scholarly journals Do low-cost ceramic water filters improve water security in rural South Africa?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lange ◽  
Tineke Materne ◽  
Jörg Grüner
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Source ◽  
High Water ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Negative Effects

Abstract. This study examines the performance of a low-cost ceramic candle filter system (CCFS) for point of use (POU) drinking water treatment in the village of Hobeni, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A stepwise laboratory test documented the negative effects of repeated loading and ambient field temperatures. Moreover, CCFS were distributed in Hobeni and a survey was carried out among their users. The performance of 51 CCFS was evaluated by dip slides and related to human factors. Already after two thirds of their specified lifetime, none of the distributed CCFS produced water without distinct contamination and more than one third even deteriorated hygienic water quality. Besides the water source (springs were preferable compared to river or rain water), a high water throughput was the dominant reason for poor CCFS performance. These findings suggest that not every CCFS type per se guarantees improved drinking water security and that the efficiency of low-cost systems should continuously be monitored. For this purpose, dip slides were found to be a cost-efficient alternative to standard laboratory tests. They consistently underestimated microbial counts but can be used by laypersons and hence by the users themselves to assess critical contamination of their filter systems.

scholarly journals Do low-cost ceramic water filters improve water security in rural South Africa?

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lange ◽  
Tineke Materne ◽  
Jörg Grüner
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Source ◽  
High Water ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Negative Effects

Abstract. This study examined the performance of a low-cost ceramic candle filter system (CCFS) for point of use (POU) drinking water treatment in the village of Hobeni, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. CCFSs were distributed in Hobeni and a survey was carried out among their users. The performance of 51 CCFSs was evaluated by dip slides and related to human factors. Already after two-thirds of their specified lifetime, none of the distributed CCFSs produced water without distinct contamination, and more than one-third even deteriorated in hygienic water quality. Besides the water source (springs were preferable compared to river or rain water), a high water throughput was the dominant reason for poor CCFS performance. A stepwise laboratory test documented the negative effects of repeated loading and ambient field temperatures. These findings suggest that not every CCFS type per se guarantees improved drinking water security and that the efficiency of low-cost systems should continuously be monitored. For this purpose, dip slides were found to be a cost-efficient alternative to standard laboratory tests. They consistently underestimated microbial counts but can be used by laypersons and hence by the users themselves to assess critical contamination of their filter systems.

When water is scarce: the perception of water quality and effects on the vulnerable

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdiyah Alhassan ◽  
Paul Adjei Kwakwa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Women And Children

The world has over 1 billion people without access to safe drinking water and it is expected that the number of people living in water-stressed or water-scarce places will increase to 3.4 billion by 2025 and one cannot ignore the effect such a situation will have on the vulnerable groups. The current study among other things examines household water insecurity and assesses its impact on vulnerable groups especially women and children in Dungu, a rural community in the northern region of Ghana. Relying on 125 respondents sampled, the findings show that the main source of drinking water in the community, a dam, fails to fulfil the household water security situation with respect to quantity, quality, reliability and accessibility. Because of the unwholesome nature of the water, the majority of the respondents treat water by using cloth filtering, boiling and the use of alum. Contentiously, the insecurity of water in the community has numerous negative effects ranging from health to economic effects on women and children who have to walk for 2 km in search of water and this could be reduced with the availability of a good quality water source close to home.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Removal Characteristics of Phthalate Esters from Typical Water Sources in Northeast China

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Zhonglin Chen ◽  
Jimin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Harbin City

