scholarly journals Contribution of flowering trees to urban atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compound emissions

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3145-3172 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baghi ◽  
D. Helmig ◽  
A. Guenther ◽  
T. Duhl ◽  
R. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Honey Locust

Abstract. Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from urban trees during and after blooming were measured during spring and early summer 2009 in Boulder, Colorado. Air samples were collected onto solid adsorbent cartridges from branch enclosures on the tree species crabapple, horse chestnut, honey locust, and hawthorn. These species constitute ~65 % of the insect-pollinated fraction of the flowering tree canopy (excluding catkin-producing trees) from the street area managed by the City of Boulder. Samples were analyzed for C10–C15 BVOC by thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer (GC/FID/MS). Identified emissions and emission rates from these four tree species during the flowering phase were found to vary over a wide range. Monoterpene emissions were identified for honey locust, horse chestnut and hawthorn. Sesquiterpene emissions were observed in horse chestnut and hawthorn samples. Crabapple flowers were found to emit significant amounts of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde. Floral BVOC emissions increased with temperature, generally exhibiting exponential temperature dependence. Changes in BVOC speciation during and after the flowering period were observed for every tree studied. Emission rates were significantly higher during the blooming compared to the vegetative state for crabapple and honey locust. Total normalized (30 °C) monoterpene emissions from honey locust were higher during flowering (5.26 μg Cg−1 h−1) than after flowering (1.23 μg Cg−1 h−1). The total normalized BVOC emission rate from crabapple (93 μg Cg−1 h−1) during the flowering period is of the same order as isoprene emissions from oak trees, which are among the highest BVOC emissions observed from plants to date. These findings illustrate that during the relatively brief springtime flowering period, floral emissions constitute by far the most significant contribution to the BVOC flux from these tree species, some of which are leafless at this time. Experimental results were integrated into the MEGAN biogenic emission model and simulations were performed to estimate the contribution of floral BVOC emissions to the total urban BVOC flux during the spring flowering period. The floral BVOC emitted during this three-month simulation are equivalent to 11 % of the cumulative monoterpene flux for the Boulder urban area.

scholarly journals Contribution of flowering trees to urban atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compound emissions

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3777-3785 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baghi ◽  
D. Helmig ◽  
A. Guenther ◽  
T. Duhl ◽  
R. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Honey Locust

Abstract. Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from urban trees during and after blooming were measured during spring and early summer 2009 in Boulder, Colorado. Air samples were collected onto solid adsorbent cartridges from branch enclosures on the tree species crabapple (Malus sp.), horse chestnut (Aesculus carnea, "Ft. McNair"), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, "Sunburst"), and hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata, "Pauls Scarlet"). These species constitute ~ 65% of the insect-pollinated fraction of the flowering tree canopy (excluding catkin-producing trees) from the street area managed by the City of Boulder. Samples were analyzed for C10–C15 BVOC by thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer (GC/FID/MS). Identified emissions and emission rates from these four tree species during the flowering phase were found to vary over a wide range. Monoterpene emissions were identified for honey locust, horse chestnut and hawthorn. Sesquiterpene emissions were observed in horse chestnut and hawthorn samples. Crabapple flowers were found to emit significant amounts of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde. Floral BVOC emissions increased with temperature, generally exhibiting exponential temperature dependence. Changes in BVOC speciation during and after the flowering period were observed for every tree studied. Emission rates were significantly higher during the blooming compared to the post-blooming state for crabapple and honey locust. The results were scaled to the dry mass of leaves and flowers contained in the enclosure. Only flower dry mass was accounted for crabapple emission rates as leaves appeared at the end of the flowering period. Total normalized (30 °C) monoterpene emissions from honey locust were higher during flowering (5.3 μgC g−1 h−1) than after flowering (1.2 μgC g−1 h−1). The total normalized BVOC emission rate from crabapple (93 μgC g−1 h−1) during the flowering period is of the same order as isoprene emissions from oak trees, which are among the highest BVOC flowering period floral emissions observed from plants to date. These findings illustrate that during the relatively brief springtime flowering period, floral emissions constitute by far the most significant contribution to the BVOC flux from these tree species, some of which are leafless at this time. Experimental results were integrated into the MEGAN biogenic emission model and simulations were performed to estimate the contribution of floral BVOC emissions to the total urban BVOC flux during the spring flowering period. The floral BVOC emitted during this three-month simulation are equivalent to 11% of the integrated monoterpene flux for the Boulder urban area.

