From burned vegetation to streams water: fire effects on vegetation resilience and nutrient fluxes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nubia Marques ◽  
Fabio Miranda ◽  
Leticia Gomes ◽  
Felipe Lenti ◽  
Mercedes Bustamante
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Riparian Zones ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Nutrient Fluxes ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Burned Areas

<p>Wildfire effects on riparian zones and stream water can be significant, particularly in the vegetation recovery and flow of nutrients between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. However, the integrated knowledge about the impacts of fire on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Brazilian Cerrado is poorly known. In Brazilian Cerrado, wildfire is one of the main vectors of degradation of riparian vegetation, because the forest formation in riparian zones can be more sensitive to fire than the other savanna formation due to a less evident vegetation fire-adaptations. Our main objective was to understand the effects of fire on the resilience of riparian vegetation and their consequences to nutrient fluxes between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. This study was conducted in the Environmental Protection Area (APA) located in the Federal District - Brazil, which is one of Brazil’s Long-Term Ecological Research Site, after a wildfire (September 2011) that burned an area of about 140 km<sup>2</sup>. We analyzed the riparian vegetation resilience (for forests and surrounding savannas formations) and nutrients fluxes (in surface runoff and stream water) in five streams. We estimated the fire severity with Delta Normalized Burn Ratio index and the riparian vegetation resilience with the Normalized Vegetation Index and evaluated the changes in nutrient concentrations for nitrite + nitrate ([NO<sup>2-</sup> + NO<sup>3-</sup>]), ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), and phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>) during 16 months on stream water and surface runoff solution in burned and unburned areas using the Generalized Linear Models. Our results show that fire severity was similar between forests and savannas formations, but in savannas we observed higher vegetation resilience, with faster vegetation regrowth and recovery after three weeks. The concentration of nutrients on both surface runoff and inside the stream have changed in burned areas regarding unburned areas, with an increase of PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3- </sup>and [NO<sup>2-</sup> + NO<sup>3-</sup>] and a decreased of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. After 16 months of the fire event, the concentration of PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>, [NO<sup>2-</sup> + NO<sup>3-</sup>] and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> increased in surface runoff, while [NO<sup>2-</sup> + NO<sup>3-</sup>] decreased inside the streams in burned areas. Precipitation was a factor that caused the increase of concentrations of [NO<sup>2-</sup> + NO<sup>3-</sup>] and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and, the high precipitation on rainy season (October – March), that started after the fire, could have contributed to the input of these nutrients and particulate materials from ashes to streams. Our results showed that the occurrence of fire in riparian environments reduces the biomass of riparian forests and increases the concentration of nutrients on streams.  These elevated postfire nitrogen and phosphate loading can influence streams ecosystem health, especially in oligotrophic streams like those found in Brazilian Cerrado. It is known that phosphorus and nitrogen are limited nutrients for algal and cyanobacterial growth in freshwater ecosystem and an increase of these organisms can disrupt the ecosystem integrity. Fire is a pulsed disturbance and its effect on freshwater ecosystem depends on terrestrial ecosystem recovery, in this way, it is necessary to integrate the knowledge about the impacts of fire on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to better understand the effects on the entire ecosystem.</p>

Komposisi Tumbuhan Air dan Tumbuhan Riparian di Danau Sentani, Provinsi Papua

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Agung Pradnya Paramitha ◽  
Riky Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Riparian Zones ◽  
Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
The Status

<strong>Composition of Aquatic Macrophytes and Riparian Vegetation in Lake Sentani, Papua Province.</strong> Macrophytes and riparian vegetation play an important role in maintaining the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The loss of vegetation components can lead to increased sedimentation and change the microhabitat in the waters. This research aimed to obtain the composition of aquatic macrophytes and riparian vegetation in Lake Sentani, as well as to determine the status of waters and the characteristics of riparian zones in Sentani Lake. The research was conducted from September to October 2014. The sampling of aquatic macrophytes and riparian vegetation was conducted at 5 stations: St.1 (Doyo Lama), St.2 (Donday), St.3 (Deyau), St.4 (Kalkotte), and St. 5 (Jaifuri). Data of aquatic macrophytes was taken using square plot (1 x 1 m2) of 15 plots, while riparian vegetation data used survey method with 10 m transect line from the shoreline. The results showed that there were 10 species of aquatic macrophytes from 8 families and 30 species of riparian vegetation from 18 families. Based on these aquatic macrophytes and riparian vegetation, Lake Sentani is categorized as eutrophic, with the dominant macrophyte being hornworts (Ceratophyllum demersum L.; 135 individuals). Station 4 (Kalkotte) has the largest number of individual aquatic macrophytes (96 individuals). Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) was found to be the most abundant species of riparian vegetation in all stations (190 individuals). This is related to the shoreline of Lake Sentani which is largely a sandy soil. Station 5 (Jaifuri) has the largest number of species and the largest number of individual riparian vegetation (344 individuals from 20 species). <br />

