Prediction of Size and Shape of Wetting Patterns Created by Inverted Open Plastic Bottles (IOPB)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Alrubaye ◽  
Badronnisa Yusuf ◽  
Abdulla AL-Sammak
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Source Depth ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Vital Factor

<p>Plastic bottles can be used in irrigation fields which introduces a sustainable low-cost alternative for irrigation methods. Until now, plastic bottles were used in small irrigation fields since there are limited scientific measurements of it is performance. The aim of this study is to predict the size and shape of the wetting patterns generated by inverted opened plastic bottles. Hydraulic simulations for 48 design cases of 12 different soil types and 4 sizes of subsurface source were accomplished using 2D-Hydrus. The simulation outputs were validated using experimental results. Multi regression analysis was used to identify the general formulae of the dependent variables of hydraulic conductivity, area of subsurface source, depth of the source, head of application, and time of application. The statistical analysis was formulated by the R-studio program. Results show that the maximum width and depth of wetting patterns occurred in sandy soil which were 34.1 and 96.8 cm, respectively. The minimum values were in silty clay with the width and depth of wetting patterns of 4.3 and 19 cm, respectively. The standard deviation of the width and depth were 9.02 and 22.58, respectively.  In conclusion, the soil type is a vital factor that impacts the flow in the soil profile and the size and shape of the wetting patterns. In addition, the size and depth of the subsurface source impact the size and location of the wetting patterns. The Head of the water in IOPB can be used to specify the size of the wetting patterns. The statistical model can be used to predict the size of the wetting patterns created by IOPBs accurately.</p>

scholarly journals Fracture System and Rock-Mass Characterization by Borehole Camera Surveying: Application in Dimension Stone Investigations in Geologically Complex Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Ivica Pavičić ◽  
Ivo Galić ◽  
Mišo Kucelj ◽  
Ivan Dragičević
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Dimension Stone ◽  
Rock Mass Characterization ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Borehole Camera ◽  
Fracture Distribution

The successful exploration of dimension stone mainly depends on the quality, size, and shape of extractable blocks of dimension stone. The investigated area is in the Pelješac Peninsula (Croatia), in the External Dinarides orogeny, built from thick carbonate succession, characterized by relatively small deposits of high-quality dimension stone. These conditions demand challenging geological investigations in the “pre-quarry” phase to find optimal quarry location. The size and shape of dimension stone blocks are mainly controlled by fracture pattern systems. In the rugged, covered terrains, it is very hard to obtain a satisfactory amount of fracture data from the surface, so it is necessary to collect them from the underground. Borehole camera technology can visualize the inner part of the rock mass and measure the fracture characteristics. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the digital borehole camera technology provides a quick, effective, and low-cost geological survey of fractured rock mass; (2) statistical fracture distribution parameters, P10, fracture spacing, Volumetric Joint Count (Jv) based on borehole wall survey can reflect the integrity of rock mass, providing a solid decision-making base for further investment plans and dimension stone excavation method.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIED PLANTS WHICH ARE BELONGS IN INDIGOFERA GENERA IN THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 287-295
Author(s):  
A. Rajesh
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Botanical Description ◽  
Indigofera Hirsuta ◽  
Online Data Base ◽  
Indigofera Tinctoria

The Indigofera are frequently shrubs, and some are small trees or herbaceous perennials or annuals. These have pinnate leaves. Racemes of flowers grow in the leaf axils, in hues of red, but there are a few white- and yellow-flowered species. The fruit is a legume pod of varying size and shape. Botanical description schedule as; Kingdom: Plantae, (unranked): Angiosperms, (unranked): Eudicots, (unranked): Rosids, Order: Fabales, Family: Fabaceae, Subfamily: Faboideae, Tribe: Indigofereae, Genus: Indigofera.  1620 plant name records match your search criteria Indigofera. The names found have these generic epithets: as accepted in the plant list online data base. That plants were; Indigofera argentea / I. articulate, Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl. Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. Indigofera glabra Linn. Indigofera glandulosa Willd. Indigofera linifolia Retz. Indigofera pulchella Roxb. Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Indigofera trifoliata Linn. Indigofera trita Linn. Books mentioned 04 species were not latest updated Plant List Online data base which were; Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Indigofera cordifolia. Indigofera frutescens. Indigofera hirsuta. According to the Results and Discussion this research revealed that, 20 species of Indigofera genera by the evidence of books and 04 species synonyms like updated latest in online data base. However, 16 species available in the Thoothukudi District 16 species available commonly and 04 species were rarely showed in Thoothukudi District by randomly field to all soil types of areas.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and phytochemical activities of Amaranthus caudatus L. harvested from different soils at various growth stages

