The chemical evolution from older (323–318 Ma) towards younger highly evolved tin granites (315–314 Ma)—sources and metal enrichment in Variscan granites of the Western Erzgebirge (Central European Variscides, Germany)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Tichomirowa ◽  
Axel Gerdes ◽  
Manuel Lapp ◽  
Dietmar Leonhardt ◽  
Martin Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
Ore Bodies ◽  
O Isotopes ◽  
Variscan Granites ◽  
Highly Evolved

<p>The sources and critical enrichment processes for granite related tin ores are still not well understood. The Erzgebirge represents one of the classical regions for tin mineralization. We investigated the four largest plutons from the Western Erzgebirge (Germany) for the geochemistry of bulk rocks and autocrystic zircons and relate this information to their intrusion ages. The source rocks of the Variscan granites were identified as high-grade metamorphic rocks based on the comparison of Hf-O isotope data on zircons, the abundance of xenocrystic zircon ages as well as Nd and Hf model ages. Among these rocks, restite is the most likely candidate for later Variscan melts.</p><p>In contrast to previously published suggestions (Romer and Kroner, 2015; Wolf et al., 2018), we can exclude a substantial role of intense sedimentary weathering as an important control factor for later Sn and W enrichment in granite related ores of the Western Erzgebirge due to the remarkable homogeneous Hf and low O isotopes in granitic zircons that are extremely distinct to all pre-Devonian basement rocks of Saxothuringia. We document a source enrichment from meta-sedimentary rocks (575 Ma) towards metamorphic rocks (340 Ma) were restites from granulite-facies melts are enriched 6–7 times in Sn compared to UCC (upper continental crust). These rocks are also enriched in K, but depleted in Na and Ca, contain abundant muscovite, and are fertile for later melting. Further enrichment of Sn and W occurred during multiple melt production of the older igneous granites (323–318 Ma) leading finally to a general enrichment of Sn (15 times compared to UCC) in the tin granites (315-314 Ma). Multiple melt production did not lead to a very strong enrichment of ore metals in the granites but is probably very important for a general enrichment of Sn and W in the thick granite-rich crust of the Erzgebirge. Efficient leaching by hydrothermal fluids led to a very strong enrichment (up to several orders) of Sn and W in the greisen ore bodies.</p><p> </p><p>References:</p><p>Romer, R.L.; Kroner, U. Sediment and weathering control on the distribution of Paleozoic magmatic tin-tungsten mineralization. Mineral. Depos. 2015, 50, 327–338, doi:10.1007/s00126-014-0540-5.</p><p>Wolf, M.; Romer, R.L.; Franz, L.; Lopez-Moro, F.J. Tin in granitic melts: The role of melting temperature and protolith composition. Lithos 2018, 310–311, 20–30.</p>

scholarly journals The Chemical Evolution from Older (323–318 Ma) towards Younger Highly Evolved Tin Granites (315–314 Ma)—Sources and Metal Enrichment in Variscan Granites of the Western Erzgebirge (Central European Variscides, Germany)

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Tichomirowa ◽  
Axel Gerdes ◽  
Manuel Lapp ◽  
Dietmar Leonhardt ◽  
Martin Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
High Grade ◽  
O Isotope ◽  
Variscan Granites ◽  
Evolution With Time ◽  
Continuous Enrichment ◽  
Highly Evolved ◽  
And Tungsten

The sources and critical enrichment processes for granite related tin ores are still not well understood. The Erzgebirge represents one of the classical regions for tin mineralization. We investigated the four largest plutons from the Western Erzgebirge (Germany) for the geochemistry of bulk rocks and autocrystic zircons and relate this information to their intrusion ages. The source rocks of the Variscan granites were identified as high-grade metamorphic rocks based on the comparison of Hf-O isotope data on zircons, the abundance of xenocrystic zircon ages as well as Nd and Hf model ages. Among these rocks, restite is the most likely candidate for later Variscan melts. Based on the evolution with time, we could reconstruct enrichment factors for tin and tungsten starting from the protoliths (575 Ma) that were later converted to high-grade metamorphic rocks (340 Ma) and served as sources for the older biotite granites (323–318 Ma) and the tin granites (315–314 Ma). This evolution involved a continuous enrichment of both tin and tungsten with an enrichment factor of ~15 for tin and ~7 for tungsten compared to the upper continental crust (UCC). Ore level concentrations (>10–100 times enrichment) were achieved only in the greisen bodies and dykes by subsequent hydrothermal processes.

