scholarly journals Controls over N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>x</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in a calcareous mountain forest soil

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1423-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kitzler ◽  
S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern ◽  
C. Holtermann ◽  
U. Skiba ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Forest Site

Abstract. We measured nitrogen oxides (N2O and NOx), dinitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from a spruce-fir-beech forest soil in the North Tyrolean limestone Alps in Austria. The site received 12.1 kg nitrogen via wet and dry deposition. Fluxes of nitric oxide (NO) were measured by an automatic dynamic chamber system on an hourly basis over a two year period. Daily N2O emissions were obtained by a semi-automatic gas measuring system. In order to cover spatial variability biweekly manual measurements of N2O and CO2 emissions were carried out, additionally. For acquiring information on the effects of soil and meteorological conditions and of N-deposition on N-emissions we chose the autoregression procedure (time-series analysis) as our means of investigation. Hence, we could exclude the data's autocorrelation in the course of the time. We found that soil temperature, soil moisture and wet N-deposition followed by air temperature and precipitation were the most powerful influencing parameters effecting N-emissions. With these variables up to 89% of observed temporal variations of N-emissions could be explained. During the two-year investigation period between 2.5 and 3.5% of deposited N was reemitted in form of N2O whereas only 0.2% were emitted as NO. At our mountain forest site the main end-product of microbial activity processes was N2 and trace gases (N2O and NO) were only of minor importance.

scholarly journals Controls over N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>x</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in a calcareous mountain forest soil

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kitzler ◽  
S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern ◽  
C. Holtermann ◽  
U. Skiba ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Forest Site

Abstract. We measured nitrogen oxides (N2O and NOx), dinitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from a spruce-fir-beech forest soil in the North Tyrolean limestone Alps in Austria. The site received 10.6–11.9 kg N ha−1 y−1 nitrogen as bulk deposition. Fluxes of nitric oxide (NO) were measured by an automatic dynamic chamber system on an hourly basis over a two year period. Daily N2O emissions were obtained by a semi-automatic gas measuring system. In order to cover spatial variability biweekly manual measurements of N2O and CO2 emissions were carried out in addition. For acquiring information on the effects of soil and meteorological conditions and of N-deposition on N-emissions we chose the auto-regression procedure (time-series analysis) as our means of investigation. Hence, we could exclude the data's autocorrelation in the course of the time. We found that soil temperature, soil moisture and bulk N-deposition followed by air temperature and precipitation were the most powerful influencing parameters effecting N-emissions. With these variables, up to 89% of observed temporal variations of N-emissions could be explained. During the two-year investigation period between 2.5 and 3.5% of deposited N was reemitted in form of N2O whereas only 0.2% were emitted as NO. At our mountain forest site the main end-product of microbial activity processes was N2 and trace gases (N2O and NO) were only of minor importance.

scholarly journals Effects of long-term increased N deposition on tropical montane forest soil N2 and N2O emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 194-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenguang Tang ◽  
Dexiang Chen ◽  
Oliver L. Phillips ◽  
Xian Liu ◽  
Zhang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Tropical Montane Forest ◽  
N2o Emissions

scholarly journals Nitrogen oxides emission from two beech forests subjected to different nitrogen loads

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kitzler ◽  
S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern ◽  
C. Holtermann ◽  
U. Skiba ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
N Input ◽  
No Emissions

Abstract. We analysed nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from two beech forest soils close to Vienna, Austria, which were exposed to different nitrogen input from the atmosphere. The site Schottenwald (SW) received 20.2 kg N ha−1 y−1 and Klausenleopoldsdorf (KL) 12.6 kg N ha−1 y−1 through wet deposition. Nitric oxide emissions from soil were measured hourly with an automatic dynamic chamber system. Daily N2O measurements were carried out by an automatic gas sampling system. Measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) and CO2 emissions were conducted over larger areas on a biweekly (SW) or monthly (KL) basis by manually operated chambers. We used an autoregression procedure (time-series analysis) for establishing time-lagged relationships between N-oxides emissions and different climate, soil chemistry and N-deposition data. It was found that changes in soil moisture and soil temperature significantly effected CO2 and N-oxides emissions with a time lag of up to two weeks and could explain up to 95% of the temporal variations of gas emissions. Event emissions after rain or during freezing and thawing cycles contributed significantly (for NO 50%) to overall N-oxides emissions. In the two-year period of analysis the annual gaseous N2O emissions at SW ranged from 0.64 to 0.79 kg N ha−1 y−1 and NO emissions were 0.24 to 0.49 kg N ha−1 per vegetation period. In KL significantly lower annual N2O emissions (0.52 to 0.65 kg N2O-N kg ha−1 y−1) as well as considerably lower NO-emissions were observed. During a three-month measurement campaign NO emissions at KL were 0.02 kg N ha−1), whereas in the same time period significantly more NO was emitted in SW (0.32 kg NO-N ha−1). Higher N-oxides emissions, especially NO emissions from the high N-input site (SW) may indicate that atmospheric deposition has an impact on emissions of gaseous N from our forest soils. At KL there was a strong correlation between N-deposition and N-emission over time, which shows that low N-input sites are especially responsive to increasing N-inputs.

