Biocorrosion research: Are we barking up the right trees?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Curt Flemming ◽  
Brenda Little ◽  
Dan Blackwood ◽  
Jamie Hinks ◽  
Federico Lauro ◽  
...  

<p>Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC), is acknowledged to be the direct cause of catastrophic corrosion failures, with damages ranging to many billions of US$. In spite of extensive research and numerous publications, fundamental questions still remain unanswered. In 1993, J.F.D. Stott published a review paper in Corrosion Science, entitled “What progress in the understanding of microbially influenced corrosion has been made in the last 25 years?“ He concluded, “The most commonly asked question about MIC is: what will be the expected corrosion rate of material x in an environment where aggressive microorganisms proliferate?... For many materials we can no more answer this question now than we could 25 years ago.” Now, over 50 years later, that question is still open. Current MIC research does not provide data related to detection and verification in the field, diagnosing, modelling or prediction. Laboratory experiments seldom attempt to recreate relevant natural or industrial electrolytes. A sober, solution-oriented contemplation of the state-of-art and acknowledgement of the substantial deficiencies in our understanding may help shift MIC research into a direction which could actually produce useful answers.</p>

Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts

This chapter examines the second dilemma in the design of governance strategies, which relates to strictness of control. Leaders must choose whether to monitor and regulate behavior loosely or intensively. This is certainly true with regard to control of the everyday conduct of citizens through surveillance and policing. A similar choice must be made in the economic sphere, between a command economy and free markets. And the dilemma arises again within the apparatus of the state itself. For example, central government must decide whether to exercise more or less supervision over lower levels of government. Moreover, within each level of government, political leaders must decide whether to give more or less autonomy to bureaucrats charged with implementing their policies. In all of these contexts, similar calculations about the right measure of control must be made.


ISRN Geometry ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
K. L. Duggal

This is a review paper of the essential research on metric (Killing, homothetic, and conformal) symmetries of Riemannian, semi-Riemannian, and lightlike manifolds. We focus on the main characterization theorems and exhibit the state of art as it now stands. A sketch of the proofs of the most important results is presented together with sufficient references for related results.


2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 88-116
Author(s):  
Mark Zion

This article engages with Canadian ‘right to shelter’ discourse, with a focus on shared assumptions that do crucial work but are sometimes unstated. It offers a ‘chrono-political’ framework to organize various claims made in the courtroom, in legal academic commentary, and by homeless people themselves. People sleeping outdoors have had noteworthy success in court, preventing immediate bodily peril. However, the ‘emergency’ temporality in those cases ultimately offers a limited politics. The author evaluates proposals from legal academics who therefore prescribe court orders that aim to transcend emergency protection: the state ought proactively to provide some minimal level of shelter to everyone, thereby conjoining the emergency temporality with a longer term ‘progressive’ temporality. However, it is argued that these proposals insufficiently formulate how judges understand their institutional role and the extent to which courtroom doctrine can redirect wider neoliberal trends. Regulative assumptions about ‘gradual improvement’ in the law must themselves be interrogated. As an antipode for the courtroom emergency temporality, a ‘dissensual’ temporality is explored, not as a ‘solution,’ but as an already operant politics, one not previously explored in legal academic commentary on the ‘right to shelter.’ Never to be romanticized, the tent city is nonetheless seen to enact what Jacques Rancière terms ‘dissensus,’ in which participants stage their equality in a way that calls into question the existing arrangement of political intelligibility. Amidst present constraints, dissensus discloses an expansive nonlinear temporality that channels egalitarian predecessors, taking feasible action in the present and attempting to prefigure a more equal future dwelling arrangement.


Author(s):  
Pavan Kumar E ◽  
Manojkumar Rajgopal

<p>In this review paper, we address on the state-of-art process with visual object tracking in video surveillance, medical and military applications. In the present scenario number of algorithms and methods are used to track the object in the different scene, a robust visual object tracking remains a critical challenge. The challenges arise due to object motion from frame to frame with a change in appearance, structures, illumination, and occlusion. In this paper, at last, we outline the different algorithms, dataset, strength, and weakness of the different object tracker.</p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-152
Author(s):  
Pavlo Ovchynnykov ◽  
Olha Dubinchyk ◽  
Oleksii Tiutkin ◽  
Vitalii Kildieiev ◽  
Volodymyr Sedin ◽  
...  

Abstract To solve the problem of predicting the service life of superstructures, this work proposes the basis and methodological developments of creep theory with increasing loads as well as regression analysis of the results of laboratory experiments. The main limitation in terms of reinforcement is corrosion in the concrete cracks, which was determined during laboratory experiments. Based on the results, the approximate analytical dependences concerning reinforcement corrosion depth change over time at a constant value of crack width were selected. The paper substantiates the validity of the analytical dependences as a result of regression analysis; it proposes formulae for determining the corrosion rate of rebars in reinforced concrete superstructures. The obtained analytical dependences allowed for the developing of a process for predicting changes to the state of the superstructure in light of operational changes.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adhy Aman ◽  
Mette Bakken

The right to cast a vote in democratic elections stands at the core of people’s political rights. However, for citizens residing abroad the issue is less straightforward. Should people that have made a choice to live in another country still have voting rights in their country of origin? If so, should the state be responsible for facilitating their vote from abroad—or should citizens simply have the option of returning to exercise their right? Countries embarking on introducing out-of-country voting (OCV) may benefit from the experiences made in countries where voting from abroad is available. This report presents practical examples from different countries and highlights key issues to be considered before introducing out-of-country voting measures.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Mohd Faez Mohd Shah ◽  
Norhidayah Pauzi