The presence of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the environment has gained a considerable attention due to their potential impacts on public health. This study reports the first data on the occurrence of 15 PAEs in the water near the Mopanshan Reservoir—the new and important water source of Harbin city in Northeast China. As drinking water is a major source for human exposure to PAEs, the fate of target PAEs in the two waterworks (Mopanshan Waterworks and Seven Waterworks) was also analyzed. The results demonstrated that the total concentrations of 15 PAEs in the water near the Mopanshan Reservoir were relatively moderate, ranging from 355.8 to 9226.5 ng/L, with the mean value of 2943.1 ng/L. DBP and DEHP dominated the PAE concentrations, which ranged from 52.5 to 4498.2 ng/L and 128.9 to 6570.9 ng/L, respectively. The occurrence and concentrations of these compounds were heavily spatially dependent. Meanwhile, the results on the waterworks samples suggested no significant differences in PAE levels with the input of the raw waters. Without effective and stable removal of PAEs after the conventional drinking water treatment in the waterworks (25.8% to 76.5%), the risks posed by PAEs through drinking water ingestion were still existing, which should be paid special attention to the source control in the Mopanshan Reservoir and some advanced treatment processes for drinking water supplies.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Impacts of LCD-Treated Drinking Water Distribution in an Urban Community of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1323
Author(s):  
Shrestha ◽  
Kamei ◽  
Shrestha ◽  
Aihara ◽  
Bhattarai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Socioeconomic Impact ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

Groundwater available in the Kathmandu Valley is not suitable for drinking due to chemical and microbial contamination. We installed a treatment system, which was made with locally available materials and was low-cost, and supplied drinking water to the intervention site where groundwater contains high amounts of ammonia, iron, and turbidity. This research aims to evaluate the socioeconomic impact of treated water distribution. One hundred households were randomly selected and asked to use treated water for drinking, and another 100 households in the nearby community were taken randomly as a control. We conducted questionnaire surveys with the enrolled households before and five months after starting water distribution to assess the water use patterns and quality perceptions. The socioeconomic impact of the intervention was evaluated by a prepost comparison and by the difference-in-difference method. The intervention significantly enhanced most of the parameters of water quality perception, reduced the in-house water treatment, and improved the perceived water stress and quality of life. For the control site, these parameters generally became worse in the post-survey, which suggests that the survey might have affected people’s mindset regarding water security. The system is an option for sustainable management of drinking water in the water-scarce, hard-hit areas in the developing countries.

scholarly journals Nanofiltration for Arsenic Removal: Challenges, Recent Developments, and Perspectives

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Siddique ◽  
Naba K. Dutta ◽  
Namita Roy Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Status

Arsenic (As) removal is of major significance because inorganic arsenic is highly toxic to all life forms, is a confirmed carcinogen, and is of significant environmental concern. As contamination in drinking water alone threatens more than 150 million people all over the world. Therefore, several conventional methods such as oxidation, coagulation, adsorption, etc., have been implemented for As removal, but due to their cost-maintenance limitations; there is a drive for advanced, low cost nanofiltration membrane-based technology. Thus, in order to address the increasing demand of fresh and drinking water, this review focuses on advanced nanofiltration (NF) strategy for As removal to safeguard water security. The review concentrates on different types of NF membranes, membrane fabrication processes, and their mechanism and efficiency of performance for removing As from contaminated water. The article provides an overview of the current status of polymer-, polymer composite-, and polymer nanocomposite-based NF membranes, to assess the status of nanomaterial-facilitated NF membranes and to incite progress in this area. Finally, future perspectives and future trends are highlighted.

Orthophosphate removal from aqueous solutions using drinking-water treatment sludge

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1757-1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Piaskowski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Iron Hydroxides ◽  
Water Treatment Sludge ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Static Conditions

Drinking-water treatment sludge (DWTS) is a by-product generated during the production of drinking water where iron hydroxides are the main component of the sludge. The aim of the study presented here was to determine the effectiveness of using ferric sludge from two underground water treatment stations to remove orthophosphates from a model solution. The analyses were performed in static conditions. The sludge was dosed in a dry and suspended form. Using sludge dried at room temperature and preparing the suspension again proved to be much less effective in orthophosphate removal than using a suspension brought directly from the station. An increase in process effectiveness with a decreasing pH was observed for all the analysed sludge. Due to the low cost and high capability, DWTS has the potential to be utilised for cost-effective removal of phosphate from wastewater.

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