scholarly journals Climate of migration? How climate triggered migration from southwest Germany to North America during the 19th century

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1573-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Glaser ◽  
Iso Himmelsbach ◽  
Annette Bösmeier
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Southwest Germany

Abstract. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the extent to which climate and climatic change can have a negative impact on societies by triggering migration, or even contribute to conflict. It summarizes results from the transdisciplinary project Climate of migration (funded 2010–2014), whose innovative title was created by Franz Mauelshagen and Uwe Lübken. The overall goal of this project was to analyze the relation between climatic and socioeconomic parameters and major migration waves from southwest Germany to North America during the 19th century. The article assesses the extent to which climatic conditions triggered these migration waves. The century investigated was in general characterized by the Little Ice Age with three distinct cooling periods, causing major glacier advances in the alpine regions and numerous climatic extremes such as major floods, droughts and severe winter. Societal changes were tremendous, marked by the warfare during the Napoleonic era (until 1815), the abolition of serfdom (1817), the bourgeois revolution (1847/48), economic freedom (1862), the beginning of industrialization accompanied by large-scale rural–urban migration resulting in urban poverty, and finally by the foundation of the German Empire in 1871.The presented study is based on quantitative data and a qualitative, information-based discourse analysis. It considers climatic conditions as well as socioeconomic and political issues, leading to the hypothesis of a chain of effects ranging from unfavorable climatic conditions to a decrease in crop yields to rising cereal prices and finally to emigration. These circumstances were investigated extensively for the peak emigration years identified with each migration wave. Furthermore, the long-term relations between emigration and the prevailing climatic conditions, crop yields and cereal prices were statistically evaluated with a sequence of linear models which were significant with explanatory power between 22 and 38 %.

scholarly journals Climate of migration? How climate triggered migration from Southwest Germany into North America during the 19th century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Glaser ◽  
Iso Himmelsbach ◽  
Annette Boesmeier
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Southwest Germany

Abstract. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate to which extent climate and climatic change have a negative impact on societies by triggering migration, or even represent underlying causes for conflicts. It presents results from an in-depths analysis of the connection between climatic and selected socio-economic parameters and the major migration waves from Southwest Germany into North America during the 19th century. The aim was to assess to what extent climatic conditions triggered these waves of migration. The observed century was in general characterized by the Little Ice Age Climate with three distinct cooling periods, causing major glacier advances in the alpine regions and quite a number of climatic extremes such as major floods, droughts and chilly winter times. Also, societal changes were tremendous, marked by the wartimes during the Napoleonic era (until 1815), the abolition of serfdom (1817), the bourgeois revolution from 1847/48, economic freedom (1862), the beginning of the industrialization process accompanied by large-scale rural-urban migration, resulting in urban poverty, and finally by the foundation of the German Reich in 1870. The presented study is based on a quantitative data and qualitative information based discourse analysis. It reflects climatic conditions as well as socio-economic and political issues, which lead to the hypothesis of a chain of effects, consisting of unfavorable climatic conditions – decrease of crop yields – rising cereal prices – emigration. For the identified emigration peak years of each wave of migration, the connections between emigration and the underlying climatic conditions, crop yields and cereal prices were statistically evaluated by a sequence of linear models which proved to be significant with explanatory power between 22 % and 38 %.

Jadal as-Simāh dūna Ḥaml ar-Rimāḥ: Dirāsah fī Makhṭūṭah al-Manhil al-‘ażb li żikr al-Qalb li asy-Syaikh Ismā’īl al-Minangkabawi

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-261
Author(s):  
Syofyan Hadi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Initial Process ◽  
Religious Understanding

Since the beginning of his arrival in the archipelago, the scholars involved in the initial process of spreading Islam have emerged with an offer of a variety of religious understandings. Such diversity and differences are sometimes not uncommon to bring followers into horizontal friction to conflict and even bloodshed. Animosity and tension caused by differences in religious understanding and practice even continued for several generations with various levels and levels of conflict as a result among Islamic community in the archipelago. The feud and tension of religious understanding that took place between Shaykh Ismail al-Minangkabawi and Shaykh Salim bin Samir al-Hadhrami, Shaykh Abd al-Ghani Bima, Shaykh Abd al-Azhim Madura which occurred in the 19th century were among the evidence of continued conflict in religious understanding between the scholars who spread Islam in the archipelago. However, this religious conflict is only within the limits of dialogue and debate without dragging followers to something that has the negative impact of confrontation or bloodshed. At the very least, these debate and dialogue were the ones described by Shaykh Isma'il al-Minangkabawi and the opponents of his teachings in the archipelago.

scholarly journals Supraglacial debris-transport variability over time: examples from Switzerland and Iceland

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.B. Whalley ◽  
C.F. Palmer ◽  
S.J. Hamilton ◽  
D. Kitchen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Debris Transport ◽  
Actual Volume ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The volume of debris in the left-lateral, Little Ice Age (LIA:AD1550–1850) moraine of the Feegletscher, Valais, Switzerland was compared with the actual volume being transported currently by the glacier. The latter is smaller by a factor of about two. In Tröllaskagi, north Iceland, a surface cover of debris on top of a very slow moving glacier ice mass (glacier noir, rock glacier) has been dated by lichenometry. The age of the oldest part is commensurate with LIA moraines in the area. Knowing the volume of debris of a given age allows an estimate of the debris supply to the glacier in a given time. Again, there appears to have been a significant reduction in debris to the glacier since the turn of the 19th century. Debris input in the early LIA seems to have been particularly copious and this may be important in the formation of some glacier depositional forms such as rock glaciers.