Emissions of Isoprenoid from Major Planting Tree Species in Shenyang

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 1041-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Shi ◽  
De Wen Li ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Xing Yuan He
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Populus Alba ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Growth Season ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Salix Babylonica ◽  
Selection Of

Isoprene and monoterpenes are very reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds and have indirect effects on urban air quality. In this study, eight major planting tree species (six arbores and two shrubs) in Shenyang area were examined for the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes using thermal desorption instruments and gas chromatography. The results showed that there were strong seasonal variations in isoprene and monoterpenes emissions from these urban trees. The highest emission rates for Populus alba × berolinensis and Salix babylonica were observed in June with values of about 426.4µg•g-1h-1 and 100.5µg•g-1h-1, respectively. The emission flux from Salix babylonica, Populus alba × berolinensis, Pinus tabulaeformis, Gingo Biloba, Ulmus pumila, Gleditsia japonica, Syringa oblate and Ligustrum obtusifolium in Shenyang were 168.66tC•y-1, 104.86tC•y-1, 14.48 tC• y-1, 12.16 tC• y-1, 3.56tC•y-1, 1.27tC•y-1, 4.07tC•y-1 and 1.33tC•y-1, respectively. Isoprene and monoterpenes emissions pattern were depended on tree species. Populus alba × berolinensis, Salix babylonica, Syringa oblate and Ligustrum obtusifolium mainly emitted isoprene (64.5-99.7%). Other 4 tree species mainly emitted monoterpenes, amounted to 66.0-94.1% of total emission. Pinus tabulaeformis mainly emitted α-pinene. Ulmus pumila and Gleditsia japonica mainly emitted limonene. Gingo Biloba emitted isoprene and limonene, accounted for 33.99% and 39.53%, respectively. The grade of emission rates of isoprene and monoterpenes from 8 tree species was classified. Populus alba ×berolinensis was a high isoprene and monoterpenes emission tree species in summer. Salix babylonica was a medium isoprene and high monoterpenes emission tree species over growth season. These data demonstrate that rate and flux of the isoprene and monoterpenes emission from planting tree species in urban must be considered on selection of planting tree species for urban atmospheres environment.

scholarly journals Edge Growth Form of European Buckthorn Increases Isoprene Emissions From Urban Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarti P. Mistry ◽  
Adam W. T. Steffeck ◽  
Mark J. Potosnak
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Isoprene Emission ◽  
Environmental Controls

Urban trees provide numerous benefits, such as cooling from transpiration, carbon sequestration, and street aesthetics. But volatile organic compound emissions from trees can combine with anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions to form ozone, a harmful air pollutant. The most commonly-emitted of these compounds, isoprene, negatively impacts air quality and hence is detrimental to human health. In addition to environmental controls such as light and temperature, the quantity of isoprene emitted from a leaf is a genus-specific trait. Leaf isoprene emission is enzymatically controlled, and species are typically classified as emitters or non-emitters (near-zero emission rates). Therefore, the species composition of urban forests affects whole-system isoprene production. The process of plant invasion alters species composition, and invasive tree species can be either emitters or non-emitters. If an invasive, isoprene-emitting tree species displaces native, non-emitting species, then isoprene emission rates from urban forests will increase, with a concomitant deterioration of air quality. We tested a hypothesis that invasive species have higher isoprene emission rates than native species. Using existing tree species inventory data for the Chicago region, leaf-level isoprene emission rates of the six most common invasive and native tree species were measured and compared. The difference was not statistically significant, but this could be due to the variability associated with making a sufficient number of measurements to quantify species isoprene emission rates. The most common invasive species European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica, L.) was an emitter. Because European buckthorn often invades the disturbed edges common in urban forests, we tested a second hypothesis that edge-effect isoprene emissions would significantly increase whole-system modeled isoprene emissions. Using Google Earth satellite imagery to estimate forested area and edge length in the LaBagh Woods Forest Preserve of Cook County (Chicago, IL, USA), edge isoprene emission contributed 8.1% compared to conventionally modeled forest emissions. Our results show that the invasion of European buckthorn has increased isoprene emissions from urban forests. This implies that ecological restoration efforts to remove European buckthorn have the additional benefit of improving air quality.

