scholarly journals Biofuel, Bioenergy and Feed Valorization of By-Products and Residues from Hevea brasiliensis Cultivation to Enhance Sustainability

Resources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Andrea Pizzi ◽  
Daniele Duca ◽  
Giorgio Rossini ◽  
Sara Fabrizi ◽  
Giuseppe Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Tree Seeds ◽  
Latex Production

In the latex production chain, rubber tree seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) represent an underutilized fraction with high potentialities, which can increase the sustainability of the whole process if rightly valorized. In the present study, the quality of all the fractions obtained from the rubber fruit were evaluated, with the aim to identify possible applications for their valorization with a circular economy perspective. Seeds from five different varieties of rubber tree were analyzed. Furthermore, a whole mass and energy balance was defined, which has allowed us to define hypothetical production scenarios. The obtained results show negligible differences among varieties. Shells and capsules have shown a composition similar to woody biomass, with high heating values (more than 16.5 MJ kg−1), low nitrogen content (below 0.5% on weight basis (w/w)) and reduced ash content (0.51% w/w and 1.90% w/w, respectively). Kernels were chemically extracted comparing two different solvents: n-hexane and ethanol. Both solvents showed similar extraction yields, i.e., 49% w/w and 46% w/w for n-hexane and ethanol, respectively. The resulting extraction flour was characterized by a high protein content (around 40% w/w) making it suitable for animal feeding. The rubber seed oil could be used in blends of different vegetable oils for biodiesel production. All this information is useful for improving the sustainability of the latex production chain and to assess the sustainability of possible bioenergy value chains.

scholarly journals CO2 Footprint of the Seeds of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) as a Biodiesel Feedstock Source

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Wagner ◽  
Melvin Lippe ◽  
Iris Lewandowski ◽  
Mirko Salzer ◽  
Georg Cadisch
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock

Crude rubber seed oil (CRSO) is a promising but currently underutilized biodiesel feedstock alternative, extracted by pressing the seeds of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Rubber trees are cultivated across more than 11.4 million hectares worldwide, mainly in Southeast Asia. Despite their suitability as a biodiesel feedstock source, rubber seeds are currently treated as waste in the monocultural plantation system. To date, no assessments have been performed to examine the potential impact of rubber seed-based biodiesel production on GHG emissions. This study analyses the global warming potential of rubber seed methyl ester (RSME) production in Southeast Asia. The functional unit used is 1 MJ of biodiesel. A sensitivity analysis assesses the influence of key parameters (e.g., rubber seed yield) on the GHG mitigation potential. A scenario analysis evaluates the effect of using RSME by-products for energy generation. In comparison to fossil diesel, RSME has a carbon mitigation potential of 67 g CO2.eq. MJ−1, based on allocation by mass. On the condition of compliance with international sustainability standards that call for deforestation-free value chains, the generation of RSME biodiesel on rubber tree plantations in Southeast Asia would have a total mitigation potential of around 2.8 million tonnes of CO2 eq. per year.

scholarly journals In vitro antioxidant extracts evaluation from the residue of the Hevea brasiliensis seed

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Oleinik ◽  
Priscila Paola Dario ◽  
Katiane de Morais Gasperin ◽  
Dalila Moter Benvegnú ◽  
Fernanda Oliveira Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Synthetic Antioxidants ◽  
Production Chain

AbstractThe antioxidants used in the food industry are essential to inhibit the formation of free radicals, preserving the existing properties in the different matrices. However, the insecurity of the synthetic antioxidants regarding human health propels search for natural substrates with potential antioxidant activity as an alternative to synthetic compounds. In this way, the work had as objective obtaining extracts from the seed pomace of the Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree), relating the contents of flavonoids and total phenols in the application as an antioxidant. The methodology consisted of the extraction using four solvents, varying extractive methods, time, and seed concentrations. The antioxidant activity in vitro was evaluated by capturing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil) radical. The optimized results demonstrate that the aqueous extracts produced in the Soxhlet in the concentrations of 85 g L−1 and retention time of 4 h reached 37.73 ± 1.69% in the antioxidant tests of the free radical DPPH capture, 1405.15 mg EAC 100 g−1 in the quantification of phenolic compounds and 223.34 mg 100 g−1 of total flavonoids. Thus, this work may contribute to the realization of studies and future research for characterization and identification concerning which phenolic compounds and flavonoids attribute the antioxidant characteristic to the extracts produced, enabling the discovery of products with high added value in the production chain. In addition, because the water used as a solvent showed greater antioxidant potential between the extracts, the non-toxic and environmentally friendly character is highlighted, allowing a wide variety of applications in the food industry.

