Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are important role players in the chemistry of the troposphere, especially in the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Ecosystems produce and emit a large number of BVOCs. It is estimated on a global scale that approximately 90 % of annual VOC emissions are BVOCs. In this study, measurements of BVOCs were conducted at the Welgegund measurement station (South Africa), which is considered to be a regionally representative background site situated in savannah grassland. Very few BVOC measurements exist for grassland savannah and results presented in this study are the most extensive for this type of landscape. Samples were collected twice a week for two hours during daytime and two hours during night-time through two long-term sampling campaigns from February 2011 to February 2012 and from December 2013 to February 2015. Individual BVOCs were identified and quantified using a thermal desorption instrument, connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass selective detector. The annual median concentrations of isoprene, 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol (MBO), monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (SQT) during the first campaign were 14, 7, 120 and 8 pptv, respectively, and 14, 4, 83 and 4 pptv, respectively, during the second campaign. The sum of the concentrations of the monoterpenes were at least an order of magnitude higher than the concentrations of other BVOC species during both sampling campaigns, with α-pinene being the most abundant species. The highest BVOC concentrations were observed during the wet season and elevated soil moisture was associated with increased BVOC concentrations. However, comparisons with measurements conducted at other landscapes in southern Africa and the rest of the world that have more woody vegetation indicated that BVOC concentrations were, in general, significantly lower. Furthermore, BVOC concentrations were an order of magnitude lower compared to total aromatic concentrations measured at Welgegund. An analysis of concentrations by wind direction indicated that isoprene concentrations were higher from the western direction, while wind direction did not indicate any significant differences in the concentrations of the other BVOC species. Statistical analysis indicated that soil moisture had the most significant impact on atmospheric levels of MBO, monoterpenes and SQT concentrations, while temperature had the greatest influence on isoprene levels. The combined O3 formation potentials of all the BVOCs measured calculated with MIR coefficients during the first and second campaign were 1162 and 1022 pptv, respectively. α-Pinene and limonene had the highest reaction rates with O3, while isoprene exhibited relatively small contributions to O3 depletion. Limonene, α-pinene and terpinolene had the largest contributions to the OH-reactivity of BVOCs measured at Welgegund for all of the months during both sampling campaigns.
Tree water relations trigger monoterpene emissions from Scots pine stem during spring recovery
