, some of which were not mirrored in the lagoon. The dominating classes in M1 were alpha- and gammaproteobacteria, cyanobacteria (mainly Synechococcus), eukaryotic microalgae, on days 10 and 14 Marine Group II euryarchaea, on days 12–23 also Flavobacteriia. Enclosure led to significant changes in the M1 microbial community, probably initiated by the early decay of Synechococcus and diatoms. However, we did not detect a pronounced bottle effect with a copiotroph-dominated community. The fertilization with ~ 0.8 μM DIP on day 4 did not have directly observable effects on the overall community within M1, as the data samples obtained from before and four days after fertilization clustered together, but likely influenced the development of individual populations later on, like Defluviicoccus-related bacteria and UCYN-C type diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Growth of UCYN-C led to among the highest N2 fixation rates ever measured in this region and enhanced growth of nearly all abundant heterotrophic groups in M1. We further show that different Rhodobacteraceae were the most efficient heterotrophs in the investigated system and we observed niche partitioning within the SAR86 clade. Whereas the location in- or outside the mesocosm had a significant effect on community composition, the temporal effect was significantly stronger and similar in both locations, suggesting that overarching abiotic factors were more influential than the enclosure. While temporal community changes were evident, prokaryotic diversity (Shannon Index) only declined slightly from ~ 6.5 to 5.7 or 6.05 in the lagoon and M1, respectively, throughout the experiment, highlighting the importance of multiple and varying sources of organic matter maintaining competition.

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Effects of Psychotropics on the Microbiome in Patients With Depression and Anxiety: Considerations in a Naturalistic Clinical Setting

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology ◽

10.1093/ijnp/pyaa070 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yoshihiro Tomizawa ◽

Shunya Kurokawa ◽

Daiki Ishii ◽

Katsuma Miyaho ◽

Chiharu Ishii ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Microbial Diversity ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

The Impact ◽

Whole Tree

Abstract Background The antibacterial effects of psychotropics may be part of their pharmacological effects when treating depression. However, limited studies have focused on gut microbiota in relation to prescribed medication. Method We longitudinally investigated the relationship between patients’ prescribed medications and intestinal bacterial diversity in a naturalistic treatment course for patients with major depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. Patients were recruited and their stool was collected at 3 time points during their usual psychiatric treatments. Gut microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We examined the impact of psychotropics (i.e., antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics) on their gut microbial diversity and functions. Results We collected 246 stool samples from 40 patients. Despite no differences in microbial diversity between medication groups at the baseline, over the course of treatment, phylogenic diversity whole-tree diversity decreased in patients on antipsychotics compared with patients without (P = .027), and beta diversity followed this trend. Based on a fixed-effect model, antipsychotics predicted microbial diversity; the higher doses correlated with less diversity based on the Shannon index and phylogenic diversity whole tree (estimate = −0.00254, SE = 0.000595, P < .0001; estimate = −0.02644, SE = 0.00833, P = .002, respectively). Conclusion Antipsychotics may play a role in decreasing the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome among patients with depression and anxiety, and our results indicate a relationship with medication dosage. Future studies are warranted and should consider patients’ types and doses of antipsychotics in order to further elucidate the mechanisms of gut-brain interactions in psychiatric disorders.

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“Candidatus Dechloromonas phosphoritropha” and “Ca. D. phosphorivorans”, novel polyphosphate accumulating organisms abundant in wastewater treatment systems

The ISME Journal ◽

10.1038/s41396-021-01029-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francesca Petriglieri ◽

Caitlin Singleton ◽

Miriam Peces ◽

Jette F. Petersen ◽

Marta Nierychlo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Niche Partitioning ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Phosphate Removal ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽

Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms

AbstractMembers of the genus Dechloromonas are often abundant in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems and are recognized putative polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), but their role in phosphate removal is still unclear. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to investigate the abundance and distribution of Dechloromonas spp. in Danish and global wastewater treatment plants. The two most abundant species worldwide revealed in situ dynamics of important intracellular storage polymers, measured by FISH-Raman in activated sludge from four full-scale EBPR plants and from a lab-scale reactor fed with different substrates. Moreover, seven distinct Dechloromonas species were determined from a set of ten high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from Danish EBPR plants, each encoding the potential for polyphosphate (poly-P), glycogen, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation. The two species exhibited an in situ phenotype in complete accordance with the metabolic information retrieved by the MAGs, with dynamic levels of poly-P, glycogen, and PHA during feast-famine anaerobic–aerobic cycling, legitimately placing these microorganisms among the important PAOs. They are potentially involved in denitrification showing niche partitioning within the genus and with other important PAOs. As no isolates are available for the two species, we propose the names Candidatus Dechloromonas phosphoritropha and Candidatus Dechloromonas phosphorivorans.