scholarly journals Biogenic volatile organic compound ambient mixing ratios and emission rates in the Alaskan Arctic tundra

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Angot ◽  
Katelyn McErlean ◽  
Lu Hu ◽  
Dylan B. Millet ◽  
Jacques Hueber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Arctic Atmosphere ◽  
Northern Alaska

Abstract. Rapid Arctic warming, a lengthening growing season, and increasing abundance of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC)-emitting shrubs are all anticipated to increase atmospheric BVOCs in the Arctic atmosphere, with implications for atmospheric oxidation processes and climate feedbacks. Quantifying these changes requires an accurate understanding of the underlying processes driving BVOC emissions in the Arctic. While boreal ecosystems have been widely studied, little attention has been paid to Arctic tundra environments. Here, we report terpenoid (isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) ambient mixing ratios and emission rates from key dominant vegetation species at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68°38' N, 149°36' W) in northern Alaska during two back-to-back field campaigns (summers 2018 and 2019) covering the entire growing season. Isoprene ambient mixing ratios observed at TFS fell within the range of values reported in the Eurasian taiga (0–500 pptv), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene ambient mixing ratios were respectively close to and below the instrumental quantification limit (~ 2 pptv). We further quantified the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions from local vegetation including Salix spp. (a known isoprene emitter), and compared the results to predictions from the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1). Our observations suggest a 180–215 % emission increase in response to a 3–4 °C warming. The MEGAN2.1 temperature algorithm exhibits a close fit with observations for enclosure temperatures below 30 °C. Above 30 °C, MEGAN2.1 predicts an isoprene emission plateau that is not observed in the enclosure flux measurements at TFS. More studies are needed to better constrain the warming response of isoprene and other BVOCs for a wide range of Arctic species.

scholarly journals Tree canopy arthropods have idiosyncratic responses to plant ecophysiological traits in a warm temperate forest complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudi C. Swart ◽  
Michael J. Samways ◽  
Francois Roets
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Arthropod Diversity ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractBiodiversity studies on forest canopies often have narrow arthropod taxonomic focus, or refer to a single species of tree. In response, and to better understand the wide range of drivers of arthropod diversity in tree canopies, we conducted a large-scale, multi-taxon study which (a) included effect of immediate surroundings of an individual tree on plant physiological features, and (b), how these features affect compositional and functional arthropod diversity, in a warm, southern Afro-temperate forest. We found that tree species differed significantly in plant physiological features and arthropod diversity patterns. Surprisingly, we found negative correlation between surrounding canopy cover, and both foliar carbon and arthropod diversity in host trees, regardless of tree species. Subtle, tree intraspecific variation in physiological features correlated significantly with arthropod diversity measures, but direction and strength of correlations differed among tree species. These findings illustrate great complexity in how canopy arthropods respond to specific tree species, to immediate surroundings of host trees, and to tree physiological features. We conclude that in natural forests, loss of even one tree species, as well as homogenization of the crown layer and/or human-induced environmental change, could lead to profound and unpredictable canopy arthropod biodiversity responses, threatening forest integrity.

scholarly journals Selection Approach of Urban Trees for Inner-city Environments: Learning from Nature

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 194-204
Author(s):  
Henrik Sjöman ◽  
Allan Gunnarsson ◽  
Stephan Pauleit ◽  
Roland Bothmer
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Central China ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Tree Population ◽  
Wide Range

