scholarly journals Modelling regional scale surface fluxes, meteorology and CO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios for the Cabauw tower in the Netherlands

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 2265-2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Tolk ◽  
W. Peters ◽  
A. G. C. A. Meesters ◽  
M. Groenendijk ◽  
A. T. Vermeulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Flux Model

Abstract. We simulated meteorology and atmospheric CO2 transport over the Netherlands with the mesoscale model RAMS-Leaf3 coupled to the biospheric CO2 flux model 5PM. The results were compared with meteorological and CO2 observations, with emphasis on the tall tower of Cabauw. An analysis of the coupled exchange of energy, moisture and CO2 showed that the surface fluxes in the domain strongly influenced the atmospheric properties. The majority of the variability in the afternoon CO2 mixing ratio in the middle of the domain was determined by biospheric and fossil fuel CO2 fluxes in the limited area domain (640×640 km). Variation of the surface CO2 fluxes, reflecting the uncertainty of the parameters in the CO2 flux model 5PM, resulted in a range of simulated atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios of on average 11.7 ppm in the well-mixed boundary layer. Additionally, we found that observed surface energy fluxes and observed atmospheric temperature and moisture could not be reconciled with the simulations. Including this as an uncertainty in the simulation of surface energy fluxes changed simulated atmospheric vertical mixing and horizontal advection, leading to differences in simulated CO2 of on average 1.7 ppm. This is an important source of uncertainty and should be accounted for to avoid biased calculations of the CO2 mixing ratio, but it does not overwhelm the signal in the CO2 mixing ratio due to the uncertainty range of the surface CO2 fluxes.

scholarly journals Regional scale modelling of meteorology and CO<sub>2</sub> for the Cabauw tall tower, The Netherlands

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 5891-5931
Author(s):  
L. F. Tolk ◽  
W. Peters ◽  
A. G. C. A. Meesters ◽  
M. Groenendijk ◽  
A. T. Vermeulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Co2 Transport ◽  
Flux Model ◽  
Tall Tower

Abstract. We simulated meteorology and atmospheric CO2 transport over the Netherlands with the mesoscale model RAMS-Leaf3 coupled to the biospheric CO2 flux model 5PM. The results were compared with meteorological and CO2 observations, with particular attention to the tall tower of Cabauw. An analysis of the coupled exchange of energy, moisture and CO2 showed that the surface fluxes in the domain strongly influenced the atmospheric properties. The majority of the variability in the afternoon CO2 mixing ratio in the middle of the domain was determined by biospheric and fossil fuel CO2 fluxes in the limited area domain (640×640 km). Variation of the surface CO2 fluxes, reflecting the uncertainty of the parameters in the CO2 flux model 5PM, resulted in a range of simulated atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios of about 12 ppm in the well-mixed boundary layer. Additionally, we identified an uncertainty in the surface energy fluxes. The spread caused by this uncertainty in the simulated atmospheric vertical mixing caused a CO2 transport error of 1.7 ppm. This is an important source of uncertainty and should be accounted for to avoid biased estimates of the CO2 mixing ratio, but does not overwhelm the signal in the CO2 mixing ratio due to the spread in CO2 surface fluxes.

scholarly journals Cross-validation of inferred daytime airborne CO<sub>2</sub> urban-regional scale surface fluxes with eddy-covariance observations and emissions inventories in Greater London

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 13465-13493 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Font ◽  
C. S. B. Grimmond ◽  
J.-A. Morguí ◽  
S. Kotthaus ◽  
M. Priestman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Emissions Inventories