scholarly journals HbSnRK2.6 Functions in ABA-Regulated Cold Stress Response by Promoting HbICE2 Transcriptional Activity in Hevea brasiliensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12707
Author(s):  
Xue Wang ◽  
Wen-Cheng Liu ◽  
Xue-Wei Zeng ◽  
Sa Yan ◽  
Yi-Min Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cor Genes ◽  
Latex Production

Low temperature remarkably limits rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) growth, latex production, and geographical distribution, but the underlying mechanisms of Hevea brasiliensis cold stress response remain elusive. Here, we identified HbSnRK2.6 as a key component in ABA signaling functions in phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated cold stress response in Hevea brasiliensis. Exogenous application of ABA enhances Hevea brasiliensis cold tolerance. Cold-regulated (COR) genes in the CBF pathway are upregulated by ABA. Transcript levels of all five HbSnRK2.6 members are significantly induced by cold, while HbSnRK2.6A, HbSnRK2.6B, and HbSnRK2.6C can be further activated by ABA under cold conditions. Additionally, HbSnRK2.6s are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and can physically interact with HbICE2, a crucial positive regulator in the cold signaling pathway. Overexpression of HbSnRK2.6A or HbSnRK2.6B in Arabidopsis extensively enhances plant responses to ABA and expression of COR genes, leading to increased cold stress tolerance. Furthermore, HbSnRK2.6A and HbSnRK2.6B can promote transcriptional activity of HbICE2, thus, increasing the expression of HbCBF1. Taken together, we demonstrate that HbSnRK2.6s are involved in ABA-regulated cold stress response in Hevea brasiliensis by regulating transcriptional activity of HbICE2.

Contribution of the carbon sources involved in latex regeneration in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis): an in situ 13CO2 labelling experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorine Desalme ◽  
Ornuma Duangngam ◽  
Philippe Thaler ◽  
Poonpipope Kasemsap ◽  
Jate Sathornkich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Pulse Labelling ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Labelling Experiment ◽  
Latex Regeneration ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Latex Production

<p>Rubber trees (<em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>) are the main source of natural rubber, extracted from latex, which exudes from the trunk after tapping. Tapped trees require large amounts of carbon (C) to regenerate the latex after its collection. Knowing the contribution of C sources involved in latex biosynthesis will help understand how rubber trees face this additional C demand. Whole crown<sup> 13</sup>CO<sub>2 </sub>pulse labelling was performed on 4-year-old rubber trees in June when latex production was low and in October, when it was high. <sup>13</sup>C contents were quantified in the foliage, phloem sap, wood and latex. In both labelling periods, <sup>13</sup>C was recovered in latex just after labelling, indicating that part of the carbohydrates was directly allocated to latex. However, significant <sup>13</sup>C amounts were still recovered in latex after 100 days and the peak was reached significantly later than in phloem sap, demonstrating the contribution of a reserve pool as a source of latex C. The contribution of new photosynthates to latex regeneration was faster and higher when latex metabolism was well established, in October than in June. An improved understanding of C dynamics and source-sink relationship in rubber tree is crucial to adapt tapping system practices and ensure sustainable latex production.</p>

