Photosynthesis in a widespread and important sub-Arctic moss and lichens species in pine ecosystems of the ZOTTO tower footprint area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Polosukhina ◽  
Oxana Masyagina ◽  
Anatoly Prokushkin
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Ground Floor ◽  
June July

<p>In boreal forests, bryophytes and lichens usually dominate the ground floor layer and contribute up to 50% of ecosystem gross CO<sub>2</sub> exchange (Bisbee et al. 2001; Goulden & Crill 1997). Sphagnum spp. are the most important contributors in wetland C uptake, and feathermosses and lichens play a significant role in well-drained sites (Nilsson & Wardle 2005; O’Connell et al. 2003; Jarle W. Bjerke et al. 2013). Given their important ecological roles in such a widespread biome, it is surprising that still a few studies have attempted to understand the intrinsic factors that control moss-lichen cover carbon dynamics specifically under ongoing climate change in high latitudes.</p><p>The aim of this work was to determine the stocks of moss-lichen stratum and photoassimilation activity of its dominant species during the growing season. The study has been conducted in Central Siberia near Zotino tall tower observatory (ZOTTO, 60 ° N, 89 ° E) in lichen- and feathermoss-dominated pine forests. First, to assess the phyto (bio) mass stocks the grass-shrub and moss-lichen layers were sampled in 100 replicates in each type of forest from 20x25 cm subplots (S = 50 cm<sup>2</sup>). The intensity of CO<sub>2</sub> photoassimilation was determined in situ by Walz GFS-3000 (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) infrared gas analyzer. Photosynthetic activity of lichens and feathermosses was measured during the growing season of 2018 in June, July, August and September around the mid-day time. For every time point we also analyzed CO<sub>2 </sub>exchange dependence from temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and CO<sub>2</sub> concentration.</p><p>The dominants of ground vegetation for the moss-lichen layer were <em>Cladonia stellaris</em>, C<em>ladonia rangiferina</em>, <em>Cetraria islandica</em>, <em>Pleurozium schreberi</em>, <em>Hylocomium splendens</em>, <em>Aulacomnium palustre</em>. The moss-lichen layer accounted for 78-96% of the total phytomass of ground floor in studied pine forests and comparable (486 g/m<sup>2</sup>) to the photosynthetic phytomass of the tree canopy (pine needles). During the growing season, carbon assimilation by the moss-lichen layer varied in a relatively narrow range: from 38 ± 4 to 42 ± 5 mgCO<sub>2</sub> / m<sup>2</sup> / hour for lichen <em>C. stellaris</em> and from 93 ± 11 to 99 ± 13 mgCO<sub>2</sub> / m<sup>2</sup> / hour for moss <em>P. schreberi</em>. Thus, moss-lichen layer dominants maintained high photoassimilation activity throughout the growing season. Temperature increased the intensity of CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation and no inhibition was observed at maximum T used in our study (+40 ° C). There were no differences in the temperature dependence of CO<sub>2</sub> photoassimilation between feathermosses and lichens. However, they differed in dependence from PAR. Mosses showed 2-fold larger response of CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation intensity to increase of PAR comparatively to lichens. The rate of photosynthesis of both moss and lichen showed log growth with increasing CO<sub>2</sub> levels up to 2000 ppm. Compensation poit was varying from 170 to 284  ppm.</p><p>This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research project  № 18-05-60203 "Landscape and hydrobiological controls on the transport of terrigenic carbon to the Arctic Ocean".</p>

scholarly journals Identifying environmental controls on vegetation greenness phenology through model-data integration

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 10917-11025
Author(s):  
M. Forkel ◽  
N. Carvalhais ◽  
S. Schaphoff ◽  
W. v. Bloh ◽  
M. Migliavacca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Vegetation Greenness ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Dynamics Of Vegetation

Abstract. Existing dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) have a~limited ability in reproducing phenology and decadal dynamics of vegetation greenness as observed by satellites. These limitations in reproducing observations reflect a poor understanding and description of the environmental controls on phenology, which strongly influence the ability to simulate longer term vegetation dynamics, e.g. carbon allocation. Combining DGVMs with observational data sets can potentially help to revise current modelling approaches and thus to enhance the understanding of processes that control seasonal to long-term vegetation greenness dynamics. Here we implemented a~new phenology model within the LPJmL (Lund Potsdam Jena managed lands) DGVM and integrated several observational data sets to improve the ability of the model in reproducing satellite-derived time series of vegetation greenness. Specifically, we optimized LPJmL parameters against observational time series of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (FAPAR), albedo and gross primary production to identify the main environmental controls for seasonal vegetation greenness dynamics. We demonstrated that LPJmL with new phenology and optimized parameters better reproduces seasonality, inter-annual variability and trends of vegetation greenness. Our results indicate that soil water availability is an important control on vegetation phenology not only in water-limited biomes but also in boreal forests and the arctic tundra. Whereas water availability controls phenology in water-limited ecosystems during the entire growing season, water availability co-modulates jointly with temperature the beginning of the growing season in boreal and arctic regions. Additionally, water availability contributes to better explain decadal greening trends in the Sahel and browning trends in boreal forests. These results emphasize the importance of considering water availability in a new generation of phenology modules in DGVMs in order to correctly reproduce observed seasonal to decadal dynamics of vegetation greenness.