scholarly journals Nitrogen oxides emission from two beech forests subjected to different nitrogen loads

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1381-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kitzler ◽  
S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern ◽  
C. Holtermann ◽  
U. Skiba ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
N Input

Abstract. We analysed nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO and NO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from two beech forest soils close to Vienna, Austria, which were exposed to different nitrogen input from the atmosphere. The site Schottenwald (SW) received 22.6 kg N y-1 and Klausenleopoldsdorf (KL) 13.5 kg N y-1 through wet and dry deposition. Nitrogen oxide emissions from soil were measured hourly with an automatic dynamic chamber system. Daily N2O measurements were carried out by an automatic gas sampling system. Measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) and CO2 emissions were conducted over larger areas on a biweekly (SW) or monthly (KL) basis by manually operated chambers. We used an autoregression procedure (time-series analysis) for establishing time-lagged relationships between N-oxide emissions and different climate, soil chemistry and N-deposition data. It was found that changes in soil moisture and soil temperature significantly effected CO2 and N-oxide emissions with a time lag of up to two weeks and could explain up to 95% of the temporal variations of gas emissions. Event emissions after rain or during freezing and thawing cycles contributed significantly (for NO 50%) to overall N-oxides emissions. In the two-year period of analysis the annual gaseous N2O losses at SW ranged from 0.65 to 0.77 kg N ha-1 y-1 and NO losses were 0.18 to 0.67 kg N ha-1 per vegetation period. In KL significantly lower annual N2O emissions (0.52 kg N2O-N kg ha-1 y-1) as well as considerably lower NO-losses were observed. During a three-month measurement campaign NO losses at KL were 0.02 kg, whereas in the same time period significantly more NO was emitted in SW (0.32 kg NO-N ha-1). Higher N-oxide emissions, especially NO emissions from the high N-input site (SW) indicate that atmospheric deposition had a strong impact on losses of gaseous N from our forest soils. At KL there was a strong correlation between N-deposition and N-emission over time, which shows that low N-input sites are especially responsive to increasing N-inputs.

scholarly journals The Wood Quality of Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Trees in an Urban Area: A Pilot Study

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Benas Šilinskas ◽  
Aistė Povilaitienė ◽  
Gintautas Urbaitis ◽  
Marius Aleinikovas ◽  
Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Wood Development

This study performed a pilot evaluation of the wood quality—defined by a single parameter: dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn, N mm−2)—of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees in urban areas. A search of the literature revealed few studies which examined the specifics of tree wood development in urban areas. Little is known about the potential of wood from urban trees wood of their suitability for the timber industry. In this study, an acoustic velocity measuring system was used for wood quality assessment of small-leaved lime trees. The MOEdyn parameter was evaluated for small-leaved lime trees growing in two urban locations (along the streets, and in an urban park), with an additional sample of forest sites taken as the control. MOEdyn was also assessed for small-leaved lime trees visually assigned to different health classes. The obtained mean values of MOEdyn of 90–120-year old small-leaved lime trees in urban areas ranged between 2492.2 and 2715.8 N mm−2. For younger trees, the values of MOEdyn were lower in the urban areas than in the forest site. Otherwise, the results of the study showed that the small-leaved lime wood samples were of relatively good quality, even if the tree was classified as moderately damaged (which could cause a potential risk to the community). Two alternatives for urban tree management can be envisaged: (1) old trees could be left to grow to maintain the sustainability of an urban area until their natural death, or (2) the wood from selected moderately damaged trees could be used to create wood products, ensuring long-term carbon retention.