Abstract. Data obtained from eleven flight surveys on six days during October 2011 were used to characterize the urban CO2 dome in Greater London (GL) and to calculate CO2 fluxes at the city scale. Flights crossed GL along two transects (SW-NE and SSE-NNW) at an altitude of 360 m. Increments as high as 23 ppmv were measured. The maximum CO2 mixing ratios were localized over GL under low wind speeds, whereas a displacement of the urban plume downwind from the centre of the urban area occurred during high wind speeds. The urban-regional surface CO2 flux was calculated for four days by the Integrative Mass Boundary Layer (IMBL) method. The diurnal CO2 flux in GL obtained from the aircraft observations ranged from 46 to 104 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 during the day time. The mean CO2 fluxes estimated from the IMBL method were statistically similar to those observed by eddy-covariance systems located in central London and a spatially integrated emissions inventory for GL. This study provides an important cross-validation of two independent measurement-based methods to infer the contribution of urban areas to climate change in terms of CO2 surface fluxes, both of which complement bottom-up emissions inventories. The uncertainties of fluxes estimated by the IMBL method are considered and the limits of implementation of atmospheric methods to infer city-scale fluxes are discussed.

scholarly journals Using a thermal-based two source energy balance model with time-differencing to estimate surface energy fluxes with day–night MODIS observations

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2809-2825 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Guzinski ◽  
M. C. Anderson ◽  
W. P. Kustas ◽  
H. Nieto ◽  
I. Sandholt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Vegetation Fraction ◽  
Geostationary Satellites ◽  
Green Vegetation

Abstract. The Dual Temperature Difference (DTD) model, introduced by Norman et al. (2000), uses a two source energy balance modelling scheme driven by remotely sensed observations of diurnal changes in land surface temperature (LST) to estimate surface energy fluxes. By using a time-differential temperature measurement as input, the approach reduces model sensitivity to errors in absolute temperature retrieval. The original formulation of the DTD required an early morning LST observation (approximately 1 h after sunrise) when surface fluxes are minimal, limiting application to data provided by geostationary satellites at sub-hourly temporal resolution. The DTD model has been applied primarily during the active growth phase of agricultural crops and rangeland vegetation grasses, and has not been rigorously evaluated during senescence or in forested ecosystems. In this paper we present modifications to the DTD model that enable applications using thermal observations from polar orbiting satellites, such as Terra and Aqua, with day and night overpass times over the area of interest. This allows the application of the DTD model in high latitude regions where large viewing angles preclude the use of geostationary satellites, and also exploits the higher spatial resolution provided by polar orbiting satellites. A method for estimating nocturnal surface fluxes and a scheme for estimating the fraction of green vegetation are developed and evaluated. Modification for green vegetation fraction leads to significantly improved estimation of the heat fluxes from the vegetation canopy during senescence and in forests. When the modified DTD model is run with LST measurements acquired with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, generally satisfactory agreement with field measurements is obtained for a number of ecosystems in Denmark and the United States. Finally, regional maps of energy fluxes are produced for the Danish Hydrological ObsErvatory (HOBE) in western Denmark, indicating realistic patterns based on land use.

scholarly journals The potential for regional-scale bias in top-down CO<sub>2</sub> flux estimates due to atmospheric transport errors

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 23681-23709
Author(s):  
S. M. Miller ◽  
I. Fung ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
M. N. Hayek ◽  
A. E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Co2 Transport

Abstract. Estimates of CO2 fluxes that are based on atmospheric data rely upon a meteorological model to simulate atmospheric CO2 transport. These models provide a quantitative link between surface fluxes of CO2 and atmospheric measurements taken downwind. Therefore, any errors in the meteorological model can propagate into atmospheric CO2 transport and ultimately bias the estimated CO2 fluxes. These errors, however, have traditionally been difficult to characterize. To examine the effects of CO2 transport errors on estimated CO2 fluxes, we use a global meteorological model-data assimilation system known as "CAM–LETKF" to quantify two aspects of the transport errors: error variances (standard deviations) and temporal error correlations. Furthermore, we develop two case studies. In the first case study, we examine the extent to which CO2 transport uncertainties can bias CO2 flux estimates. In particular, we use a common flux estimate known as CarbonTracker to discover the minimum hypothetical bias that can be detected above the CO2 transport uncertainties. In the second case study, we then investigate which meteorological conditions may contribute to month-long biases in modeled atmospheric transport. We estimate 6 hourly CO2 transport uncertainties in the model surface layer that range from 0.15 to 9.6 ppm (standard deviation), depending on location, and we estimate an average error decorrelation time of ∼2.3 days at existing CO2 observation sites. As a consequence of these uncertainties, we find that CarbonTracker CO2 fluxes would need to be biased by at least 29%, on average, before that bias were detectable at existing non-marine atmospheric CO2 observation sites. Furthermore, we find that persistent, bias-type errors in atmospheric transport are associated with consistent low net radiation, low energy boundary layer conditions. The meteorological model is not necessarily more uncertain in these conditions. Rather, the extent to which meteorological uncertainties manifest as persistent atmospheric transport biases appears to depend, at least in part, on the energy and stability of the boundary layer. Existing CO2 flux studies may be more likely to estimate inaccurate regional fluxes under those conditions.