Classification of boreal forests in the North of European Russia. I. Oligotrophic coniferous forests

2007 ◽  
pp. 61-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Morozova ◽  
L. B. Zaugolnova ◽  
L. G. Isaeva ◽  
V. A. Kostina
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
North West ◽  
The North

Results of a syntaxonomical study of the oligotrophic forests of northern European Russia are presented. The main forest types have been classified into 2 orders of the class Vaccinio-Piceetea, 4 alliances, 6 associations and 1 community. The new alliance Empetro-Piceion all. nov., which includes zonal spruce and birch northern forest association Empetro-Piceetum, has been established. These communities are formed according to cold temperature and high (sometimes temporarily) soil moisture and are characterized by the lower tree canopy, mosaic herb and moss-lichen layers with boreal mosses, sphagnum and lichens. In the middle taiga subzone these communities are replaced by Eu-Piceetum myrtilletosum. The forests with lichens are referred to order Cladonio-Vaccinietalia and divided into 4 associations. Lichen pine forests of the north-west of boreal zone were described as ass. Flavocetrario nivalis—Pinetum ass. nov. This association with a great number of lichens is differentiated by Cladonia arbuscula subsp. mitis, Flavocetraria nivalis, Cetraria ericetorum, Stereocaulon grande, Dicranum fuscescens, D. drummondii, Nephroma arcticum and species of Cladonia. The ass. Cadonio arbusculae—Pinetum (Caj. 1921) K.-Lund 1967 contains lichen pine forests with lower number of lichens and is distributed mostly in middle part of the taiga zone. The spruce-pine forests with mixed moss-lichen cover correspond to ass. Vaccinio-Pinetum. Ass. Hedysaro-Laricetum represents rich and well differentiated larch forests in the east of European Russia.

scholarly journals Identifying environmental controls on vegetation greenness phenology through model–data integration

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 7025-7050 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Forkel ◽  
N. Carvalhais ◽  
S. Schaphoff ◽  
W. v. Bloh ◽  
M. Migliavacca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Vegetation Greenness ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Dynamics Of Vegetation

Abstract. Existing dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) have a limited ability in reproducing phenology and decadal dynamics of vegetation greenness as observed by satellites. These limitations in reproducing observations reflect a poor understanding and description of the environmental controls on phenology, which strongly influence the ability to simulate longer-term vegetation dynamics, e.g. carbon allocation. Combining DGVMs with observational data sets can potentially help to revise current modelling approaches and thus enhance the understanding of processes that control seasonal to long-term vegetation greenness dynamics. Here we implemented a new phenology model within the LPJmL (Lund Potsdam Jena managed lands) DGVM and integrated several observational data sets to improve the ability of the model in reproducing satellite-derived time series of vegetation greenness. Specifically, we optimized LPJmL parameters against observational time series of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (FAPAR), albedo and gross primary production to identify the main environmental controls for seasonal vegetation greenness dynamics. We demonstrated that LPJmL with new phenology and optimized parameters better reproduces seasonality, inter-annual variability and trends of vegetation greenness. Our results indicate that soil water availability is an important control on vegetation phenology not only in water-limited biomes but also in boreal forests and the Arctic tundra. Whereas water availability controls phenology in water-limited ecosystems during the entire growing season, water availability co-modulates jointly with temperature the beginning of the growing season in boreal and Arctic regions. Additionally, water availability contributes to better explain decadal greening trends in the Sahel and browning trends in boreal forests. These results emphasize the importance of considering water availability in a new generation of phenology modules in DGVMs in order to correctly reproduce observed seasonal-to-decadal dynamics of vegetation greenness.