Recent Changes of Nordbogletscher and Nordgletscher, Johan Dahl Land, South Greenland

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.Tvis Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Transport Rate ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Surface Movement ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Inland Ice ◽  
Surface Changes

Generally, outlet glaciers from the Inland Ice in South Greenland have retreated and thinned considerably since the 19th century. A sector in Johan Dahl Land, comprising the glaciers Nordbogletscher, Nordgletscher, and Eqalorutsit kangigdlît sermiat, has no trim-line zones. These glaciers have probably reached their most advanced position in historical time and are advancing further. Marginal and surface changes of the glaciers, over the last 30 years, are determined, using topographic maps based on aerial photographs taken in 1953, 1977, and 1981 and compared with ablation and surface movement of ice measured at stakes, established in 1978 at Nordbogletscher. The conclusion, made on the basis of the observations, is that the advance is the result of a higher transport rate of ice from the accumulation area than can ablate during the summers in the ablation area, under prevailing climatic conditions.

The development of nursing care of the sick in Western Europe in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Jerzy Supady
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Napoleon I ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Enlightenment ideology and the French Revolution had a very negative impact on the activities of religious congregations in respect of nursing care of the sick in hospitals in the 18th century. Emperor Napoleon I attempted to improve the existing situation by restoring the right for nursing care to nuns. In the first half of the 19th century, in Germany catholic religious orders had the obligation to provide nursing care and in the 30’s of the 19th century the Evangelical Church also joined charity work in hospitals by employing laywomen, i.e. deaconesses.

scholarly journals Ice-volume changes of selected glaciers in the Swiss Alps since the end of the 19th century

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Bauder ◽  
Martin Funk ◽  
Matthias Huss
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Thickness Change ◽  
Ice Volume ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe evolution of surface topography of glaciers in the Swiss Alps is well documented with high-resolution aerial photographs repeatedly recorded since the 1960s and further back in time with topographic maps including elevation contour lines first surveyed in the mid-19th century. In order to quantify and interpret glacier changes in the Swiss Alps, time series of volume changes over the last 100–150 years have been collected. The available datasets provide a detailed spatial resolution for the retreat period since the end of the Little Ice Age. The spatial distribution as well as temporal variations of the thickness change were analyzed. A significant ice loss since the end of the 19th century was observed in the ablation area, while the changes in the accumulation area were small. We found moderate negative secular rates until the 1960s, followed by steady to positive rates for about two decades and strong ice loss starting in the 1980s which has lasted until the present. An evaluation of 19 glaciers revealed a total ice volume loss of about 13km3 since the 1870s, of which 8.7 km3 occurred since the 1920s and 3.5 km3 since 1980. Decadal mean net balance rates for the periods 1920–60, 1960–80 and 1980–present are –0.29, –0.03 and –0.53ma–1w.e., respectively.

Tecumseh and the Shawnee Resistance Movement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Warren
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early American History ◽  
Early American ◽  
Cultural Ideals ◽  
History Of ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
Established Order

Described as a “chief among chiefs” by the British, and by his arch-rival, William Henry Harrison, as “one of those uncommon geniuses which spring up occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established order of things,” Tecumseh impressed all who knew him. Lauded for his oratory, military and diplomatic skills, and, ultimately, his humanity, Tecumseh presided over the greatest Indian resistance movement that had ever been assembled in the eastern half of North America. His genius lay in his ability to fully articulate religious, racial, and cultural ideals borne out of his people’s existence on fault lines between competing empires and Indian confederacies. Known as “southerners” by their Algonquian relatives, the Shawnees had a history of migrating between worlds. Tecumseh, and his brother, Tenskwatawa, converted this inheritance into a widespread social movement in the first decade and a half of the 19th-century, when more than a thousand warriors, from many different tribes, heeded their call to halt American expansion along the border of what is now Ohio and Indiana. Tecumseh articulated a vision of intertribal, pan-Indian unity based on revitalization and reform, and his ambitions very nearly rewrote early American history.

scholarly journals The Ontario Medical Library Association 1887–1907

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
David S Crawford
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Medical Library ◽  
Library Associations ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Current Medical Literature

In the 19th century it was difficult for the growing number of medical practitioners in North America to access current medical literature. Various ways were suggested to solve this problem; one of them was the creation of physician-run medical library associations. After other failed attempts, Ontario physicians formed the Ontario Medical Library Association (OMLA) in 1887. In 1907 the OMLA became the nucleus of the Academy of Medicine, Toronto.

A Chronological Problem Presented by Sandia Cave, New Mexico

1940 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley L. Bliss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Interesting Problem ◽  
Glacial Deposits ◽  
Ground Sloth ◽  
Made In

Sandia Cave is located in an escarpment of Pennsylvania limestone in Ellis Canyon, thirty miles northeast of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It presents an interesting problem in regard to the time when man existed in North America contemporaneously with the horse (equus?), the ground sloth (nothrotherium), and other extinct Pleistocene forms. In the United States, discoveries of artifacts with extinct mammals do not show necessarily that man existed in the Pleistocene or ice age, but may indicate that the mammals have survived that period and become extinct in more recent times. The best criteria for dating would be collections made in the glaciated areas and associated with glacial deposits. However, this is not always possible, and other means must be sought. Dating can be done to some degree of accuracy by the interpretation of climatic conditions that existed at the time the deposits were laid down.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document