Ficus Elastica and Castilloa Latices

1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-694
Author(s):  
Henry P. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Small Addition ◽  
Botanical Origin ◽  
Scientific Training ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Although for all intents and purposes the Hevea Brasiliensis or Para rubber tree is the only rubber-yielding tree at present cultivated, this was not always the case. Today the words rubber and latex are almost synonymous with Para rubber and Para latex, but there was a time when rubber from other sources was available and the quality of commercial raw rubber showed very large variations. HEVEA LATEX AN EXCEPTIONAL TYPE Owing to the present predominance of rubber from Hevea Brasiliensis, almost all chemical investigations have been concentrated on the latex from this tree and the rubber therefrom, and a position has been reached which tends to the assumption that Hevea latex and rubber are the normal types, while others are abnormal. Thus, as is well known, Hevea latex is readily coagulated by a very small addition of an electrolyte and coagulates spontaneously in the country of origin in about 12 or 14 hours unless an antiseptic or preservative be added. It is therefore assumed that a latex which is not readily coagulated by electrolytes or does not coagulate spontaneously is abnormal whereas as a fact, the reverse is the case. If an examination is made of latices of other botanical origin, rich in hydrocarbon, it will be found that the best known of these are not coagulated either spontaneously or with the aid of electrolytes. Consequently it may be concluded that Hevea latex is exceptional and abnormal. Unfortunately much of the data in regard to other latices is scanty and unreliable. Only in a few instances have we the records of trained chemists. Most of the information is based on statements of observers without scientific training or at least without adequate chemical experience. Therefore any contribution to our knowledge of latices other than that of Hevea is very welcome.

scholarly journals Characterization of Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) Pellets Torrefied with Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) Reactor

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Tri Rubiyanti ◽  
Wahyu Hidayat ◽  
Indra Gumay Febryano ◽  
Samsul Bakri
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Counter Flow ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Latex Production

Indonesia has the largest rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation area in the world. Rubberwood is mainly planted for latex production and as latex production declines with age, rubberwood is generally felled. The logging waste and industrial waste of rubberwood-based products could be utilized as raw materials to produce biomass pellets. The quality of biomass pellets can be increased through torrefaction, a thermal process in the temperature range of 200-300°C under an inert atmosphere. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of torrefaction on the characteristics of rubberwood pellets. The torrefaction of rubberwood pellets was conducted using the Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) reactor, a reactor that could perform torrefaction within a short residence time of up to 5 min. The temperature used in this study was 200°C, 250°C, dan 300°C with a residence time of 3 min. The color change, physical properties, chemical composition, and heating value were evaluated. The results showed that the pellet’s color changed from light brown into black pellets, showing the overall color change (∆E*) of 29,12, 54,27, and 66,71, after torrefaction at 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C, respectively. The equilibrium moisture content of the pellets decreased from 12,25% to 3,54%. The water immersion test also showed that the torrefied pellets have a better hydrophobicity, which is an advantage when pellets are stored in a humid condition. The oven-dry density of pellet decreased from 1,15 g/cm3 to 1,09 g/cm3, 1,04 g/cm3, and 0,96 g/cm3, after torrefaction at temperatures of 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C, respectively. Torrefaction caused a decrease of cellulose and hemicellulose contents, an increase of lignin content, and a remarkable increase in the heating value of 1,71-18,32% with increasing torrefaction temperature. The results proposed that torrefaction using the COMB reactor could provide a great improvement in the quality of rubberwood pellets to improve the additional value of the products.Keywords: black pellet, Counter-Flow Multi Baffle, rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), torrefaction

scholarly journals Respons produksi tanaman karet klon BPM 24 terhadap jenis dan konsentrasi stimulan etilen organik kulit pisang

Kultivasi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsiyah Syamsiyah ◽  
Cucu Suherman ◽  
Santi Rosniawaty ◽  
Fetrina Oktavia
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Research Institution ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Latex Production ◽  
Tree Production ◽  
Latex Rubber