PENILAIAN DAMPAK KEBAKARAN PADA TEGAKAN AKASIA DI BKPH PARUNG PANJANG KPH BOGOR, PERUM PERHUTANI UNIT III JAWA BARAT DAN BANTEN Fire Severity Assessment on Akasia stand at BKPH Parung Panjang KPH Bogor, Perum Perhutani III West Java and Banten

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Lailan Syaufina ◽  
Vera Linda Purba
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Forest Health Monitoring ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Forest fire is one of the problem in forest management. The objectives of the study was to measure the forest fire severity based on soil physical and chemical properties. The forest fire effects were assessed using fire severity method and forest health monitoring plot. The study indicated that the burned areas at BKPH Parung Panjang after two years included in low fire severity. The site properties and growth performance analysis showed that the fire has only affected on pH, Mg and tree diameter significantly, whereas the other parameters such as bulk density, P, N, Na, K, Ca and height were not significantly affected. In addition, both burned and unburned areas are classified as in health condition.Key words : fire severity, forest health monitoring, growth performance, site properties

Influence of wildfire severity on geomorphic features and riparian vegetation of forested streams of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Breeanne K. Jackson ◽  
S. Mažeika P. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Riparian Ecosystems ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Rim Fire ◽  
Geomorphic Features ◽  
Biodiversity And Ecosystem Function ◽  
Riparian Plant

Fires are a common feature of many landscapes, with numerous and complex ecological consequences. In stream ecosystems, fire can strongly influence fluvial geomorphic characteristics and riparian vegetation, which are structural components of stream–riparian ecosystems that contribute to biodiversity and ecosystem function. However, the effects of fire severity on stream–riparian ecosystems in California’s Sierra Nevada region (USA) are not well described, yet critical for effectively informing fire management and policy. At 12 stream reaches paired by fire severity (one high-severity burned, one low-severity burned), no significant differences were found in riparian plant community cover and composition or stream geomorphic characteristics 2–15 years following wildfire. In addition, minimal changes in riparian vegetation and stream geomorphic properties were observed in the first summer following the extensive and severe Rim Fire. However, an upstream-to-downstream influence of multiple fire occurrences was observed over the previous 81 years within each catchment on stream geomorphic metrics, including sediment size, embeddedness and channel geometry, at our study reaches. The inconsistent effects of wildfire on stream–riparian vegetation and geomorphic characteristics over space and time may be related to time since fire and precipitation.

Bare soil and rill formation following wildfires, fuel reduction treatments, and pine plantations in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil H. Berg ◽  
David L. Azuma
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Reference Conditions ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Fuel Reduction ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Burned Areas

Accelerated erosion commonly occurs after wildfires on forested lands. As burned areas recover, erosion returns towards prefire rates depending on many site-specific characteristics, including fire severity, vegetation type, soil type and climate. In some areas, erosion recovery can be rapid, particularly where revegetation is quick. Erosion recovery is less well understood for many fuel load reduction treatments. The rate of post-disturbance erosion recovery affects management options for forested lands, particularly when considering the combined ramifications of multiple disturbances on resource recovery rates (i.e. cumulative watershed effects). Measurements of percentage bare soil and rilling on over 600 plots in the southern Sierra Nevada with slopes less than 75% and within 1 km of roads were made between 2004 and 2006. Results suggest that after high-, moderate- or low-severity wildfire, rilling was seldom evident more than 4 years after fire. Percentage bare soil generally did not differ significantly between reference plots and wildfire plots greater than 6 years old. Little rilling was evident after treatment with a variety of fuel reduction techniques, including burning of machine- and hand-piled fuel, thinning, mastication, and crushing. Percentage bare soil at the fuel load reduction treatment plots also did not differ significantly from reference conditions. Percentage bare soil at pine plantation plots was noticeably higher than at reference sites.

scholarly journals Microplastics in the diet of nestling double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), an obligate piscivore in a freshwater ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2156-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cole B. Brookson ◽  
Shane R. de Solla ◽  
Kim J. Fernie ◽  
Monina Cepeda ◽  
Chelsea M. Rochman
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Fibres ◽  
Laurentian Great Lakes ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Phalacrocorax Auritus ◽  
Marine Systems ◽  
Freshwater Systems ◽  
Diving Bird

Anthropogenic debris, namely plastic, is a concern across aquatic ecosystems worldwide, with freshwater systems being understudied relative to marine systems. In this study, we quantified and characterized debris in the diet of double-crested cormorant chicks (Phalacrocorax auritus) from three sites in two of the Laurentian Great Lakes to (i) determine whether or not the diet of double-crested cormorants in the Laurentian Great Lakes includes anthropogenic debris, (ii) characterize the size, shape, and type of debris incorporated, and (iii) examine relationships between the amount of debris ingested and their proximity to industrial–urban centres. Overall, >86% of cormorants in our study had anthropogenic debris (mostly fibers) in their digestive tracts with no correlation between site and the amount of debris ingested. The ingested debris includes microplastics, natural fibres from textiles, and other anthropogenic materials (e.g., glass). To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine anthropogenic debris in a diving bird in the Laurentian Great Lakes and one of few studies investigating this in freshwater birds.

