scholarly journals Impacts of prescribed burning on soil greenhouse gas fluxes in a suburban native forest of south-eastern Queensland, Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 10679-10706
Author(s):  
Y. Zhao ◽  
Y. Z. Wang ◽  
Z. H. Xu ◽  
L. Fu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
C And N ◽  
Ch4 Uptake ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Prescribed burning is a forest management practice that is widely used in Australia to reduce the risk of damaging wildfires. It can affect both carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in the forest and thereby influence the soil–atmosphere exchange of major greenhouse gases, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). To quantify the impact of a prescribed burning (conducted on 27 May 2014) on greenhouse gas exchange and the potential controlling mechanisms, we carried out a series of field measurements before (August 2013) and after (August 2014 and November 2014) the fire. Gas exchange rates were determined at 4 replicate sites which were burned during the combustion and another 4 adjacent unburned sites located in green islands, using a set of static chambers. Surface soil properties including temperature, pH, moisture, soil C and N pools were also determined either by in situ measurement or by analysing surface 10 cm soil samples. All of the chamber measurements indicated a net sink of atmospheric CH4, with mean CH4 uptake ranging from 1.15 to 1.99 mg m−2 day−1. The burning significantly enhanced CH4 uptake as indicated by the significant higher CH4 uptake rates at the burned sites measured in August 2014. While within the next 3 months the CH4 uptake rate was recovered to pre-burning levels. Mean CO2 emission from forest soils ranged from 2721.76 to 7113.49 mg m−2 day−1. The effect of prescribed burning on CO2 emission was limited within the first 3 months, as no significant difference was observed between the burned and the adjacent unburned sites in both August and November 2014. The temporal dynamics of the CO2 emission presented more seasonal variations, rather than burning effects. The N2O emission at the studied sites was quite low, and no significant impact of burning was observed. The changes in understory plants and litter layers, surface soil temperature, C and N substrate availability and microbial activities, resulting from the burning, were the factors that controlled the greenhouse gas exchanges. Our results suggested that the low intensity prescribed burning would decrease soil CO2 emission and increase CH4 uptake, however, this effect would be present within a relative short period. Only slight changes in the surface soil during the combustion and very limited damages in the mineral soils supported the quick recovery of the greenhouse gas exchange rates.

scholarly journals Impacts of prescribed burning on soil greenhouse gas fluxes in a suburban native forest of south-eastern Queensland, Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 6279-6290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhao ◽  
Y. Z. Wang ◽  
Z. H. Xu ◽  
L. Fu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
C And N ◽  
Ch4 Uptake ◽  
Surface Soil Properties

Abstract. Prescribed burning is a forest management practice that is widely used in Australia to reduce the risk of damaging wildfires. Prescribed burning can affect both carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in the forest and thereby influence the soil-atmosphere exchange of major greenhouse gases, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). To quantify the impact of a prescribed burning (conducted on 27 May 2014) on greenhouse gas exchange and the potential controlling mechanisms, we carried out a series of field measurements before (August 2013) and after (August 2014 and November 2014) the fire. Gas exchange rates were determined in four replicate plots which were burned during the combustion and in another four adjacent unburned plots located in green islands, using a set of static chambers. Surface soil properties including temperature, pH, moisture, soil C and N pools were also determined either by in situ measurement or by analysing surface 10 cm soil samples. All of the chamber measurements indicated a net sink of atmospheric CH4, with mean CH4 uptake ranging from 1.15 to 1.99 mg m−2 d−1. Prescribed burning significantly enhanced CH4 uptake as indicated by the significant higher CH4 uptake rates in the burned plots measured in August 2014. In the following 3 months, the CH4 uptake rate was recovered to the pre-burning level. Mean CO2 emission from the forest soils ranged from 2721.76 to 7113.49 mg m−2 d−1. The effect of prescribed burning on CO2 emission was limited within the first 3 months, as no significant difference was observed between the burned and the adjacent unburned plots in both August and November 2014. The CO2 emissions showed more seasonal variations, rather than the effects of prescribed burning. The N2O emission in the plots was quite low, and no significant impact of prescribed burning was observed. The changes in understory plants and litter layers, surface soil temperature, C and N substrate availability and microbial activities, following the prescribed burning, were the factors that controlled the greenhouse gas exchanges. Our results suggested that the low-intensity prescribed burning would decrease soil CO2 emission and increase CH4 uptake, but this effect would be present within a relatively short period. Only slight changes in the surface soil properties during the combustion and very limited impacts of prescribed burning on the mineral soils supported the rapid recovery of the greenhouse gas exchange rates.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive Spartina alterniflora and Native Phragmites australis Wetland Marshes of East China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12740
Author(s):  
Jian Li ◽  
Zhanrui Leng ◽  
Yueming Wu ◽  
Guanlin Li ◽  
Guangqian Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Organic N ◽  
C And N ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

