Effects of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment on Surface Topography, Flow Accumulation,  Stream Power & Sediment Transport Indexes in the Canadian Prairies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Wu ◽  
Tanghua Li ◽  
Holger Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
North America ◽  
Surface Topography ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Stream Power ◽  
Land Uplift ◽  
Flow Accumulation ◽  
Isostatic Adjustment ◽  
Stream Power Index ◽  
Differential Uplift

<p>Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) induced by the melting of the Pleistocene Ice Sheets causes differential land uplift, relative sea level and geoid changes. Thus, GIA in North America may affect water flow-accumulation and the rate of sedimentation and erosion in the South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB), but so far this has not been well investigated.</p><p> </p><p>Our aim here is to use surface topography in the SSRB and simple models of surface water flow to compute flow-accumulation, wetness index, stream power index and sediment transport index - the latter two affect the rates of erosion and sedimentation. Since the river basin became virtually ice-free around 8 ka BP, we shall study the effects of GIA induced differential land uplift during the last 8 ka on these indexes.</p><p> </p><p>Using the present-day surface topography ETOPO1 model, we see that the stream power index and sediment transport index in the SSRB may not be high enough to alter the surface topography significantly today and probably during the last 8 ka except for places around the Rocky Mountains. The effect of using 1 and 3 arc minute grid resolution of the ETOPO1 model does not significantly alter the value of these indexes. However, we note that using 1 arc minute grid is much more computationally intensive, so only a smaller area of the SSRB can be included in the computation.</p><p> </p><p>Next, we assume that sedimentation and erosion did not occur in the SSRB during the last 8 ka BP, and the change in surface topography is only due to GIA induced differential uplift. We use land uplift predicted by a large number of GIA models to study the changes in stream power & sediment transport indexes in the last 8 ka BP. Our base GIA model is ICE6G_C(VM5a). Then we investigate the effects of using uplift predicted by other GIA models that can still fit the observed relative sea level (RSL), uplift rate and gravity-rate-of-change data in North America reasonably well. These alternate GIA models have lateral heterogeneity in the mantle and lithosphere included – in particular we test those that give the largest differential uplift in the SSRB. We found that the effect of these other GIA earth models is not large on the stream power & sediment transport indexes. Finally, we investigate the sensitivity of these indexes on the ice models that are consistent with GIA observations. The results of this study will be useful to our understanding of water flow accumulation, sedimentation and erosion in the past, present and future and for water resource management in North America.</p>

Prediction of decadal slope changes in Canada by glacial isostatic adjustment modellingThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme GEODESY.

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter van der Wal ◽  
Alexander Braun ◽  
Patrick Wu ◽  
Michael G. Sideris
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Glacial Isostatic Adjustment ◽  
Uplift Rate ◽  
Isostatic Adjustment ◽  
Uplift Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Differential Uplift

In Canada, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is the dominant process to cause vertical motion of the land surface. A GIA model is presented herein that can be used to predict slope changes at given locations in North America where GIA is the primary cause for vertical motion. Uncertainty in Pleistocene ice cover and viscosity in the Earth’s mantle prevent one from picking a single GIA model from the literature to predict uplift rates in the region. Therefore, in this study, a range of mantle viscosity values as well as two different ice-loading histories are used in a forward model of the GIA process. The combination of viscosities and ice model that gives the best fit to recently available continuous and episodic GPS observations is assumed to provide the best prediction of slope changes in North America. This model can be used to quantify GIA-induced vertical deformation in local geomorphologic studies. We show that the predicted differential uplift rate in the Nelson River with respect to Lake Winnipeg reaches 1 mm/year over a 200 km distance using the model that best fits the GPS data whereas the ICE-5Gv1.2/VM2 model gives a slightly larger value. The difference in uplift rate between the northern and southern shore of Lake Michigan amounts up to 3 mm/year (slightly larger than the ICE-5Gv1.2/VM2 model), which could lead to a change in shorelines of tens of metres horizontally over a period of 100 years.

scholarly journals Soil water flow due to surface topography in research drainage plots

age ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Logsdon ◽  
Cindy Cambardella
Keyword(s):  
Surface Topography ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Soil Water Flow

scholarly journals Sediment Transport and Water Flow Resistance in Alluvial River Channels: Modified Model of Transport of Non-Uniform Grain-Size Sediments

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2038
Author(s):  
Gennady Gladkov ◽  
Michał Habel ◽  
Zygmunt Babiński ◽  
Pakhom Belyakov
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Channel Deformations ◽  
East European