scholarly journals Estimating surface CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes from space-borne CO<sub>2</sub> dry air mole fraction observations using an ensemble Kalman Filter

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2619-2633 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Feng ◽  
P. I. Palmer ◽  
H. Bösch ◽  
S. Dance
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Ensemble Kalman Filter ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Surface Flux ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Geographical Regions

Abstract. We have developed an ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to estimate 8-day regional surface fluxes of CO2 from space-borne CO2 dry-air mole fraction observations (XCO2) and evaluate the approach using a series of synthetic experiments, in preparation for data from the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO). The 32-day duty cycle of OCO alternates every 16 days between nadir and glint measurements of backscattered solar radiation at short-wave infrared wavelengths. The EnKF uses an ensemble of states to represent the error covariances to estimate 8-day CO2 surface fluxes over 144 geographical regions. We use a 12×8-day lag window, recognising that XCO2 measurements include surface flux information from prior time windows. The observation operator that relates surface CO2 fluxes to atmospheric distributions of XCO2 includes: a) the GEOS-Chem transport model that relates surface fluxes to global 3-D distributions of CO2 concentrations, which are sampled at the time and location of OCO measurements that are cloud-free and have aerosol optical depths <0.3; and b) scene-dependent averaging kernels that relate the CO2 profiles to XCO2, accounting for differences between nadir and glint measurements, and the associated scene-dependent observation errors. We show that OCO XCO2 measurements significantly reduce the uncertainties of surface CO2 flux estimates. Glint measurements are generally better at constraining ocean CO2 flux estimates. Nadir XCO2 measurements over the terrestrial tropics are sparse throughout the year because of either clouds or smoke. Glint measurements provide the most effective constraint for estimating tropical terrestrial CO2 fluxes by accurately sampling fresh continental outflow over neighbouring oceans. We also present results from sensitivity experiments that investigate how flux estimates change with 1) bias and unbiased errors, 2) alternative duty cycles, 3) measurement density and correlations, 4) the spatial resolution of estimated flux estimates, and 5) reducing the length of the lag window and the size of the ensemble. At the revision stage of this manuscript, the OCO instrument failed to reach its orbit after it was launched on 24 February 2009. The EnKF formulation presented here is also applicable to GOSAT measurements of CO2 and CH4.

scholarly journals Natural Variability in a Stable, 1000-Yr Global Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Simulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 3033-3054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Doney ◽  
Keith Lindsay ◽  
Inez Fung ◽  
Jasmin John
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Natural Variability ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Climate System Model ◽  
Control Simulation ◽  
Ocean Carbon