The introduction of embankment seawalls to limit the expansion of the exotic C4 perennial grass Spartina alteniflora Loisel in eastern China’s coastal wetlands has more than doubled in the past decades. Previous research focused on the impact of sea embankment reclamation on the soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in salt marshes, whereas no study attempted to assess the impact of sea embankment reclamation on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in such marshes. Here we examined the impact of sea embankment reclamation on GHG stocks and fluxes of an invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Phragmites australis dominated salt marsh in the Dongtai wetlands of China’s Jiangsu province. Sea embankment reclamation significantly decreased soil total organic C by 54.0% and total organic N by 73.2%, decreasing plant biomass, soil moisture, and soil salinity in both plants’ marsh. It increased CO2 emissions by 38.2% and 13.5%, and reduced CH4 emissions by 34.5% and 37.1%, respectively, in the Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis marshes. The coastal embankment wall also significantly increased N2O emission by 48.9% in the Phragmites australis salt marsh and reduced emissions by 17.2% in the Spartina alterniflora marsh. The fluxes of methane CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2 were similar in both restored and unrestored sections, whereas the fluxes of nitrous oxide N2O were substantially different owing to increased nitrate as a result of N-loading. Our findings show that sea embankment reclamation significantly alters coastal marsh potential to sequester C and N, particularly in native Phragmites australis salt marshes. As a result, sea embankment reclamation essentially weakens native and invasive saltmarshes’ C and N sinks, potentially depleting C and N sinks in coastal China’s wetlands. Stakeholders and policymakers can utilize this scientific evidence to strike a balance between seawall reclamation and invasive plant expansion in coastal wetlands.

The impact of lower sea-ice extent on Arctic greenhouse-gas exchange

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans-Jan W. Parmentier ◽  
Torben R. Christensen ◽  
Lise Lotte Sørensen ◽  
Søren Rysgaard ◽  
A. David McGuire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
The Impact

Affects of Active Layer Detachments on Soil Gas Exchange Rates in the High Arctic

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Neil
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Active Layer ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Soil Gas ◽  
Permafrost Thawing ◽  
The Impact

With changes in climate, the high Arctic region will likely experience greater changes in temperaturecompared to other regions. It is also likely that soils will be wetter due to permafrost thawing andincreased precipitation. These changes in soil moisture have already led to the occurrence of active layerdetachments. At Cape Bounty on Melville Island, these active layer detachments have disturbedsignificant proportions of whole watersheds. The impact of these disturbances on whole‐watershednutrient budgets is poorly understood. This project examines soil gas exchange (CO2, N2O, CH4) in threeactive layer detachments. At each site, soil gas exchange rates were measured across a disturbancegradient. In addition, other measurements such as soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient availabilitywere made to help understand the processes regulating trace gas production. This research will helpunderstand the connections between active layer detachments and watershed‐scale nutrient losses dueto changes in climate.

Dissolved soil organic carbon and nitrogen were affected by conversion of native forests to plantations in subtropical China

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J -S Wu ◽  
P -K Jiang ◽  
S X Chang ◽  
Q -F Xu ◽  
Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Native Forests ◽  
C And N ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
The Impact