Remote Sensing of Forest Fire Severity and Vegetation Recovery

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD White ◽  
KC Ryan ◽  
CC Key ◽  
SW Running
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Burn Severity ◽  
Vegetation Recovery ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Forested Areas

Burned forested areas have patterns of varying burn severity as a consequence of various topographic, vegetation, and meteorological factors. These patterns are detected and mapped using satellite data. Other ecological information can be abstracted from satellite data regarding rates of recovery of vegetation foliage and variation of burn severity on different vegetation types. Middle infrared wavelengths are useful for burn severity mapping because the land cover changes associated with burning increase reflectance in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Simple stratification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data define varying classes of burn severity because of changes in canopy cover, biomass removal, and soil chemical composition. Reasonable maps of burn severity are produced when the class limits of burn severity reflectance are applied to the entire satellite data. Changes in satellite reflectance over multiple years reveal the dynamics of vegetation and fire severity as low burn areas have lower changes in reflectance relative to high burn areas. This results as a consequence of how much the site was altered due to the burn and how much space is available for vegetation recovery. Analysis of change in reflectance across steppe, riparian, and forested vegetation types indicate that fires potentially increase biomass in steppe areas, while riparian and forested areas are slower to regrow to pre-fire conditions. This satellite-based technology is useful for mapping severely burned areas by exploring the ecological manifestations before and after fire.

scholarly journals Eco-hydrological effects of stream-aquifer water interaction: A case study of the Heihe River Basin, northwestern China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Zeng ◽  
Zhenghui Xie ◽  
Yan Yu ◽  
Shuang Liu ◽  
Linying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Level ◽  
River Water ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Heihe River Basin ◽  
Heihe River

Abstract. A scheme describing the process of stream-aquifer interaction was incorporated into the land model CLM4.5 to investigate the effects of stream water conveyance over riparian banks on ecological and hydrological processes. Two groups of simulations for five typical river cross-sections in the middle reaches of the arid zone Heihe River Basin were conducted. The simulated riparian ground water table at a propagation distance of less than 1 km followed the intra-annual flu ctuation of the river water level, and the correlation was excellent (R2 = 0.9) between the river water level and the groundwater table at the distance 60 m from the river. The correlation rapidly decreased as distance increased. In response to the variability of the water table, soil moisture at deep layers also followed the variation of river water level all year, while soil moisture at the surface layer was more sensitive to the river water level in the drought season than in the wet season. With increased soil moisture, the average gross primary productivity and respiration of riparian vegetation within 300 m from the river at a typical section of the river increased by approximately 0.03 mg C m−2 s−1 and 0.02 mg C m −2 s−1, respectively, in the growing season. Consequently, the net ecosystem exchange increased by approximately 0.01 mg C m−2 s−1, and the evapotranspiration increased by approximately 3 mm d−1. Furthermore, the length of the growing season of riparian vegetation also increased by 2–3 months due to the sustaining water recharge from the river.

scholarly journals Dragonflies and Damselflies in a region of the Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais: checklist and taxonomic additions

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Venâncio ◽  
Diogo Silva Vilela ◽  
Marcela Silva Barbosa ◽  
Jean Carlos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Red List ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Threatened Fauna

Abstract: Remaining freshwater systems are historically under threat mainly due to human activities such as agriculture and urbanization. The consequences of such activities are innumerous, and among them there is a decrease of suitable habitats for threatened fauna. In the Brazilian Cerrado, the odonatofauna of palm swamps and riparian forests are still poorly explored, a fact that difficult conservation efforts of the group. Thus, we performed an inventory in several urban and rural sites containing these phytophysiognomies in Uberlândia, Triângulo Mineiro region, western Minas Gerais state. In total, we found 101 Odonata species, seven families and 46 genera in the municipality, with 76 and 66 species, respectively, belonging to palm swamp and forest sites. From this diversity, eight species were first records in the state of Minas Gerais: Neuraeschna claviforcipata Martin, 1909, Phyllocycla cf. medusaBelle, 1988, Diastatops intensa Montgomery, 1940, Oligoclada pachystigma Karsch, 1890, O. xanthopleura Borror, 1931, Angelagrion nathaliaeLencioni, 2008, Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert, 1909 and Telebasis simulacrum (Calvert, 1909). We also sampled Erythrodiplax anaGuillermo-Ferreira & Vilela 2016, a species listed as endangered (EN) by the IUCN red list. Additionally, we include some taxonomic notes of Forcepsioneura machadorum females, a newly discovered species in the region. Our results contribute to the Odonata database in Brazil and highlights the importance inventories in poorly explored aquatic ecosystems.

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