Influence of Stand Age And Structure on the Epiphytic Lichen Vegetation in the Middle-Boreal Forests of Finland

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-180
Author(s):  
M. Hyvärinen ◽  
P. Halonen ◽  
M. Kauppi
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Ecological Strategy ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Vertical Location ◽  
Community Variation

Abstract The epiphytic lichen vegetation on the trunks of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies was studied and analysed by canonical correspondence analysis in relation to a number of environmental variables. The distribution and abundance of epiphytic lichen species proved to be dependent on the age of the stand, showing divergent responses in relation to phorophyte species and environmental variables such as acidity of the bark and vertical location on the trunk. The importance of stand age in the pattern of community variation is concluded to be an outcome of interaction between changes in the structure of the tree canopy, microclimate and properties of the bark. The responses of single lichen species to changes in the environment seem to vary considerably, indicating differences in competitive ability and ecological strategy between the species.

The Virtual Water Gallery: a collaborative science and art project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Arnal ◽  
Martyn Clark ◽  
Stacey Dumanski ◽  
John Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Quality Degradation ◽  
Collaborative Space

<p>Water is life and so water-related challenges, such as droughts, floods and water quality degradation, affect everyone. Conceptualizing water-related environmental and social problems in novel ways, with engagement between the public and science researchers, may lead to new and more comprehensive solutions to complex problems. A society that makes decisions informed by science and science that approaches problems in a transdisciplinary manner are key elements in finding creative and holistic solutions to the water-related challenges we all face. We believe that art can help co-establish new social norms to help us grasp and tackle water-related challenges in a more holistic manner.</p><p>The Virtual Water Gallery* is a science and art pilot project funded by Global Water Futures (GWF). GWF is a University of Saskatchewan-led research program that is funded in part by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund. Its overarching goal is to deliver risk management solutions, informed by leading-edge water science, to manage water futures in Canada and other cold regions where global warming is changing landscapes, ecosystems and the water environment. Launched in Summer 2020, the Virtual Water Gallery aims to provide a safe, inclusive and collaborative space for fully open discussions between scientists, artists, and a wider public, to explore past, present and future water challenges.</p><p>As part of this pilot project, 13 artists were paired with teams of GWF scientists to co-explore specific water challenges in various Canadian ecoregions and river basins, including the Arctic, the mountains, boreal forests, prairies, farmlands, lakes, rivers, and communities. These collaborations are leading to the co-creation of science and art pieces which will be exhibited online on a Virtual Water Gallery. By making this online exhibition accessible to a global audience, we hope that the co-created art pieces will open creative and informative discussions about urgent water challenges to a wider audience via the gallery space.</p><p>*More information about the Virtual Water Gallery on the GWF webpage: https://gwf.usask.ca/outreach/virtual-water-gallery.php</p>

scholarly journals Constraint of soil moisture on CO<sub>2</sub> efflux from tundra lichen, moss, and tussock in Council, Alaska, using a hierarchical Bayesian model

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5567-5579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kim ◽  
K. Nishina ◽  
N. Chae ◽  
S. J. Park ◽  
Y. J. Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tundra Ecosystem

Abstract. The tundra ecosystem is quite vulnerable to drastic climate change in the Arctic, and the quantification of carbon dynamics is of significant importance regarding thawing permafrost, changes to the snow-covered period and snow and shrub community extent, and the decline of sea ice in the Arctic. Here, CO2 efflux measurements using a manual chamber system within a 40 m × 40 m (5 m interval; 81 total points) plot were conducted within dominant tundra vegetation on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska, during the growing seasons of 2011 and 2012, for the assessment of driving parameters of CO2 efflux. We applied a hierarchical Bayesian (HB) model – a function of soil temperature, soil moisture, vegetation type, and thaw depth – to quantify the effects of environmental factors on CO2 efflux and to estimate growing season CO2 emissions. Our results showed that average CO2 efflux in 2011 was 1.4 times higher than in 2012, resulting from the distinct difference in soil moisture between the 2 years. Tussock-dominated CO2 efflux is 1.4 to 2.3 times higher than those measured in lichen and moss communities, revealing tussock as a significant CO2 source in the Arctic, with a wide area distribution on the circumpolar scale. CO2 efflux followed soil temperature nearly exponentially from both the observed data and the posterior medians of the HB model. This reveals that soil temperature regulates the seasonal variation of CO2 efflux and that soil moisture contributes to the interannual variation of CO2 efflux for the two growing seasons in question. Obvious changes in soil moisture during the growing seasons of 2011 and 2012 resulted in an explicit difference between CO2 effluxes – 742 and 539 g CO2 m−2 period−1 for 2011 and 2012, respectively, suggesting the 2012 CO2 emission rate was reduced to 27% (95% credible interval: 17–36%) of the 2011 emission, due to higher soil moisture from severe rain. The estimated growing season CO2 emission rate ranged from 0.86 Mg CO2 in 2012 to 1.20 Mg CO2 in 2011 within a 40 m × 40 m plot, corresponding to 86 and 80% of annual CO2 emission rates within the western Alaska tundra ecosystem, estimated from the temperature dependence of CO2 efflux. Therefore, this HB model can be readily applied to observed CO2 efflux, as it demands only four environmental factors and can also be effective for quantitatively assessing the driving parameters of CO2 efflux.