To better understand the impact of converting native forests to intensively managed plantations on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in subtropical China, we examined the seasonal patterns of water-soluble organic C (WSOC) and N (WSON) concentrations in soils in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) (CF) and bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu & C.S. Chou) plantation forests (BF) and adjacent native evergreen broadleaf forests (NF) in Ling-long Mountain, Zhejiang Province, China. The plantations were disturbed through surface soil removal and were fertilized and/or mulched, from which economic products (such as nuts and bamboo shoots) were annually harvested. We found that WSOC and WSON had large seasonal variations and were lower in the warmer than in the colder season. Average WSOC concentrations followed the order of BF (58.6) > NF (35.1) > CF (18.1 mg C kg-1), a pattern mainly caused by mulching in BF in winter and the removal of surface soil in CF. Soil total C and N followed the order of BF > NF > CF. The extensive inorganic and organic fertilizer application in BF caused WSON concentrations to be 21 and 14 times higher than those in NF and CF, respectively. Conversion of native forests to plantations lowered soil WSOC:WSON and soil C:N ratios. The seasonal dynamics of WSOC:SOC (soil organic C) and WSON/TN ratios followed the same patterns of WSOC and WSON, respectively. The impacts of forest types on WSOC/SOC ratio, which is a measure of the quality of organic matter, were dependent on seasonal changes of management practices and/or tree growth. Nevertheless mean annual WSON/TN ratios of BF and CF were 2 and 12 times that of NF, indicating that a greater proportion of the total soil N pool became solubilized in the intensively managed plantations. We conclude that land-use conversion and associated management practices had a profound impact on WSOC, WSON, and total C and N concentrations in the studied forest soils in subtropical China.Key words: Forest management, water-soluble organic C, water-soluble organic N, WSOC/WSON ratio

scholarly journals Black Soldier Fly Diet Impacts Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Frass Applied as Fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Sophie Rummel ◽  
Lukas Beule ◽  
Michael Hemkemeyer ◽  
Sanja Annabell Schwalb ◽  
Florian Wichern
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Functional Genes ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
C And N ◽  
The Impact

Increased global production of animal-based protein results in high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other adverse consequences for human and planetary health. Recently, commercial insect rearing has been claimed a more sustainable source of animal protein. However, this system also leaves residues called frass, which—depending on the insect diet—is rich in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and could thus be used as fertilizer in agriculture. The impact of this kind of fertilizer on soil GHG emissions is yet unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) frass derived from a carbohydrate (Carb-) or a protein (Prot-) based diet applied at two different application rates to an arable soil on C and N fluxes and microbial properties in a 40-day incubation experiment. CO2, N2O, NO, N2, CH4, water extractable organic C (WEOC), and inorganic N were continuously measured quantitatively. At the end of the incubation, microbial biomass (MB), stoichiometry, community composition, and abundance of functional genes were assessed. Along with a strong increase in WEOC and CO2, Carb-frass caused strong initial N2O emissions associated with high N and C availability. In contrast, Prot-frass showed lower CO2 emissions and N2O release, although soil nitrate levels were higher. At the end of incubation, MB was significantly increased, which was more pronounced following Carb-frass as compared to Prot-frass application, and at higher amendment rates. Fungal abundance increased most from both frass types with an even stronger response at higher application rates, whereas bacterial abundance rose following Carb-frass as compared to Prot-application. Abundance of functional genes related to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea were enhanced by high frass application but did not clearly differ between frass types. C use efficiency of microorganisms, as revealed by the metabolic quotient, was most strongly reduced in the high Prot-frass application rate. Overall, insect diet influenced available C and N in frass and thus affected mineralization dynamics, GHG emissions, and microbial growth. Overall, emissions were very high undermining the potential environmental benefit of insect based protein production and calling for more detailed analyses before frass is widely applied in agriculture.

