Contribution of the carbon sources involved in latex regeneration in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis): an in situ 13CO2 labelling experiment

Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are the main source of natural rubber, extracted from latex, which exudes from the trunk after tapping. Tapped trees require large amounts of carbon (C) to regenerate the latex after its collection. Knowing the contribution of C sources involved in latex biosynthesis will help understand how rubber trees face this additional C demand. Whole crown 13CO2 pulse labelling was performed on 4-year-old rubber trees in June when latex production was low and in October, when it was high. 13C contents were quantified in the foliage, phloem sap, wood and latex. In both labelling periods, 13C was recovered in latex just after labelling, indicating that part of the carbohydrates was directly allocated to latex. However, significant 13C amounts were still recovered in latex after 100 days and the peak was reached significantly later than in phloem sap, demonstrating the contribution of a reserve pool as a source of latex C. The contribution of new photosynthates to latex regeneration was faster and higher when latex metabolism was well established, in October than in June. An improved understanding of C dynamics and source-sink relationship in rubber tree is crucial to adapt tapping system practices and ensure sustainable latex production.

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In situ 13CO2 labelling of rubber trees reveals a seasonal shift in the contribution of the carbon sources involved in latex regeneration

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/erz551 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (6) ◽

pp. 2028-2039

Author(s):

Ornuma Duangngam ◽

Dorine Desalme ◽

Philippe Thaler ◽

Poonpipope Kasemsap ◽

Jate Sathornkich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rubber Tree ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Pulse Labelling ◽

Phloem Sap ◽

Latex Regeneration ◽

Source Sink ◽

13Co2 Labelling ◽

Latex Biosynthesis ◽

Latex Production

Abstract Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are the main source of natural rubber, extracted from latex, which exudes from the trunk after tapping. Tapped trees require large amounts of carbon (C) to regenerate the latex after its collection. Knowing the contribution of C sources involved in latex biosynthesis will help in understanding how rubber trees face this additional C demand. Whole crown 13CO2 pulse labelling was performed on 4-year-old rubber trees in June, when latex production was low, and in October, when it was high. 13C content was quantified in the foliage, phloem sap, wood, and latex. In both labelling periods, 13C was recovered in latex just after labelling, indicating that part of the carbohydrate was directly allocated to latex. However, significant amounts of 13C were still recovered in latex after 100 d and the peak was reached significantly later than in phloem sap, demonstrating the contribution of a reserve pool as a source of latex C. The contribution of new photosynthates to latex regeneration was faster and higher when latex metabolism was well established, in October, than in June. An improved understanding of C dynamics and the source–sink relationship in rubber tree is crucial to adapt tapping system practices and ensure sustainable latex production.

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Biofuel, Bioenergy and Feed Valorization of By-Products and Residues from Hevea brasiliensis Cultivation to Enhance Sustainability

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources9090114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

Andrea Pizzi ◽

Daniele Duca ◽

Giorgio Rossini ◽

Sara Fabrizi ◽

Giuseppe Toscano

Keyword(s):

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Rubber Seed Oil ◽

Production Chain ◽

Whole Process ◽

Animal Feeding ◽

Tree Seeds ◽

Latex Production

In the latex production chain, rubber tree seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) represent an underutilized fraction with high potentialities, which can increase the sustainability of the whole process if rightly valorized. In the present study, the quality of all the fractions obtained from the rubber fruit were evaluated, with the aim to identify possible applications for their valorization with a circular economy perspective. Seeds from five different varieties of rubber tree were analyzed. Furthermore, a whole mass and energy balance was defined, which has allowed us to define hypothetical production scenarios. The obtained results show negligible differences among varieties. Shells and capsules have shown a composition similar to woody biomass, with high heating values (more than 16.5 MJ kg−1), low nitrogen content (below 0.5% on weight basis (w/w)) and reduced ash content (0.51% w/w and 1.90% w/w, respectively). Kernels were chemically extracted comparing two different solvents: n-hexane and ethanol. Both solvents showed similar extraction yields, i.e., 49% w/w and 46% w/w for n-hexane and ethanol, respectively. The resulting extraction flour was characterized by a high protein content (around 40% w/w) making it suitable for animal feeding. The rubber seed oil could be used in blends of different vegetable oils for biodiesel production. All this information is useful for improving the sustainability of the latex production chain and to assess the sustainability of possible bioenergy value chains.