scholarly journals Growing Season Length as a Key Factor of Cumulative Net Ecosystem Exchange Over the Pine Forest Ecosystems in Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Danielewska ◽  
Marek Urbaniak ◽  
Janusz Olejnik
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Net Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Growing Season Length

Abstract The Scots pine is one of the most important species in European and Asian forests. Due to a widespread occurrence of pine forests, their significance in the energy and mass exchange between the Earth surface and the atmosphere is also important, particularly in the context of climate change and greenhouse gases balance. The aim of this work is to present the relationship between the average annual net ecosystem productivity and growing season length, latitude and air temperature (tay) over Europe. Therefore, CO2 flux measurement data from eight European pine dominated forests were used. The observations suggest that there is a correlation between the intensity of CO2 uptake or emission by a forest stand and the above mentioned parameters. Based on the obtained results, all of the selected pine forest stands were CO2 sinks, except a site in northern Finland. The carbon dioxide uptake increased proportionally with the increase of growing season length (9.212 g C m-2 y-1 per day of growing season, R2 = 0.53, p = 0.0399). This dependency showed stronger correlation and higher statistical significance than both relationships between annual net ecosystem productivity and air temperature (R2 = 0.39, p = 0.096) and annual net ecosystem productivity and latitude (R2 = 0.47, p = 0.058). The CO2 emission surpassed assimilation in winter, early spring and late autumn. Moreover, the appearance of late, cold spring and early winter, reduced annual net ecosystem productivity. Therefore, the growing season length can be considered as one of the main factor affecting the annual carbon budget of pine forests.

scholarly journals Bulk partitioning the growing season net ecosystem exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> in Siberian tundra reveals the seasonality of its carbon sequestration strength

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 13713-13742 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. K. Runkle ◽  
T. Sachs ◽  
C. Wille ◽  
E.-M. Pfeiffer ◽  
L. Kutzbach
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
New Method ◽  
Apparent Temperature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Tundra Ecosystem ◽  
Co2 Sink

Abstract. This paper evaluates the relative contribution of light and temperature on net ecosystem CO2 uptake during the 2006 growing season in a~polygonal tundra ecosystem in the Lena River Delta in Northern Siberia (72°22´ N, 126°30´ E). We demonstrate that the timing of warm periods may be an important determinant of the magnitude of the ecosystem's carbon sink function, as they drive temperature-induced changes in respiration. Hot spells during the early portion of the growing season are shown to be more influential in creating mid-day surface-to-atmosphere net ecosystem CO2 exchange fluxes than those occurring later in the season. In this work we also develop and present a bulk flux partition model to better account for tundra plant physiology and the specific light conditions of the arctic region that preclude the successful use of traditional partition methods that derive a respiration-temperature relationship from all night-time data. Night-time, growing season measurements are rare during the arctic summer, however, so the new method allows for temporal variation in the parameters describing both ecosystem respiration and gross uptake by fitting both processes at the same time. Much of the apparent temperature sensitivity of respiration seen in the traditional partition method is revealed in the new method to reflect seasonal changes in basal respiration rates. Understanding and quantifying the flux partition is an essential precursor to describing links between assimilation and respiration at different time scales, as it allows a more confident evaluation of measured net exchange over a broader range of environmental conditions. The growing season CO2 sink estimated by this study is similar to those reported previously for this site, and is substantial enough to withstand the long, low-level respiratory CO2 release during the rest of the year to maintain the site's CO2 sink function on an annual basis.

scholarly journals Review of the Survey's activities in 1985

1986 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
M Ghisler
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Editorial Staff ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Glacial Geology ◽  
Precambrian Geology ◽  
Field Activity ◽  
June July

The systematic investigation of the geology of Greenland for the State was continued in 1985 by the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU). The investigations encompassed basic research and geological mapping as well as investigations in applied disciplines. Field work, mainly in the months of June, July and August, was carried out by seventy-five scientists and technicians, half of whom belong to the Survey's staff. In addition to the GGU parties several groups from other institutions worked in close collaboration with GGU. The areas of field activity reported on in 1985 are indicated on fig. 1. During 1985 the Survey was partly reorganised, and it is now built up of six main units: Department of Stratigraphy and Structural Geology, Department of Precambrian Geology, Department of Geochemistry, Department of Mineral Resources, Department of Petroleum Geology and Department of Glaciology and Glacial Geology. The administration, computing facilities and editorial staff are directly responsible to the Director.

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