In the discipline of Islamic law research, strong proofing and clear Istinbat method are key pillars in the construction of Islamic law based on the application of the science of usul al-fiqh and maqasid al-shari'ah. However, what happens at the state of Johor’s fatwa institution is the opposite. The fatwa research methods applied by the Fatwa Committee of Johor in resolving current fatwa issues is not based on the right and true discipline of Islamic law research. In fact, current inputs related to fatwa issues are not explicitly stated in the method of determining the law either in the form of reality or scientifically verified. Therefore, this paper will discuss the fatwa procedures undertaken by the Fatwa Committee of Johor based on the methods applied in resolving current issues. The research methodology adopted is library and interview methods. This study shows that fatwa management and production in the state of Johor is placed under the jurisdiction of the Mufti of Johor’s Department. The methods adopted by the Fatwa Committee of Johor covers two methods, namely: internal research methods including literature review through the application of original source and proofs based on syarak. Second: field research method that includes an external review or going to the location of study such as conducting observation, questionnaires and interviews including referrals to specialists of different fields. Maslahah and mafsdah consideration are also implemented by the Fatwa Committee in every fatwa decision based on the standard that meets the interests of maqasid al-shari'ah. Keywords: Metode, fatwa, istinbat, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari’ah ABSTRAK Dalam disiplin penyelidikan hukum Islam, kekuatan pendalilan dan kaedah istinbat yang jelas merupakan tunggak utama dalam pembinaan hukum Islam berasaskan kepada aplikasi ilmu usul al-fiqh dan maqasid al-shari’ah. Namun begitu, apa yang berlaku di institusi fatwa negeri Johor adalah sebaliknya. Kaedah penyelidikan fatwa yang diaplikasi oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor dalam menyelesaikan isu fatwa semasa tidak berasaskan kepada disiplin penyelidikan hukum Islam yang tepat dan sebenar. Malahan input-input semasa yang berkaitan dengan isu fatwa juga tidak dinyatakan secara jelas dalam kaedah penentuan hukum sama ada dalam bentuk realiti yang berlaku atau pembuktian secara saintifik. Justeru, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan prosedur fatwa Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor berdasarkan metode-metode yang diaplikasi dalam menyelesaikan isu-isu yang bersifat semasa. Metodologi kajian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah melalui metode perpustakaan dan metode lapangan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengurusan dan pengeluaran fatwa di negeri Johor hanya terletak di bawah bidang kuasa Jabatan Mufti Johor. Metode fatwa yang diamalkan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor merangkumi dua metode iaitu pertama, kaedah penyelidikan dalaman yang merangkumi kajian kepustakaan menerusi pengaplikasian dari sumber asas dan dalil-dalil syarak. Kedua, kaedah penyelidikan lapangan yang meliputi kajian luaran atau turun ke lokasi kajian seperti observasi, soal selidik dan temubual dan rujukan kepada pakar dalam bidang yang berlainan. Pertimbangan maslahah dan mafsdah juga dimplementasikan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa dalam setiap keputusan fatwanya berasaskan standard yang menepati kepentingan maqasid al-shari’ah. Kata kunci: Metode, fatwa, istinbat, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari’ah


2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
hank shaw

Portugal has port, Spain has sherry, Sicily has Marsala –– and California has angelica. Angelica is California's original wine: The intensely sweet, fortified dessert cordial has been made in the state for more than two centuries –– primarily made from Mission grapes, first brought to California by the Spanish friars. Angelica was once drunk in vast quantities, but now fewer than a dozen vintners make angelica today. These holdouts from an earlier age are each following a personal quest for the real. For unlike port and sherry, which have strict rules about their production, angelica never gelled into something so distinct that connoisseurs can say, ““This is angelica. This is not.”” This piece looks at the history of the drink, its foggy origins in the Mission period and on through angelica's heyday and down to its degeneration into a staple of the back-alley wino set. Several current vintners are profiled, and they suggest an uncertain future for this cordial.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Ali Alsam

Vision is the science that informs us about the biological and evolutionary algorithms that our eyes, opticnerves and brains have chosen over time to see. This article is an attempt to solve the problem of colour to grey conversion, by borrowing ideas from vision science. We introduce an algorithm that measures contrast along the opponent colour directions and use the results to combine a three dimensional colour space into a grey. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm competes with the state of art algorithms.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Komang Sukaniasa

International agreements are agreements between international subjects that give rise to binding obligations in international rights, which can be bilateral or multilateral. Based on these opinions, an understanding can be taken that international treaties are agreements or agreements entered into by two or more countries as subjects of international law that aim to cause certain legal consequences. International agreements, whether ratified or through approval or acceptance or accession, or other methods that are permitted, have the same binding force as ratified international treaties established in the Ratification Law of International Treaties. Once again, it is equally valid and binding on the state. Therefore, the authors consider that the position of international treaties are not made in the form of the Ratification Act of the International Agreement but are binding and apply to Indonesia. Then Damos Dumoli Agusman argues that ratification originates from the conception of international treaty law which is interpreted as an act of confirmation from a country of the legal acts of its envoys or representatives who have signed an agreement as a sign of agreement to be bound by the agreement.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document