Simulationen des Einflusses verschiedener Anpassungsmaßnahmen auf die Luftqualität in Kurorten mit PALM-4U

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Kniffka ◽  
Stefan Gilge
Keyword(s):  
Level Of Detail

<p>Der Einfluss von Bebauung auf die Schadstoffverteilung in der innerörtlichen Atmosphäre und damit auf die Gesundheit des Menschen ist grundsätzlich von großem Interesse, insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Kurbetrieb und die Erfolgsaussichten einer medizinischen Behandlung bzw. Rehabilitation. Das Zentrum für Medizin-Meteorologische Forschung (ZMMF) des Deutschen Wetterdienstes stellt mit seinen Messreihen sicher, dass die Luftqualität in Kurorten entsprechend gut ist. Um die Ortschaften bei der Entwicklung von Strategien zur Luftqualitätsverbesserung noch besser unterstützen zu können sollen zukünftig auch Modellrechnungen mit  PALM-4U (PALM for urban applications) durchgeführt werden. Dieses Modell erlaubt die Simulation sehr genauer Strömungs- und Turbulenzverhältnisse in der Nähe von sehr komplexen Hindernissen unter Einbindung von urbanen Einflussfaktoren wie zum Beispiel Schadstoffquellen aus dem Verkehr oder der Beheizung.</p> <p>In diesem Beitrag sollen die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von PALM-4U am ZMMF aufgezeigt werden. Als Beispiel dient hierfür eine teilrealistische Ortschaft, welche teilweise dem Ort Prüm in der Eifel nachempfunden ist. Das Gelände ist stark orographisch gegliedert, die Bebauung wurde in der Genauigkeit LOD1 (level of detail 1) eingebunden. Es werden beispielhaft die Auswirkungen auf die Belastung durch NO<sub>2</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> und bodennahem O<sub>3</sub> bei Änderungen der Verkehrsdichte und zusätzlich bei Einführung einer Umgehungsstraße untersucht. Des Weiteren werden Änderungen in der Schadstoffausbreitung bei Anpassungen in der Bebauung dargestellt sowie der Einfluss einzelner Schadstoffquellen auf die nähere Umgebung bei komplexer Bebauung.</p> <p>Somit lässt sich das Potential zur Schadstoffreduktion bei verschiedenen städtebaulichen oder anderen Anpassungsmaßnahmen abschätzen.</p>

One Million Direct Magnification Microscopy

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
J. A. Hugo ◽  
V. A. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Illumination Level ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Lattice Images ◽  
Electron Microscopes

A continuing problem in high resolution electron microscopy is that the level of detail visible to the microscopist while he is taking a picture is inferior to that obtainable by the microscope, readily readable on a photographic emulsion and visible in an enlargement made from the plate. Line resolutions, of 2Å or better are now achievable with top of the line 100kv microscopes. Taking the resolution of the human eye as 0.2mm, this indicates a need for a direct viewing magnification of at least one million. However, 0.2mm refers to optimum viewing conditions in daylight or the equivalent, and certainly does not apply to a (colored) image of low contrast and illumination level viewed on a fluorescent screen through a glass window by the dark-adapted eye. Experience indicates that an additional factor of 5 to 10 magnification is needed in order to view lattice images with line spacings of 2 to 4Å. Fortunately this is provided by the normal viewing telescope supplied with most electron microscopes.

The Nature of Oxide Surfaces: Topographic and Electronic Structure

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 966-967
Author(s):  
Dawn A. Bonnell ◽  
Yong Liang
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal Oxides ◽  
Electronic Structures ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Spatial Localization ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Oxide Surfaces ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Complete Understanding

Recent progress in the application of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and tunneling spectroscopy (STS) to oxide surfaces has allowed issues of image formation mechanism and spatial resolution limitations to be addressed. As the STM analyses of oxide surfaces continues, it is becoming clear that the geometric and electronic structures of these surfaces are intrinsically complex. Since STM requires conductivity, the oxides in question are transition metal oxides that accommodate aliovalent dopants or nonstoichiometry to produce mobile carriers. To date, considerable effort has been directed toward probing the structures and reactivities of ZnO polar and nonpolar surfaces, TiO2 (110) and (001) surfaces and the SrTiO3 (001) surface, with a view towards integrating these results with the vast amount of previous surface analysis (LEED and photoemission) to build a more complete understanding of these surfaces. However, the spatial localization of the STM/STS provides a level of detail that leads to conclusions somewhat different from those made earlier.

Vivid Imagers Are Better at Detecting Salient Changes

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rodway ◽  
Karen Gillies ◽  
Astrid Schepman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Term Change ◽  
High Level

This study examined whether individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery influenced performance on a novel long-term change detection task. Participants were presented with a sequence of pictures, with each picture and its title displayed for 17  s, and then presented with changed or unchanged versions of those pictures and asked to detect whether the picture had been changed. Cuing the retrieval of the picture's image, by presenting the picture's title before the arrival of the changed picture, facilitated change detection accuracy. This suggests that the retrieval of the picture's representation immunizes it against overwriting by the arrival of the changed picture. The high and low vividness participants did not differ in overall levels of change detection accuracy. However, in replication of Gur and Hilgard (1975) , high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants. The results suggest that vivid images are not characterised by a high level of detail and that vivid imagery enhances memory for the salient aspects of a scene but not all of the details of a scene. Possible causes of this difference, and how they may lead to an understanding of individual differences in change detection, are considered.