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Molecular mechanism underlying ethylene stimulation of latex production in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)

Trees ◽

10.1007/s00468-016-1455-9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 1913-1921 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jin-Ping Liu

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Latex Production ◽

Stimulation Of

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HbSnRK2.6 Functions in ABA-Regulated Cold Stress Response by Promoting HbICE2 Transcriptional Activity in Hevea brasiliensis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222312707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (23) ◽

pp. 12707

Author(s):

Xue Wang ◽

Wen-Cheng Liu ◽

Xue-Wei Zeng ◽

Sa Yan ◽

Yi-Min Qiu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Transcriptional Activity ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Aba Signaling ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Cor Genes ◽

Latex Production

Low temperature remarkably limits rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) growth, latex production, and geographical distribution, but the underlying mechanisms of Hevea brasiliensis cold stress response remain elusive. Here, we identified HbSnRK2.6 as a key component in ABA signaling functions in phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated cold stress response in Hevea brasiliensis. Exogenous application of ABA enhances Hevea brasiliensis cold tolerance. Cold-regulated (COR) genes in the CBF pathway are upregulated by ABA. Transcript levels of all five HbSnRK2.6 members are significantly induced by cold, while HbSnRK2.6A, HbSnRK2.6B, and HbSnRK2.6C can be further activated by ABA under cold conditions. Additionally, HbSnRK2.6s are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and can physically interact with HbICE2, a crucial positive regulator in the cold signaling pathway. Overexpression of HbSnRK2.6A or HbSnRK2.6B in Arabidopsis extensively enhances plant responses to ABA and expression of COR genes, leading to increased cold stress tolerance. Furthermore, HbSnRK2.6A and HbSnRK2.6B can promote transcriptional activity of HbICE2, thus, increasing the expression of HbCBF1. Taken together, we demonstrate that HbSnRK2.6s are involved in ABA-regulated cold stress response in Hevea brasiliensis by regulating transcriptional activity of HbICE2.

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Optimization of process variables in acid catalysed in situ transesterification of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) seed oil into biodiesel

Biofuels ◽

10.1080/17597269.2016.1242689 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 585-594 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Aminu Bayawa Muhammad ◽

Muyibat Obianke ◽

Lawal Hassan Gusau ◽

Adamu Aliyu Aliero

Keyword(s):

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

In Situ Transesterification ◽

Process Variables ◽

Tree Seed

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Respons produksi tanaman karet klon BPM 24 terhadap jenis dan konsentrasi stimulan etilen organik kulit pisang

Kultivasi ◽

10.24198/kultivasi.v19i2.25807 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Syamsiyah Syamsiyah ◽

Cucu Suherman ◽

Santi Rosniawaty ◽

Fetrina Oktavia

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Block Design ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Research Institution ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Latex Production ◽

Tree Production ◽

Latex Rubber

AbstrakPuncak produksi tanaman karet klon BPM 24 dicapai pada tahun sadap ke-7 sampai 10, tetapi produksi menurun dengan cepat hingga mencapai titik terendah pada tahun sadap ke-15. Stimulan merupakan teknologi yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi lateks. Penggunaan stimulan sintetik yang berlebih dapat menurunkan produksi sehingga perlu dicoba stimulant organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respons produksi tanaman karet klon BPM 24 terhadap aplikasi stimulan organik kulit pisang. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Karet Sembawa, Palembang, Sumatera Selatan dari September sampai November 2019. Metode percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 11 perlakuan stimulan dan 5 ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap produksi lama aliran lateks, volume lateks dan kadar karet kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan stimulan organik kulit pisang Ambon dengan konsentrasi 200 g/L mampu meningkatkan lama aliran lateks, dan volume lateks, tetapi pemberian stimulan menurunkan kadar karet kering.Kata kunci : Stimulan Organik , kulit pisang, Lateks, karet Klon BPM 24 AbstractThe rubber tree production clone BPM 24 reaches its peak on 7th to 10th years of tapping incision. After that, the production declines rapidly to the lowest point at 15th year. Stimulant application is one of the technology to increase latex production. Excess application of synthetic stimulants can reduce production, so organic stimulants should be tried. The research intended to know the response of production of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) clone BPM 24 due to application of the organic ethylene stimulant made of banana peels. The research was conducted from September to November 2019, at Experimental Plantation of Rubber Research Institution, Sembawa, Palembang, South Sumatra. The method of this research was the experimental design that used Randomized Block Design with 11 treatment and three times replication. The observation made on latex flowing duration, latex volume, and dried latex content. The result showed that application of organic ethylene stimulant made of banana peels cv. Ambon on 200 g concentration could increase latex flowing duration and latex volume, but reduced dried latex content. Keywords: stimulant, banana peels, latex, rubber clone BPM 24.