scholarly journals HydroShoot: a functional-structural plant model for simulating hydraulic structure, gas and energy exchange dynamics of complex plant canopies under water deficit—application to grapevine (Vitis vinifera)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Albasha ◽  
C Fournier ◽  
C Pradal ◽  
M Chelle ◽  
J A Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Hydraulic Structure ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Plant Model ◽  
Plant Canopies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper presents HydroShoot, a leaf-based functional-structural plant model (FSPM) that simulates gas exchange rates of complex plant canopies under water deficit conditions. HydroShoot is built assuming that simulating both the hydraulic structure of the shoot together with the energy budget of individual leaves is the asset for successfully scaling-up leaf to canopy gas exchange rates. HydroShoot includes three interacting modules: hydraulic, which calculates the distribution of xylem water potential across shoot hydraulic segments; energy, which calculates the complete energy budget of individual leaves; and exchange, which calculates net carbon assimilation and transpiration rates of individual leaves. HydroShoot was evaluated on virtual and real grapevines having strongly contrasted canopies, under well-watered and water deficit conditions. It captured accurately the impact of canopy architecture and soil water status on plant-scale gas exchange rates and leaf-scale temperature and water potential. Both shoot hydraulic structure and leaf energy budget simulations were, as postulated, required to adequately scaling-up leaf to canopy gas exchange rates. Notwithstanding, simulating shoot hydraulic structure was found more necessary to adequately performing this scaling task than simulating leaf energy budget. That is, the intra-canopy variability of leaf water potential was a better predictor of the reduction of whole plant gas exchange rates under water deficit than the intra-canopy variability of leaf temperature. We conclude that simulating the shoot hydraulic structure is a prerequisite if FSPMs are to be used to assess gas exchange rates of complex plant canopies as those of grapevines. Finally, HydroShoot is available through the OpenAlea platform (https://github.com/openalea/hydroshoot) as a set of reusable modules.

Differential responses of soil Carbon,Nitrogen and Phosphorus stocks and available pools to conversion from native forest to exotic plant plantation in soils of contrasting origin.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Crovo ◽  
Felipe Aburto ◽  
Maria Albornoz ◽  
Randal Southard
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
C:N:P Stoichiometry ◽  
South Central ◽  
C And N ◽  
The Impact

<p>Land use change is a global issue with tremendous social, economic and environmental implications. Currently, many countries display high rates of deforestation and forest conversion from native forest to industrial tree plantations which have a direct impact on soil C and N stocks. Even though, there is a significant number of studies that highlighted the effects of forest substitution on C sequestration, the impact on ecological stoichiometry and biogeochemical cycling has not been well assessed. The soils considered in this study encompass the main forest soil types found in south central Chile representing a range of soil properties and mineralogy (crystalline to amorphous ash derived soils). To reduce confounding factors due to site history, we exclusively selected pair sampling sites (native versus plantation) that shared a similar land-use history and had close to identical soil and geomorphic conditions in which two independent 625m<sup>2</sup> plots were established at adjacent Native Forests (NF) and Pine Plantations (PL).To determine C:N:P inventories alongside N and P available pools, the plot was divided into four sub-quadrants where bulk soil samples were collected at 6 depth intervals in the central soil pit and in four augers at each quadrant up to a depth of 240 cm. The C and N total pools were significantly different between soil types but not between forest types (p=0.02). The highest average C stock across all soils was found in NF (202.22 ± 82.77 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) compared to PL (172.55 ± 87.73 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>)<sup>. </sup>When comparing each soil type individually, disregarding forest type, the Young Ash soil displayed significantly higher C and N than all the other studied soils. On the contrary, the Recent Ash soil displays changes in the C:N:P stoichiometry<sub>.</sub> Available Phosphorus was significantly different among sites, but not for forest types across sites. Overall, native forest exhibits higher stocks of available NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and we did not find a significant effect of forest type in NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> stocks. Our result indicates the differential capacity that contrasting soils have to resist this major soil biogeochemical pools alteration.</p>

scholarly journals Eco House Design: A House Design to Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emission

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tedi Ahmad Bahtiar ◽  
Amalia Nurjannah ◽  
Maryoko Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
House Design ◽  
The Impact

Until 2016, fossil fuels as primary energy are included in the top three most widely used. The process of combustion of fossil fuels causes the release of tremendous amounts of carbon to the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, carbon turns into carbon dioxide (CO2) or often called greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gas has a negative impact on the environment: direct effects like acid rains, and indirect effects like global warming. In Indonesia, the buildings used 37.8 percent of the total national energy consumption and are directly responsible for 37.8 percent of CO2 emission. This study aims to discuss the impact of reducing energy consumption used by the household on the risk of greenhouse gases. A computer simulation was used to calculate energy consumption in buildings. A conversion method from building energy consumption to the amount of CO2 emission was used to determine the level of reduction of greenhouse gas risk. Some parameters were evaluated, such as building’s material (e.g., roof, wall) and building geometry. It was found that the energy consumption savings were around 66.1 percent and operational CO2 savings were obtained 923 kg/year.

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