High diversity of species and genera and site adaptation are two important factors in achieving a healthy and sustainable urban tree population. This paper presents and discusses a selection procedure for the identification of trees adapted to inner city environments. The procedure is based on dendroecological studies of trees in natural habitats, with similarities in climate and site conditions as inner city environments. By studying trees in such habitats, firsthand information can be gained on the growth and performance of a wide range of species and genotypes. Two field studies were conducted, one in central China and another in northeast Romania and the adjoining Republic of Moldavia with the aim to identify tree species and genotypes adapted to inner city environments in the northern parts of central Europe and the adjoining milder parts of northern Europe. In total, 27 tree species were identified as specialists for warm and periodically dry habitats. Of these tree species, only four are currently used frequently or used to some extent in northern Europe, meaning that 23 other tree species identified in the case studies can be potential supplements for diversification of the urban tree population.

scholarly journals Machinability Research of the Most Common Invasive Tree Species in Slovenia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miran Merhar ◽  
Dominika Gornik Bučar ◽  
Maks Merela
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Tree Of Heaven ◽  
Invasive Tree ◽  
Honey Locust ◽  
Invasive Tree Species

This article investigates the quality of the machining surface of the five most common invasive tree species in Slovenia, i.e., black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), boxelder maple (Acer negundo L.), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) and tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima). The machining tests were made according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D1666-17 standard, where the quality of the surfaces after planing, routing and turning were evaluated with visual assessment, and the area and profile roughness parameters were also determined on selected specimens. The results showed that boxelder maple, horse chestnut and honey locust can be machined very well in all the studied operations, with the best results in routing and a little less good by turning, whereas the tree of heaven had the best quality in planing, and the worst by turning. Among all studied tree species, the black locust had the worst quality in planing, but the quality at routing was very similar to other tested species. The research also showed that there is little or no significant relationship between the qualities of the various types of machining for tested tree species.

Biscogniauxia (Hypoxylon) Canker or Dieback in Trees

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Paez ◽  
Jason A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quercus Spp

Biscogniauxia canker or dieback (formerly called Hypoxylon canker or dieback) is a common contributor to poor health and decay in a wide range of tree species (Balbalian & Henn 2014). This disease is caused by several species of fungi in the genus Biscogniauxia (formerly Hypoxylon). B. atropunctata or B. mediterranea are usually the species found on Quercus spp. and other hosts in Florida, affecting trees growing in many different habitats, such as forests, parks, green spaces and urban areas (McBride & Appel, 2009).  Typically, species of Biscogniauxia are opportunistic pathogens that do not affect healthy and vigorous trees; some species are more virulent than others. However, once they infect trees under stress (water stress, root disease, soil compaction, construction damage etc.) they can quickly colonize the host. Once a tree is infected and fruiting structures of the fungus are evident, the tree is not likely to survive especially if the infection is in the tree's trunk (Anderson et al., 1995).

scholarly journals Odour, dust and non-methane volatile organic-compound emissions from tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds: a case study of two farms

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dunlop ◽  
Zoran D. Ristovski ◽  
Erin Gallagher ◽  
Gavin Parcsi ◽  
Robin L. Modini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dust Emission ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Cleaning Cycle ◽  
Study Sites

An observational study was undertaken to measure odour and dust (PM10 and PM2.5) emission rates and identify non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and odorants in the exhaust air from two tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds that were configured with multi-tiered cages and manure belts. The study sites were located in south-eastern Queensland and the West Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. Samples were collected in summer and winter on sequential days across the manure-belt cleaning cycle. Odour emissions ranged from 58 to 512 ou/s per 1000 birds (0.03–0.27 ou/s.kg) and dust emission rates ranged 0.014–0.184 mg/s per 1000 birds for PM10 and 0.001–0.190 mg/s per 1000 birds for PM2.5. Twenty NMVOCs were identified, including three that were also identified as odorants using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry analysis. Odour emission rates were observed to vary with the amount of manure accumulation on the manure belts, being lowest 2–4 days after removing manure. Odour emission rates were also observed to vary with diurnal and seasonal changes in ventilation rate. Dust emissions were observed to increase with ventilation rate but not with manure accumulation. Some NMVOCs were identified at both farms and in different seasons whereas others were observed only at one farm or in one season, indicating that odorant composition was influenced by farm-specific practices and season.

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