The paper presents recommendations for using the results obtained in sediment transport simulation and modeling of channel deformations in rivers. This work relates to the issues of empirical modeling of the water flow characteristics in natural riverbeds with a movable bottom (alluvial channels) which are extremely complex. The study shows that in the simulation of sediment transport and calculation of channel deformations in the rivers, it is expedient to use the calculation dependences of Chézy’s coefficient for assessing the roughness of the bottom sediment mixture, or the dependences of the form based on the field investigation data. Three models are most commonly used and based on the original formulas of Meyer-Peter and Müller (1948), Einstein (1950) and van Rijn (1984). This work deals with assessing the hydraulic resistance of the channel and improving the river sediment transport model in a simulation of riverbed transformation on the basis of previous research to verify it based on 296 field measurements on the Central-East European lowland rivers. The performed test calculations show that the modified van Rijn formula gives the best results from all the considered variants.

scholarly journals Automated Classification of Agricultural Lands Using GIS and NES

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 1146
Author(s):  
V. K. Kalichkin ◽  
A. I. Pavlova ◽  
A. F. Petrov ◽  
V. A. Smolyakov
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Automated Classification ◽  
Stream Power ◽  
Stream Power Index

The article proposes the methodology for the automated classification of uplands using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Neural Expert System (NES). Quantitative indicators of topography are used as the basis of the proposed classification. A database consisting of topographic, soil, and land use maps was created using ArcGIS 10 geographic information system. A topologically correct digital elevation model (DEM) was created by the ANUDEM interpolation method. The DEM contains the following maps: hypsometric, steepness and slopes exposure, plan, profile, common curvature of the ground surface, and cumulative runoff maps. The boundaries of elementary surfaces (ES), which are homogeneous morphological formations, are established. Parameters characterizing the Stream Power Index (SPI) are taken into account. The essence of the proposed classification consists in attributing of ES to a certain group of lands based on aggregate of features. To do this, partial scales were created, containing indicators of topography, soil cover, land drainage conditions, as well as the degree of erosion development. The authors formed knowledge base for traning the NES using GIS database and partial scales of estimates. Teaching of neural network was carried out. The classification and topology of land was carried out by means of the NES. The uplands are distributed in flat and slightly convex areas. They are characterized by the following indicators: the curvature of the ground surface: plan curvature (0 – 0.03), profile curvature (0 – 0.15), common curvature (0 – 0.22); slope angles (less than 1.5о); horizontal dissection in elevation (less than 0.5 km/km2), vertical dissection (less than 5 m); and SPI (from -13.80 to -6.47). Electronic map of uplands of LLC «Salair» land-use area was created in the ArcGIS 10 environment.  

Use of GRACE determined secular gravity rates for glacial isostatic adjustment studies in North-America

2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 144-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter van der Wal ◽  
Patrick Wu ◽  
Michael G. Sideris ◽  
C.K. Shum
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Glacial Isostatic Adjustment ◽  
Isostatic Adjustment

scholarly journals A Fuzzy Transformation of the Classic Stream Sediment Transport Formula of Yang

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Kaffas ◽  
Matthaios Saridakis ◽  
Mike Spiliotis ◽  
Vlassios Hrissanthou ◽  
Maurizio Righetti
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Stream Sediment ◽  
Fuzzy Regression ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Stream Power ◽  
Fuzzy Transformation ◽  
Total Sediment

The objective of this study is to transform the arithmetic coefficients of the total sediment transport rate formula of Yang into fuzzy numbers, and thus create a fuzzy relationship that will provide a fuzzy band of in-stream sediment concentration. A very large set of experimental data, in flumes, was used for the fuzzy regression analysis. In a first stage, the arithmetic coefficients of the original equation were recalculated, by means of multiple regression, in an effort to verify the quality of data, by testing the closeness between the original and the calculated coefficients. Subsequently, the fuzzy relationship was built up, utilizing the fuzzy linear regression model of Tanaka. According to Tanaka’s fuzzy regression model, all the data must be included within the produced fuzzy band and the non-linear regression can be concluded to a linear regression problem when auxiliary variables are used. The results were deemed satisfactory for both the classic and fuzzy regression-derived equations. In addition, the linear dependence between the logarithmized total sediment concentration and the logarithmized subtraction of the critical unit stream power from the exerted unit stream power is presented. Ultimately, a fuzzy counterpart of Yang’s stream sediment transport formula is constructed and made available to the readership.

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