Rainfall-associated chronic N deposition induces higher soil N2O emissions than acute N inputs in a semi-arid grassland

2021 ◽  
Vol 304-305 ◽  
pp. 108434
Author(s):  
Yujie Shi ◽  
Junfeng Wang ◽  
Ya'nan Li ◽  
Jinwei Zhang ◽  
Yunna Ao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Deposition ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Effect of Organic Amendment Addition on Soil Properties, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Grape Yield in Semi-Arid Vineyard Agroecosystems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1477
Author(s):  
Antonio Marín-Martínez ◽  
Alberto Sanz-Cobeña ◽  
Mª Angeles Bustamante ◽  
Enrique Agulló ◽  
Concepción Paredes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Grape Yield

In semi-arid vineyard agroecosystems, highly vulnerable in the context of climate change, the soil organic matter (OM) content is crucial to the improvement of soil fertility and grape productivity. The impact of OM, from compost and animal manure, on soil properties (e.g., pH, oxidisable organic C, organic N, NH4+-N and NO3−-N), grape yield and direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in vineyards was assessed. For this purpose, two wine grape varieties were chosen and managed differently: with a rain-fed non-trellising vineyard of Monastrell, a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Monastrell and a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Cabernet Sauvignon. The studied fertiliser treatments were without organic amendments (C), sheep/goat manure (SGM) and distillery organic waste compost (DC). The SGM and DC treatments were applied at a rate of 4600 kg ha−1 (fresh weight, FW) and 5000 kg ha−1 FW, respectively. The use of organic amendments improved soil fertility and grape yield, especially in the drip-irrigated trellising vineyards. Increased CO2 emissions were coincident with higher grape yields and manure application (maximum CO2 emissions = 1518 mg C-CO2 m−2 d−1). In contrast, N2O emissions, mainly produced through nitrification, were decreased in the plots showing higher grape production (minimum N2O emissions = −0.090 mg N2O-N m−2 d−1). In all plots, the CH4 fluxes were negative during most of the experiment (−1.073−0.403 mg CH4-C m−2 d−1), indicating that these ecosystems can represent a significant sink for atmospheric CH4. According to our results, the optimal vineyard management, considering soil properties, yield and GHG mitigation together, was the use of compost in a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard with the grape variety Monastrell.

scholarly journals Carbon losses from pyrolysed and original wood in a forest soil under natural and increased N deposition

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5199-5213 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Maestrini ◽  
S. Abiven ◽  
N. Singh ◽  
J. Bird ◽  
M. S. Torn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Main Process ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
C Cycling ◽  
Carbon Losses

Abstract. Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) plays an important role as a stable carbon (C) sink in the soils of terrestrial ecosystems. However, uncertainties remain about in situ turnover rates of fire-derived PyOM in soil, the main processes leading to PyOM-C and nitrogen (N) losses from the soil, and the role of N availability on PyOM cycling in soils. We measured PyOM and native soil organic carbon losses from the soil as carbon dioxide and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) using additions of highly 13C-labelled PyOM (2.03 atom %) and its precursor pinewood during 1 year in a temperate forest soil. The field experiment was carried out under ambient and increased mineral N deposition (+60 kg N-NH4NO3 ha−1 year−1). The results showed that after 1 year: (1) 0.5% of PyOM-C and 22% of wood-C were mineralized as CO2, leading to an estimated turnover time of 191 and 4 years, respectively; (2) the quantity of PyOM and wood lost as dissolved organic carbon was negligible (0.0004 ± 0.0003% and 0.022 ± 0.007% of applied-C, respectively); and (3) N additions decreased cumulative PyOM mineralization by 43%, but did not affect cumulative wood mineralization and did not affect the loss of DOC from PyOM or wood. We conclude that mineralization to CO2 was the main process leading to PyOM losses during the first year of mineralization in a forest soil, and that N addition can decrease PyOM-C cycling, while added N showed no effect on wood C cycling.

scholarly journals Effects of N and P fertilization on the greenhouse gas exchange in two nutrient-poor peatlands

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 4803-4828 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lund ◽  
T. R. Christensen ◽  
M. Mastepanov ◽  
A. Lindroth ◽  
L. Ström
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Availability ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Organic C

Abstract. Peatlands are important ecosystems in the context of biospheric feedback to climate change, due to the large storage of organic C in peatland soils. Nitrogen deposition and increased nutrient availability in soils following climate warming may cause changes in these ecosystems affecting greenhouse gas exchange. We have conducted an N and P fertilization experiment in two Swedish bogs subjected to high and low background N deposition, and measured the exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O using the closed chamber technique. During the second year of fertilization, both gross primary production and ecosystem respiration were significantly increased by N addition in the northernmost site where background N deposition is low, while gross primary production was stimulated by P addition in the southern high N deposition site. In addition, a short-term response in respiration was seen following fertilization, probably associated with rapid growth of nutrient-limited soil microorganisms. No treatment effect was seen on the CH4 exchange, while N2O emissions peaks were detected in N fertilized plots indicating the importance of taking N2O into consideration under increased N availability. In a longer term, increased nutrient availability will cause changes in plant competitive patterns. The related effect on the future net greenhouse gas exchange is likely dependent on the mixture of nutrients being made available and which plant functional types that benefit from it, in combination with other changes related to global warming.

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