AbstrakPuncak produksi tanaman karet klon BPM 24 dicapai pada tahun sadap ke-7 sampai 10, tetapi produksi menurun dengan cepat hingga mencapai titik terendah pada tahun sadap ke-15.  Stimulan merupakan teknologi yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi lateks. Penggunaan stimulan sintetik yang berlebih dapat menurunkan produksi sehingga perlu dicoba stimulant organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respons produksi tanaman karet klon BPM 24 terhadap aplikasi stimulan organik kulit pisang. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Karet Sembawa, Palembang, Sumatera Selatan dari September sampai November 2019. Metode percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok  dengan 11 perlakuan stimulan dan  5 ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap produksi lama aliran lateks, volume lateks dan kadar karet kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan stimulan organik kulit pisang Ambon dengan konsentrasi 200 g/L mampu meningkatkan lama aliran lateks, dan volume lateks, tetapi pemberian stimulan menurunkan kadar karet kering.Kata kunci : Stimulan Organik , kulit pisang, Lateks, karet Klon BPM 24 AbstractThe rubber tree production clone BPM 24 reaches its peak on 7th to 10th years of tapping incision. After that, the production declines rapidly to the lowest point at 15th year. Stimulant application is one of the technology to increase latex production. Excess application of synthetic stimulants can reduce production, so organic stimulants should be tried. The research intended to know the response of production of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) clone BPM 24 due to application of the organic ethylene stimulant made of  banana peels. The research was conducted from September to November 2019, at Experimental Plantation of Rubber Research Institution, Sembawa, Palembang, South Sumatra. The method of this research was the experimental design that used Randomized Block Design with 11 treatment and three times replication. The observation made on latex flowing duration, latex volume, and dried latex content. The result showed that application of organic ethylene stimulant made of banana peels cv. Ambon on 200 g concentration could increase latex flowing duration and latex volume,  but reduced dried latex content. Keywords: stimulant, banana peels, latex, rubber clone BPM 24. 

scholarly journals Pengaruh metode aplikasi dan dosis stimulan cair terhadap produksi lateks pada tanaman karet Klon PR 300 umur 25 tahun

Kultivasi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1023
Author(s):  
Cucu Suherman ◽  
Intan Ratna Dewi ◽  
Ria Wulansari
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Common ◽  
Latex Production

Sari. Penggunaan stimulan pada tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) merupakan salah satu upaya yang umum dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi lateks. Penggunaan stimulan bertujuan untuk memperpanjang masa aliran lateks sehingga lateks yang dihasilkan dapat lebih banyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi perlakuan terbaik dari metode aplikasi dan dosis stimulan cair yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi lateks pada klon PR 300. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Mei 2015 di PT. PP Bajabang Indonesia yang memiliki ketinggian tempat 200 meter di atas permukaan laut dengan ordo tanah Inceptisol. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok yang terdiri dari 11 kombinasi perlakuan yang diulang sebanyak tiga kali dengan susunan perlakuan sebagai berikut: Tanpa stimulant (A); Metode Groove + dosis 0,5 mL/pohon (B); Metode Groove + dosis 0,6 mL/pohon (C); Metode Groove + dosis 0,7 mL/pohon (D); Metode Groove + dosis 0,8 mL/pohon (E); Metode Groove + dosis 0,9 mL/pohon (F); Metode Bark + dosis 0,5 mL/pohon (G); Metode Bark + dosis 0,6 mL/pohon (H); Metode Bark + dosis 0,7 mL/pohon (I); Metode Bark + dosis 0,8 mL/pohon (J); dan Metode Bark + dosis 0,9 mL/pohon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode aplikasi groove dan bark yang dikombinasikan dengan beberapa dosis stimulan cair pada tanaman karet umur 25 tahun menghasilkan volume lateks yang relatif sama dengan tanpa stimulan pada klon PR 300.Kata kunci: Klon PR 300 ∙ Stimulan karet ∙ Penyadapan Abstract. The application of stimulant on rubber tree is one of the common efforts to increase latex production. This application is supposed to extend the period of latex flow, so that can produce more latex. The aim of this research was to get the best treatment combination of application method and liquid stimulant dosage that used to increase latex production on clone PR 300. The research was conducted from March to May 2015 at PT. PP Bajabang Indonesia at 200 meters altitude. The research was arranged using Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisted of 11 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were: Without Stimulant (A); Groove Method + 0.5 mL/tree dose (B); Groove Method + 0.6 mL/tree dose (C); Groove Method + 0.7 mL/tree dose (D); Groove Method + 0.8 mL/tree dose (E); Groove Method + 0.9 mL/tree dose (F); Bark Method + 0.5 mL/tree dose (G); Bark Method + 0.6 mL/tree dose (H); Bark Method + 0.7 mL/tree dose (I); Bark Method +0.8 mL/tree dose (J); and Bark Method + 0.9 mL/tree dose (K). The results of this research showed that groove method and bark method that combined with variant dosage of liquid stimulant in 25 years old rubber plants produced the same latex with no stimulant on clone PR 300.Keywords: Clone PR 300 ∙ Rubber stimulant ∙ Tapping 

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