Abstract A new 3D global coupled carbon–climate model is presented in the framework of the Community Climate System Model (CSM-1.4). The biogeochemical module includes explicit land water–carbon coupling, dynamic carbon allocation to leaf, root, and wood, prognostic leaf phenology, multiple soil and detrital carbon pools, oceanic iron limitation, a full ocean iron cycle, and 3D atmospheric CO2 transport. A sequential spinup strategy is utilized to minimize the coupling shock and drifts in land and ocean carbon inventories. A stable, 1000-yr control simulation [global annual mean surface temperature ±0.10 K and atmospheric CO2 ± 1.2 ppm (1σ)] is presented with no flux adjustment in either physics or biogeochemistry. The control simulation compares reasonably well against observations for key annual mean and seasonal carbon cycle metrics; regional biases in coupled model physics, however, propagate clearly into biogeochemical error patterns. Simulated interannual-to-centennial variability in atmospheric CO2 is dominated by terrestrial carbon flux variability, ±0.69 Pg C yr−1 (1σ global net annual mean), which in turn reflects primarily regional changes in net primary production modulated by moisture stress. Power spectra of global CO2 fluxes are white on time scales beyond a few years, and thus most of the variance is concentrated at high frequencies (time scale &lt;4 yr). Model variability in air–sea CO2 fluxes, ±0.10 Pg C yr−1 (1σ global annual mean), is generated by variability in sea surface temperature, wind speed, export production, and mixing/upwelling. At low frequencies (time scale &gt;20 yr), global net ocean CO2 flux is strongly anticorrelated (0.7–0.95) with the net CO2 flux from land; the ocean tends to damp (20%–25%) slow variations in atmospheric CO2 generated by the terrestrial biosphere. The intrinsic, unforced natural variability in land and ocean carbon storage is the “noise” that complicates the detection and mechanistic attribution of contemporary anthropogenic carbon sinks.

scholarly journals Tunable diode laser measurements of hydrothermal/volcanic CO<sub>2</sub>, and implications for the global CO<sub>2</sub> budget

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 2645-2674 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pedone ◽  
A. Aiuppa ◽  
G. Giudice ◽  
F. Grassa ◽  
V. Francofonte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Tunable Laser ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Tunable Diode Laser ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Laser Measurements ◽  
Mixing Ratios

Abstract. Quantifying the CO2 flux sustained by low-temperature fumarolic fields in volcanic-hydrothermal environment has remained a challenge, to date. Here, we explored the potentiality of a commercial infrared tunable laser unit for quantifying such fumarolic volcanic/hydrothermal CO2 fluxes. Our field tests were conducted (between April 2013 and March 2014) at Nea Kameni (Santorini, Greece), Hekla and Krýsuvík (Iceland) and Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). At these sites, the tunable laser was used to measure the path-integrated CO2 mixing ratios along cross-sections of the fumaroles' atmospheric plumes. By using a tomographic post-processing routine, we then obtained, for each manifestation, the contour maps of CO2 mixing ratios in the plumes and, from their integration, the CO2 fluxes. The so-calculated CO2 fluxes range from low (5.7 ± 0.9 t day−1; Krýsuvík) to moderate (524 ± 108 t day−1; "La Fossa" crater, Vulcano). Overall, we suggest that the cumulative CO2 contribution from weakly degassing volcanoes in hydrothermal stage of activity may be significant at global scale.

scholarly journals Impacts of grid resolution on surface energy fluxes simulated with an integrated surface-groundwater flow model

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 6437-6466
Author(s):  
P. Shrestha ◽  
M. Sulis ◽  
C. Simmer ◽  
S. Kollet
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Grid Resolution ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes

Abstract. The hydrological component of the Terrestrial System Modeling Platform (TerrSysMP) which includes integrated surface-groundwater flow, was used to investigate the grid resolution dependence of simulated soil moisture, soil temperature, and surface energy fluxes over a sub-catchment of the Rur, Germany. The investigation was motivated by the recent developments of new earth system models, which include 3-D physically based groundwater models for the coupling of land–atmosphere interaction and subsurface hydrodynamics. Our findings suggest that for grid resolutions between 100 and 1000 m, the non-local controls of soil moisture are highly grid resolution dependent. Local vegetation, however, strongly modulates the scaling behavior especially for surface fluxes and soil temperature, which depends on the radiative transfer property of the canopy. This study also shows that for grid-resolutions above a few 100 m, the variation of spatial and temporal pattern of sensible and latent heat fluxes may significantly affect the resulting atmospheric mesoscale circulation and boundary layer evolution in coupled runs.

