On the Baiu frontal-scale rainfall characteristics and atmospheric conditions in the extremely heavy rainfall event around western Japan during 5-7 July 2018 with attention to the synoptic climatological viewpoint

<p>   In East Asia, a significant subtropical front called the Baiu/Meiyu front appears just before midsummer and brings the huge rainfall there, greatly influenced by the Asian summer monsoon. However, large-scale atmospheric features and rainfall characteristics (such as convective or stratiform rain) as well as the total rainfall amount around the front show rather great differences between the western and eastern portions. For example, in the western part of the Japan Islands (especially around Kyushu District, the most western part) and the Changjiang River Basin in Central China, the more frequent appearance of the heavy rainfall events due to the organized deep convective clouds than in the eastern Japan results in the larger climatological precipitation amount there. This is greatly related to the larger moisture transport toward the western part of the Baiu front than toward the eastern part. On the other hand, the rainfall characteristics around the front in the eastern Japan tend to be largely influenced by the cool Okhotsk air mass with rather stable stratification. Furthermore, their year-to-year, intraseasonal and short-period variations including the diversity of the “heavy rainfall types” are also very large.</p><p>The extreme events in association with the Baiu/Meiyu activity are greatly reflected by the above variability of the frontal activity. Inversely, it would be also important viewpoint that detailed examination of some extreme events could lead to the better understanding of the “dynamic climatological features” of the Baiu/Meiyu system itself.</p><p>In such concept, the present study will examine the frontal-scale rainfall features and the atmospheric conditions for the extremely heavy rainfall event around the Baiu front in western to central Japan during 5-7 July 2018. Although it is the common feature for the Baiu frontal rainfall heavy in western Japan that the frequent appearance of the meso-scale intense rain bands results in the huge total rainfall amount there, it is noted that the extremely large total rainfall area was distributed much more widely up to the central Japan with also considerable contribution of the long-persistent “not-so-intense rain” there, as often found in the heavy rainfall in the eastern Japan. Our analyses of the atmospheric fields suggest that this extreme event seems to be characterized by the strong mixture both of the large-scale factors for activating the “western Japan Baiu” and the “eastern Japan Baiu”.</p><p>As for the precipitation analyses, the 10-minute precipitation data at many meteorological stations in the Japan Islands area were used to discuss on the frontal-scale “rainfall characteristics” as well as the total rainfall amounts.</p>