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Biogeochemical and biological impacts of diazotroph blooms in a Low Nutrient Low Chlorophyll ecosystem: synthesis from the VAHINE mesocosm experiment (New Caledonia)

10.5194/bg-2015-668 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sophie Bonnet ◽

Melika Baklouti ◽

Audrey Gimenez ◽

Hugo Berthelot ◽

Ilana Berman-Frank

Keyword(s):

Food Web ◽

N2 Fixation ◽

New Caledonia ◽

External Source ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Food Web Structure ◽

West Pacific ◽

Planktonic Food ◽

South West

Abstract. In marine ecosystems, N2 fixation provides the predominant external source of nitrogen (N) (140 ± 50 Tg N yr−1), contributing more than atmospheric and riverine inputs to the N supply. Yet the fate and magnitude of the newly-fixed N, or diazotroph-derived N (hereafter named DDN) in marine ecosystems is poorly understood. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the DDN is preferentially directly exported out of the photic zone, recycled by the microbial loop, and/or transferred into larger organisms, subsequently enhancing indirect particle export. These questions were investigated in the framework of the VAHINE (VAriability of vertical and tropHIc transfer of diazotroph derived N in the south wEst Pacific) project. Triplicate large volume (~50 m3) mesocosms were deployed in the tropical South West Pacific coastal ocean (New Caledonia) to maintain a stable water-mass without disturbing ambient light and temperature conditions. The mesocosms were intentionally fertilized with ~0.8 μM dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) at the start of the experiment to stimulate diazotrophy. A total of 47 stocks, fluxes, enzymatic activities and diversity parameters were measured daily inside and outside the mesocosms by the 40 scientists involved in the project. The experiment lasted for 23 days and was characterized by two distinct and successive diazotroph blooms: a dominance of diatom-diazotroph associations (DDAs) during the first half of the experiment (days 2–14) followed by a bloom of UCYN-C during the second half of the experiment (days 15–23). These conditions provided a unique opportunity to compare the DDN transfer and export efficiency associated with different diazotrophs. Here we summarize the major experimental and modelling results obtained during the project and described in the VAHINE Special issue, in particular those regarding the evolution of the main standing stocks, fluxes and biological characteristics over the 23-days experiment, the contribution of N2 fixation to export fluxes, the DDN released to dissolved pool and its transfer to the planktonic food web (bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton). We then apply our Eco3M modelling platform further to infer the fate of DDN in the ecosystem and role of N2 fixation on productivity, food web structure and carbon export. Recommendations for future work are finally provided in the conclusion section.

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Introducing an Environmental Microbiome to Axenic Insectary Reared Mosquitoes Alters Host and Microbe Blood Digestion Phenotypes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1181832/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Blaire Steven ◽

Jacquelyn LaReau ◽

Josephine Hyde ◽

Doug Brackney

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Blood Meal ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Sequence Data ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Water Source ◽

Environmental Water ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Blood Digestion

Abstract The microbiota of Aedes aegypti has been the subject of much research due to the potential role of the microbiome in mosquito physiology, development, and vectorial capacity. Axenic mosquitoes were colonized with environmental bacteria to compare microbiota acquired from the environment to insectary reared counterparts, particularly regarding blood meal digestion. Observationally, environmentally colonized mosquitoes showed faster blood digestion than insectary mosquitoes. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the diversity and community structure of the midgut microbiomes were distinct between the groups, with the environmental microbiomes having a greater diversity and larger temporal dynamics over the course of the blood meal. Metagenomic prediction from the 16S rRNA gene sequence data pointed to functional genes such as hemolysins differing between the two microbiomes. Additionally, only bacteria cultured from the environmental mosquitoes demonstrated hemolytic ability. Presence of these hemolytic bacteria may explain the observations of differing blood digestion rates in the mosquito. These data show that microbiomes of mosquitoes colonized from an environmental water source differ taxonomically and functionally from those from the insectary, with potential influences on host blood digestion. Thus, the axenic mosquito model can be employed to interrogate various microbiome compositions and link them to phenotypic outcomes of the host.