Reflections on the Cognitive Interviewing Reporting Framework

Methodology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Willis ◽  
Hennie Boeije
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Cognitive Interviewing ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Reporting Framework ◽  
Full Explanation ◽  
Key Steps

Based on the experiences of three research groups using and evaluating the Cognitive Interviewing Reporting Framework (CIRF), we draw conclusions about the utility of the CIRF as a guide to creating cognitive testing reports. Authors generally found the CIRF checklist to be usable, and that it led to a more complete description of key steps involved. However, despite the explicit direction by the CIRF to include a full explanation of major steps and features (e.g., research objectives and research design), the three cognitive testing reports tended to simply state what was done, without further justification. Authors varied in their judgments concerning whether the CIRF requires the appropriate level of detail. Overall, we believe that current cognitive interviewing practice will benefit from including, within cognitive testing reports, the 10 categories of information specified by the CIRF. Future use of the CIRF may serve to direct the overall research project from the start, and to further the goal of evaluation of specific cognitive interviewing procedures.

Auditors' Communications with Audit Committees: The Influence of the Audit Committee's Oversight Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Fiolleau ◽  
Kris Hoang ◽  
Bradley Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Audit Committee ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Audit Committees ◽  
Communication Style ◽  
Quality Audit ◽  
Resolution Process ◽  
Asking Questions

SUMMARY Policymakers have identified effective communications between the auditor and the audit committee (AC) as an indicator of a quality audit, but little is known about the factors auditors consider when deciding what to communicate about significant accounting issues. We propose auditors use the AC's oversight approach as a cue for the level of detail in their communications that is necessary to satisfy the AC's preferences for auditors' insights on issues that were resolved with management. In our experiment, auditors resolved an inventory obsolescence issue with a hypothetical CFO, and then wrote a communication about it for the AC. We manipulate the AC's preference for getting involved in the issue resolution process and its reputation for asking questions. Our results, supplemented by findings from audit partner interviews, suggest auditors tailor their communications to the AC's oversight approach, the AC's industry and accounting knowledge, and the AC chair's preferred communication style. Data Availability: Contact the authors.

Debt Markets and Investments

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Fixed Income ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Debt Markets ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Consistent Approach ◽  
Complex Subject

This book provides an objective look into the dynamic world of debt markets, products, valuation, and analysis. It also provides an in-depth understanding about this subject from experts in the field, both practitioners and academics. The coverage extends from discussing basic concepts and their application to increasingly intricate and real-world situations. This volume spans the gamut from theoretical to practical, while attempting to offer a useful balance of detailed and user-friendly coverage. The book has several distinguishing features. It blends the contributions of a global array of scholars and practitioners into a single review of some of the most important topics in this area. The book follows an internally consistent approach in format and style. Hence, it is collectively much more than a compilation of chapters from an array of different authors. It presents theory without unnecessary abstraction, quantitative techniques using basic bond mathematics, and conventions at a useful level of detail. It also incorporates how investment professionals analyze and manage fixed income portfolios. The book emphasizes empirical evidence involving debt securities and markets so it is understandable to a wide array of readers. Each chapter contains discussion questions to help reinforce key concepts. The end of the book contains guideline answers to each question. Readers interested in a broad survey will benefit as will those looking for more in-depth presentations of specific areas within this field of study. In summary, the book provides a fresh look at this intriguing and dynamic but often complex subject.

scholarly journals Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of mIHC images via antigen mapping

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. eabc5464
Author(s):  
Kiya W. Govek ◽  
Emma C. Troisi ◽  
Zhen Miao ◽  
Rachael G. Aubin ◽  
Steven Woodhouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Murine Spleen ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing ◽  
Antibody Panel

Highly multiplexed immunohistochemistry (mIHC) enables the staining and quantification of dozens of antigens in a tissue section with single-cell resolution. However, annotating cell populations that differ little in the profiled antigens or for which the antibody panel does not include specific markers is challenging. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed an approach for enriching mIHC images with single-cell RNA sequencing data, building upon recent experimental procedures for augmenting single-cell transcriptomes with concurrent antigen measurements. Spatially-resolved Transcriptomics via Epitope Anchoring (STvEA) performs transcriptome-guided annotation of highly multiplexed cytometry datasets. It increases the level of detail in histological analyses by enabling the systematic annotation of nuanced cell populations, spatial patterns of transcription, and interactions between cell types. We demonstrate the utility of STvEA by uncovering the architecture of poorly characterized cell types in the murine spleen using published cytometry and mIHC data of this organ.

scholarly journals Interplay between Yersinia pestis and its flea vector in lipoate metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Typhanie Bouvenot ◽  
Amélie Dewitte ◽  
Nadia Bennaceur ◽  
Elizabeth Pradel ◽  
François Pierre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Metabolic Enzymes ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Temporal Factors ◽  
Vector Borne

AbstractTo thrive, vector-borne pathogens must survive in the vector’s gut. How these pathogens successfully exploit this environment in time and space has not been extensively characterized. Using Yersinia pestis (the plague bacillus) and its flea vector, we developed a bioluminescence-based approach and employed it to investigate the mechanisms of pathogenesis at an unprecedented level of detail. Remarkably, lipoylation of metabolic enzymes, via the biosynthesis and salvage of lipoate, increases the Y. pestis transmission rate by fleas. Interestingly, the salvage pathway’s lipoate/octanoate ligase LplA enhances the first step in lipoate biosynthesis during foregut colonization but not during midgut colonization. Lastly, Y. pestis primarily uses lipoate provided by digestive proteolysis (presumably as lipoyl peptides) rather than free lipoate in blood, which is quickly depleted by the vector. Thus, spatial and temporal factors dictate the bacterium’s lipoylation strategies during an infection, and replenishment of lipoate by digestive proteolysis in the vector might constitute an Achilles’ heel that is exploited by pathogens.

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