‘Generic’ physical mechanisms of morphogenesis and pattern formation

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Newman ◽  
W.D. Comper
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Waves ◽  
Phylogenetic Lineages ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Highly Evolved

The role of ‘generic’ physical mechanisms in morphogenesis and pattern formation of tissues is considered. Generic mechanisms are defined as those physical processes that are broadly applicable to living and non-living systems, such as adhesion, surface tension and gravitational effects, viscosity, phase separation, convection and reaction-diffusion coupling. They are contrasted with ‘genetic’ mechanisms, a term reserved for highly evolved, machine-like, biomolecular processes. Generic mechanisms acting upon living tissues are capable of giving rise to morphogenetic rearrangements of cytoplasmic, tissue and extracellular matrix components, sometimes leading to ‘microfingers’, and to chemical waves or stripes. We suggest that many morphogenetic and patterning effects are the inevitable outcome of recognized physical properties of tissues, and that generic physical mechanisms that act on these properties are complementary to, and interdependent with genetic mechanisms. We also suggest that major morphological reorganizations in phylogenetic lineages may arise by the action of generic physical mechanisms on developing embryos. Subsequent evolution of genetic mechanisms could stabilize and refine developmental outcomes originally guided by generic effects.

Finnmark Platform Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element, Barents Sea

2021 ◽  
pp. M57-2020-20
Author(s):  
E. Henriksen ◽  
D. Ktenas ◽  
J. K. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
Sea Bottom ◽  
Middle Carboniferous ◽  
Uralian Orogen ◽  
Glacial Periods

AbstractThe Finnmark Platform Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element (CTSE), located in the southern Barents Sea, is a northward-dipping monoclinal structural unit. It covers most of the southern Norwegian Barents Sea where it borders the Norwegian Mainland. Except for the different age of basement, the CTSE extends eastwards into the Kola Monocline on the Russian part of the Barents Sea.The general water depth varies between 200-350 m, and the sea bottom is influenced by Plio-Pleistocene glaciations. A high frequency of scour marks and deposition of moraine materials exists on the platform areas. Successively older strata sub-crop below the Upper Regional Unconformity (URU, which was) formed by several glacial periods.Basement rocks of Neoproterozoic age are heavily affected by the Caledonian Orogeny, and previously by the Timanide tectonic compression in the easternmost part of the Finnmark Platform CTSE.Depth to crystalline basement varies considerably and is estimated to be from 4-5 to 10 km. Following the Caledonian orogenesis, the Finnmark Platform was affected by Lower to Middle Carboniferous rifting, sediment input from the Uralian Orogen in the east, the Upper Jurassic / Lower Cretaceous rift phase and the Late Plio-Pleistocene isostatic uplift.A total of 8 exploration wells drilled different targets on the platform. Two minor discoveries have been made proving presence of both oil and gas and potential sandstone reservoirs of good quality identified in the Visean, Induan, Anisian and Carnian intervals. In addition, thick sequences of Perm-Carboniferous carbonates and spiculitic chert are proven in the eastern Platform area. The deep reservoirs are believed to be charged from Paleozoic sources. A western extension of the Domanik source rocks well documented in the Timan-Pechora Basin may exist towards the eastern part of the Finnmark Platform. In the westernmost part, charge from juxtaposed down-faulted basins may be possible.

scholarly journals Structural Control on the Formation of Pb-Zn Deposits: An Example from the Pyrenean Axial Zone

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Cugerone ◽  
Emilien Oliot ◽  
Alain Chauvet ◽  
Jordi Gavaldà Bordes ◽  
Angèle Laurent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Control ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Axial Zone ◽  
Regional Deformation ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Ore Bodies ◽  
Deformation Event ◽  
Key Parameter