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Shifts in the Skin Microbiota after UVB Treatment in Adult Atopic Dermatitis

Dermatology ◽

10.1159/000515236 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Astrid Haaskjold Lossius ◽

Olav Sundnes ◽

Anna Cäcilia Ingham ◽

Sofie Marie Edslev ◽

Jørgen Vildershøj Bjørnholt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Skin Barrier ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Ultraviolet B ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Skin Microbiota ◽

Lesional Skin ◽

Before And After ◽

Nose And Throat

Background: The pathophysiology in atopic dermatitis (AD) is not fully understood, but immune dysfunction, skin barrier defects, and alterations of the skin microbiota are thought to play important roles. AD skin is frequently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and microbial diversity on lesional skin (LS) is reduced compared to on healthy skin. Treatment with narrow-band ultraviolet B (nb-UVB) leads to clinical improvement of the eczema and reduced abundance of S. aureus. However, in-depth knowledge of the temporal dynamics of the skin microbiota in AD in response to nb-UVB treatment is lacking and could provide important clues to decipher whether the microbial changes are primary drivers of the disease, or secondary to the inflammatory process. Objectives: To map the temporal shifts in the microbiota of the skin, nose, and throat in adult AD patients after nb-UVB treatment. Methods: Skin swabs were taken from lesional AD skin (n = 16) before and after 3 treatments of nb-UVB, and after 6–8 weeks of full-body treatment. We also obtained samples from non-lesional skin (NLS) and from the nose and throat. All samples were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: We observed shifts towards higher diversity in the microbiota of lesional AD skin after 6–8 weeks of treatment, while the microbiota of NLS and of the nose/throat remained unchanged. After only 3 treatments with nb-UVB, there were no significant changes in the microbiota. Conclusion: Nb-UVB induces changes in the skin microbiota towards higher diversity, but the microbiota of the nose and throat are not altered.

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Dynamics of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) during the VAHINE mesocosm experiment in the New Caledonia lagoon

10.5194/bg-2015-612 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I. Berman-Frank ◽

D. Spungin ◽

E. Rahav ◽

F. Van Wambeke ◽

K. Turk-Kubo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Production ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

New Caledonia ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Second Phase ◽

Physical Processes ◽

Dissolved Carbon ◽

Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽

Transparent Exopolymeric Particles ◽

Diazotrophic Growth

Abstract. In the marine environment, transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) produced from abiotic and biotic sources link the particulate and dissolved carbon pools and are essential vectors enhancing vertical carbon flux. We characterized spatial and temporal dynamics of TEP during the VAHINE experiment that investigated the fate of diazotroph derived nitrogen and carbon in three, replicate, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)-fertilized 50 m3 enclosures in an oligotrophic New Caledonian lagoon. During the 23 days of the experiment, we did not observe any depth dependent changes in TEP concentrations in the three sampled-depths (1, 6, 12 m). TEP carbon (TEP-C) content per mesocosm averaged 28.9 ± 9.3% and 27.0 ± 7.2% of TOC in the mesocosms and surrounding lagoon respectively and was strongly and positively coupled with TOC during P2. TEP concentrations declined for the first 9 days after DIP fertilization (P1 = days 5-14) and then gradually increased during the second phase (P2 = days 15-23). Temporal changes in TEP concentrations paralleled the growth and mortality rates of the diatom-diazotroph association of Rhizosolenia and Richelia that predominated the diazotroph community during P1. By P2, increasing total primary and heterotrophic bacterial production consumed the supplemented P and reduced availability of DIP. For this period, TEP concentrations were negatively correlated with DIP availability and turnovertime of DIP (TDIP) while positively associated with enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) that occurs when the microbial populations are P-stressed. During P2, increasing bacterial production (BP) was positively correlated with higher TEP concentrations which were also coupled with the increased growth rates and aggregation of the unicellular UCYN-C diazotrophs which bloomed during this period. We conclude that the composite processes responsible for the formation and breakdown of TEP yielded a relatively stable TEP pool available as both a carbon source and facilitating aggregation and flux throughout the experiment. TEP was probably mostly influenced by abiotic physical processes during P1 while biological activity (BP, diazotrophic growth and aggregation, export production) mainly impacted TEP concentrations during P2 when DIP-availability was limited.