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Starch Synthesis and Mobilization in Wood and Bark of Rubber Tree, in Relation with Latex Production, (1) Methodological Approach

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.15 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 844 ◽

pp. 15-19

Author(s):

Salinda Ketkakomol ◽

Tucksin Lerksomlan ◽

Anne Clement-Vidal ◽

Pisamai Chantuma ◽

Sriroth Klanarong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methodological Approach ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽

Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽

Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽

Set Up ◽

Latex Regeneration ◽

Sucrose Phosphate ◽

Latex Production

In rubber tree, starch reserves are necessary for growth and latex regeneration when the demand exceeds supply from photosynthesis. It tends to accumulate in the wood near the tapping cut [1,2] whereas sucrose remains rather stable in the wood and decreases in the latex vessels where it is used to regenerate the exported latex [3].Thus higher starch ability could sustain higher latex yield. However the enzymatic processes driving the dynamics of starch synthesis and hydrolysis as related to tapping are not known. The objective of the study is to analyze the effects of tapping on the enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism in the wood of rubber trees. The first approach of this study was to set up the most adapted methodology on measurement of total nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and related enzymes activities. The experiment was conducted in Heveabrasiliensis (rubber tree), clone RRIM600. Treatments include untapped trees (Control) and yielding trees tapped with Ethephon stimulation (ET). Each treatment includes 6 trees. Samples have been collected along the trunk and separated into 2 parts, wood and bark, from both side of the tree tapped and untapped panel. The activity of acid invertase (AI), amylase (AMY), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SuSy) were assessed in the part of soft bark with amethod of sample preparation recoveringmore protein and concentrated enzyme with acetone precipitation. The method has increased enzyme activities of SuSy and SPS. On another hand, starch, sucrose, fructose and glucose concentrations have been enzymatically measured.The results showed that starch was the major component in wood and sucrose was mostly found in bark. There was no difference between the former drainage area and resting area after 2 untapped years before restarting tapping.

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Pengaruh metode aplikasi dan dosis stimulan cair terhadap produksi lateks pada tanaman karet Klon PR 300 umur 25 tahun

Kultivasi ◽

10.24198/kultivasi.v19i1.23586 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 1023

Author(s):

Cucu Suherman ◽

Intan Ratna Dewi ◽

Ria Wulansari

Keyword(s):

Hevea Brasiliensis ◽

Block Design ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Treatment Combination ◽

Application Method ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

The Common ◽

Latex Production

Sari. Penggunaan stimulan pada tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) merupakan salah satu upaya yang umum dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi lateks. Penggunaan stimulan bertujuan untuk memperpanjang masa aliran lateks sehingga lateks yang dihasilkan dapat lebih banyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi perlakuan terbaik dari metode aplikasi dan dosis stimulan cair yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi lateks pada klon PR 300. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Mei 2015 di PT. PP Bajabang Indonesia yang memiliki ketinggian tempat 200 meter di atas permukaan laut dengan ordo tanah Inceptisol. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok yang terdiri dari 11 kombinasi perlakuan yang diulang sebanyak tiga kali dengan susunan perlakuan sebagai berikut: Tanpa stimulant (A); Metode Groove + dosis 0,5 mL/pohon (B); Metode Groove + dosis 0,6 mL/pohon (C); Metode Groove + dosis 0,7 mL/pohon (D); Metode Groove + dosis 0,8 mL/pohon (E); Metode Groove + dosis 0,9 mL/pohon (F); Metode Bark + dosis 0,5 mL/pohon (G); Metode Bark + dosis 0,6 mL/pohon (H); Metode Bark + dosis 0,7 mL/pohon (I); Metode Bark + dosis 0,8 mL/pohon (J); dan Metode Bark + dosis 0,9 mL/pohon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode aplikasi groove dan bark yang dikombinasikan dengan beberapa dosis stimulan cair pada tanaman karet umur 25 tahun menghasilkan volume lateks yang relatif sama dengan tanpa stimulan pada klon PR 300.Kata kunci: Klon PR 300 ∙ Stimulan karet ∙ Penyadapan Abstract. The application of stimulant on rubber tree is one of the common efforts to increase latex production. This application is supposed to extend the period of latex flow, so that can produce more latex. The aim of this research was to get the best treatment combination of application method and liquid stimulant dosage that used to increase latex production on clone PR 300. The research was conducted from March to May 2015 at PT. PP Bajabang Indonesia at 200 meters altitude. The research was arranged using Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisted of 11 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were: Without Stimulant (A); Groove Method + 0.5 mL/tree dose (B); Groove Method + 0.6 mL/tree dose (C); Groove Method + 0.7 mL/tree dose (D); Groove Method + 0.8 mL/tree dose (E); Groove Method + 0.9 mL/tree dose (F); Bark Method + 0.5 mL/tree dose (G); Bark Method + 0.6 mL/tree dose (H); Bark Method + 0.7 mL/tree dose (I); Bark Method +0.8 mL/tree dose (J); and Bark Method + 0.9 mL/tree dose (K). The results of this research showed that groove method and bark method that combined with variant dosage of liquid stimulant in 25 years old rubber plants produced the same latex with no stimulant on clone PR 300.Keywords: Clone PR 300 ∙ Rubber stimulant ∙ Tapping

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