scholarly journals Using a thermal-based two source energy balance model with time-differencing to estimate surface energy fluxes with day-night MODIS observations

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1897-1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Guzinski ◽  
M. C. Anderson ◽  
W. P. Kustas ◽  
H. Nieto ◽  
I. Sandholt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Vegetation Fraction ◽  
Geostationary Satellites ◽  
Green Vegetation

Abstract. The Dual Temperature Difference (DTD) model, introduced by Norman et al. (2000), uses a two source energy balance modelling scheme driven by remotely sensed observations of diurnal changes in land surface temperature (LST) to estimate surface energy fluxes. By using a time differential temperature measurement as input, the approach reduces model sensitivity to errors in absolute temperature retrieval. The original formulation of the DTD required an early morning LST observation (approximately 1 h after sunrise) when surface fluxes are minimal, limiting application to data provided by geostationary satellites at sub-hourly temporal resolution. The DTD model has been applied primarily during the active growth phase of agricultural crops and rangeland vegetation grasses, and has not been rigorously evaluated during senescence or in forested ecosystems. In this paper we present modifications to the DTD model that enable applications using thermal observation from polar orbiting satellites, such as Terra and Aqua, with day and night overpass times over the area of interest. This allows the application of the DTD model in high latitude regions where large viewing angles preclude the use of geostationary satellites, and also exploits the higher spatial resolution provided by polar orbiting satellites. A method for estimating nocturnal surface fluxes and a scheme for estimating the fraction of green vegetation are developed and evaluated. Modification for green vegetation fraction leads to significantly improved estimation of the heat fluxes from the vegetation canopy during senescence and in forests. Land-cover based modifications to the Priestley–Taylor scheme, used to estimate transpiration fluxes, are explored based on prior findings for conifer forests. When the modified DTD model is run with LST measurements acquired with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, generally satisfactory agreement with field measurements is obtained for a number of ecosystems in Denmark and the United States. Finally, regional maps of energy fluxes are produced for the Danish Hydrological ObsErvatory (HOBE) in western Denmark, indicating realistic patterns based on land use.

scholarly journals The aggregate description of semi-arid vegetation with precipitation-generated soil moisture heterogeneity

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. White ◽  
P. R. Houser ◽  
A. M. Arain ◽  
Z.-L. Yang ◽  
K. Syed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Average Surface ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Meteorological measurements in the Walnut Gulch catchment in Arizona were used to synthesize a distributed, hourly-average time series of data across a 26.9 by 12.5 km area with a grid resolution of 480 m for a continuous 18-month period which included two seasons of monsoonal rainfall. Coupled surface-atmosphere model runs established the acceptability (for modelling purposes) of assuming uniformity in all meteorological variables other than rainfall. Rainfall was interpolated onto the grid from an array of 82 recording rain gauges. These meteorological data were used as forcing variables for an equivalent array of stand-alone Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) models to describe the evolution of soil moisture and surface energy fluxes in response to the prevalent, heterogeneous pattern of convective precipitation. The calculated area-average behaviour was compared with that given by a single aggregate BATS simulation forced with area-average meteorological data. Heterogeneous rainfall gives rise to significant but partly compensating differences in the transpiration and the intercepted rainfall components of total evaporation during rain storms. However, the calculated area-average surface energy fluxes given by the two simulations in rain-free conditions with strong heterogeneity in soil moisture were always close to identical, a result which is independent of whether default or site-specific vegetation and soil parameters were used. Because the spatial variability in soil moisture throughout the catchment has the same order of magnitude as the amount of rain falling in a typical convective storm (commonly 10% of the vegetation's root zone saturation) in a semi-arid environment, non-linearity in the relationship between transpiration and the soil moisture available to the vegetation has limited influence on area-average surface fluxes.

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