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Aphotic N2 fixation along an oligotrophic to ultraoligotrophic transect in the Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean

10.5194/bg-2017-542 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mar Benavides ◽

Katyanne M. Shoemaker ◽

Pia H. Moisander ◽

Jutta Niggemann ◽

Thorsten Dittmar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

N2 Fixation ◽

New Caledonia ◽

Nifh Gene ◽

South Pacific ◽

French Polynesia ◽

Mode Water ◽

South Pacific Ocean ◽

Fixation Activity ◽

Nitrogen Inputs ◽

Cyclotron Mass

Abstract. The western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) Ocean has been recognized as a global hotspot of dinitrogen (N2) fixation. Here, as in other marine environments across the oceans, N2 fixation studies have focused in the sunlit layer. However, studies have confirmed the importance of aphotic N2 fixation activity, although until now only one had been performed in the WTSP. In order to increase our knowledge of aphotic N2 fixation in the WTSP, here we measure N2 fixation rates and identify diazotrophic phylotypes in the mesopelagic layer along a transect spanning from New Caledonia to French Polynesia. Because non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs presumably need external dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources for their nutrition, we also identified DOM compounds using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry (FTICRMS). N2 fixation rates were low (average 0.63 ± 0.07 nmol N L−1 d−1), but consistently detected across all depths and stations, representing ~ 6–88 % of photic N2 fixation. N2 fixation rates were not significantly correlated to DOM compounds. The analysis of nifH gene amplicons revealed a wide diversity of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs, majorly matching clusters 1 and 3. Interestingly, a distinct phylotype from the major nifH subcluster 1G dominated at 650 dbar, coinciding with the oxygenated Sub-Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW). This consistent pattern suggests that the distribution of aphotic diazotroph communities is to some extent controlled by water mass structure. While the data available is still too scarce to elucidate the distribution and controls of mesopelagic non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs in the WTSP, their prevalence in the mesopelagic layer and the consistent detection of active N2 fixation activity at all depths sampled during our study suggest that aphotic N2 fixation may contribute significantly to fixed nitrogen inputs in this area.

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Altered fecal microbiota composition in individuals who abuse methamphetamine

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97548-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yongde Yang ◽

Xuan Yu ◽

Xuebing Liu ◽

Guangya Liu ◽

Kuan Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Microbial Community Composition ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

New Paradigm

AbstractAs a severe public health problem, methamphetamine (METH) abuse places a heavy burden on families and society. A growing amount of evidence has indicated communication between gut microbiota and the CNS in drug addiction, with associations to neural, endocrine and immune pathways. Thus, we searched for alterations in the gut microbiota and their potential effects in METH users through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A decreased Shannon index indicated lower bacterial diversity in the METH users than in the age-matched control group. The gut microbial community composition in the METH users was also altered, including reductions in Deltaproteobacteria and Bacteroidaceae abundances and increases in Sphingomonadales, Xanthomonadales, Romboutsia and Lachnospiraceae abundances. Moreover, the Fusobacteria abundance was correlated with the duration of METH use. Enterobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium had statistically significant correlations with items related to the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and to general psychopathology in the METH users, and all have previously been reported to be altered in individuals with psychotic syndromes, especially depression. Abstraction, one of the items of the cognitive assessment, was positively related to Blautia. These findings revealed alterations in the gut microbiota of METH users, and these alterations may play a role in psychotic syndrome and cognitive impairment. Although the mechanisms behind the links between these disorders and METH abuse are unknown, the relationships may indicate similarities in the pathogenesis of psychosis induced by METH abuse and other causes, providing a new paradigm for addiction and METH use disorder treatment.

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The Gut Microbiota of an Individual Varies With Intercontinental Four-Month Stay Between Italy and Nigeria: A Pilot Study

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.725769 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Ayorinde O. Afolayan ◽

Elena Biagi ◽

Simone Rampelli ◽

Marco Candela ◽

Patrizia Brigidi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Human Populations ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Short Stay ◽

Functional Features ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

The Individual

Despite well-established knowledge of the role of diet and the geographic effect on the gut microbiota of human populations, the temporal dynamics of the individual microbiota profile across changes associated with intercontinental short residence are still far from being understood. This pilot study sought to provide insights into the trajectory of the gut microbiota of an individual during a two-month stay in Italy and a subsequent two-month stay in Nigeria, by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and inferred metagenomics. The gut microbiota underwent massive but temporary changes, both taxonomically and based on predicted functionality. The faecal microbiota associated with the short stay in Italy progressively lost diversity and showed a dominance of Firmicutes, while after returning to Nigeria, the microbial community quickly regained the typical profile, in terms of biodiversity and bacterial signatures of traditional lifestyle, i.e., Prevotella and Treponema. Predicted pathways involved in glycolysis, fermentation and N-acetylneuraminate degradation were enriched during the subsequent two-month stay in Nigeria, whereas pathways associated with amino acid and peptidoglycan synthesis and maturation became over-represented during short stay in Italy. Our findings stress the plasticity of the individual gut microbiota even during a short-term travel, with loss/gain of taxonomic and functional features that mirror those of the gut microbiota of indigenous people dwelling therein.

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Succession within the prokaryotic communities during the VAHINE mesocosms experiment in the New Caledonia lagoon