Pb-Zn deposits and specifically Sedimentary-Exhalative (SEDEX) deposits are frequently found in deformed and/or metamorphosed geological terranes. Ore bodies structure is generally difficult to observe and its relationships to the regional structural framework is often lacking. In the Pyrenean Axial Zone (PAZ), the main Pb-Zn mineralizations are commonly considered as Ordovician SEDEX deposits in the literature. New structural field analyzes focusing on the relations between mineralization and regional structures allowed us to classify these Pb-Zn mineralizations into three types: (I) Type 1 corresponds to minor disseminated mineralization, probably syngenetic and from an exhalative source. (II) Type 2a is a stratabound mineralization, epigenetic and synchronous to the Variscan D1 regional deformation event and (III) Type 2b is a vein mineralization, epigenetic and synchronous to the late Variscan D2 regional deformation event. Structural control appears to be a key parameter in concentrating Pb-Zn in the PAZ, as mineralizations occur associated to fold hinges, cleavage, and/or faults. Here we show that the main exploited type 2a and type 2b Pb-Zn mineralizations are intimately controlled by Variscan tectonics. This study demonstrates the predominant role of structural study for unraveling the formation of Pb-Zn deposits especially in deformed/metamorphosed terranes.

Zircon ages and the distribution of Archaean and Proterozoic rocks in the Rauer Islands

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Kinny ◽  
L. P. Black ◽  
J. W. Sheraton
Keyword(s):  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Ion Microprobe ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Mafic Rocks ◽  
Grade Fluid ◽  
Vestfold Hills ◽  
Intrusive Suite

The application of zircon U-Pb geochronology using the SHRIMP ion microprobe to the Precambrian high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Rauer Islands on the Prydz Bay coast of East Antarctica, has resulted in major revisions to the interpreted geological history. Large tracts of granitic orthogneisses, previously considered to be mostly Proterozoic in age, are shown here to be Archaean, with crystallization ages of 3270 Ma and 2800 Ma. These rocks and associated granulite-facies mafic rocks and paragneisses account for up to 50% of exposures in the Rauer Islands. Unlike the 2500 Ma rocks in the nearby Vestfold Hills which were cratonized soon after formation, the Rauer Islands rocks were reworked at about 1000 Ma under granulite to amphibolite facies conditions, and mixed with newly generated felsic crust. Dating of components of this felsic intrusive suite indicates that this Proterozoic reworking was accomplished in about 30–40 million years. Low-grade retrogression at 500 Ma was accompanied by brittle shearing, pegmatite injection, partial resetting of U-Pb geochronometers and growth of new zircons. Minor underformed lamprophyre dykes intruded Hop and nearby islands later in the Phanerozoic. Thus, the geology of the Rauer Islands reflects reworking and juxtaposition of unrelated rocks in a Proterozoic orogenic belt, and illustrates the important influence of relatively low-grade fluid-rock interaction on zircon U-Pb systematics in high-grade terranes.

Two-feldspar geothermometry in granulite facies metamorphic rocks

1977 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Stormer ◽  
James A. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks

scholarly journals Subduction of trench-fill sediments beneath an accretionary wedge: Insights from sandbox analogue experiments

Geosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Noda ◽  
Hiroaki Koge ◽  
Yasuhiro Yamada ◽  
Ayumu Miyakawa ◽  
Juichiro Ashi
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Accretionary Wedge ◽  
Seafloor Topography ◽  
Subduction Channel ◽  
Hp Metamorphism ◽  
Analogue Experiments ◽  
Topographic High

Abstract Sandy trench-fill sediments at accretionary margins are commonly scraped off at the frontal wedge and rarely subducted to the depth of high-pressure (HP) metamorphism. However, some ancient exhumed accretionary complexes are associated with high-pressure–low-temperature (HP-LT) metamorphic rocks, such as psammitic schists, which are derived from sandy trench-fill sediments. This study used sandbox analogue experiments to investigate the role of seafloor topography in the transport of trench-fill sediments to depth during subduction. We conducted two different types of experiments, with or without a rigid topographic high (representing a seamount). We used an undeformable backstop that was unfixed to the side wall of the apparatus to allow a seamount to be subducted beneath the overriding plate. In experiments without a seamount, progressive thickening of the accretionary wedge pushed the backstop down, leading to a stepping down of the décollement, narrowing of the subduction channel, and underplating of the wedge with subducting sediment. In contrast, in experiments with a topographic high, the subduction of the topographic high raised the backstop, leading to a stepping up of the décollement and widening of the subduction channel. These results suggest that the subduction of stiff topographic relief beneath an inflexible overriding plate might enable trench-fill sediments to be deeply subducted and to become the protoliths of HP-LT metamorphic rocks.

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