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhali Olaide Jimoh ◽  
Anthony Jide Afolayan ◽  
Francis Bayo Lewu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Clayey Loam ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Amaranthus Caudatus ◽  
Different Soils

Abstract This study aimed at profiling the biological activities of Amaranthus caudatus cultivated on different soils in a glasshouse experiment. Five soil types namely; sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clayey loam, loam and control (unfractionated soil) were experimentally formulated from primary particles of clay, sand and silt following the United State Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) soil triangle technique. After harvesting at pre-flowering (61 days after planting), flowering (71 days after planting) and post-flowering (91 days after planting) stages, crude extracts were obtained with water and ethanol. Total flavonoids, phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents of the extracts, as well as their biological activities, were determined using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ethanol (DPPH), nitric oxide and phosphomolybdate assays. It was observed that biological activity of A. caudatus varied with soil types, stages of maturity and solvents of extraction. The highest phytochemical yield was recorded in ethanolic extracts of clayey loam harvested prior to flowering and the same trend was replicated in the antioxidant properties of the plant. For optimal biological activity, it is recommended that clayey loam soil should be used for cultivation of A. caudatus and harvest should be made near flowering to capture high phytochemical yield from the species.

scholarly journals Influence of Post-Application Irrigation on Control of Annual White Grubs on a Golf Course Fair-Way, 1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-355
Author(s):  
F.P. Baxendale ◽  
A.P. Weinhold ◽  
K.A. Weinhold
Keyword(s):  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a golf course fairway. The turf (20% Kentucky bluegrass and 80% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 11/16 inch. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.375 to 0.50 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 4%; soil pH, 6.2; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application were as follows: soil moisture 12% by wt.; air temperature 72°F; soil temperature 72°F; relative humidity 43%; wind direction and velocity 6° at 7 mph. Plots were 6 X 10 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied once on 9 Jul and twice on 11 Jul. Liquids were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 2 gal/1000 square feet. A pre-calibrated Gandy 24H12 drop spreader was used to apply granular insecticides. Post-application irrigations were applied as follows: 09 Jul application, none; 11 Jul, first application, 0.35 inch; 11 Jul, second application with syringe, approximately 0.125 inch. Normal irrigation was resumed after 48 h. Precipitation between application and evaluation totaled 11.3 inches. Treatments were evaluated 57 DAT on 4 SEP by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs. Insecticides were applied prior to the onset of masked chafer oviposition.

Size and shape controlled hydrothermal synthesis of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (61) ◽  
pp. 32530-32533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Wook Shin ◽  
Woo Ri Bae ◽  
Han Seung Yang ◽  
Chang Woo Hong ◽  
Hyo Rim Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Synthesis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Hydrothermal Technique ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Shape Controlled ◽  
Czts Nanocrystals

Quaternary kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals (NCs) have been synthesized using a simple, size and shape tunable, and low-cost hydrothermal technique without using toxic chemicals.

scholarly journals Simulation of Rainfall Intensity and Slope Gradient to Determination the Soil Runoff Coefficient at Microplot Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Dawod Rasooli Keya ◽  
Tariq H. Karim
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
High Repeatability ◽  
Runoff And Sedimentation ◽  
Rain Simulator

Simulating rainfall is one of the valuable methods of measuring hydrological data and soil erosion processes. Rapid evaluation, high repeatability, and low cost are the reasons of using rain simulators. In this study, a rain simulator was constructed in dimensions of 3.0 × 3.0 × 3.0 m and it was protected on three sides by a plastic cover. An inclined table was used to create slopping surfaces of 5, 10, and 15%. Microplots were used in the dimensions of 0.2 × 0.4 × 1.0 m to collect and measure direct runoff in a bucket outside the device. Nozzles were calibrated to produce two different rainfall intensities 10 and 20 mmh−1 using sprinkler Model 5B at 8 and 12 psi, respectively. Furthermore, three different soil types, namely, clay loam (CL), silty clay (SC) loam, and SC were examined. In general, it was observed that with increasing the rainfall intensity and slope, the rate of runoff and sedimentation increase. SC soil at 15% slop offered the highest performance under the intensity of 20 mmh−1. SC and the CL soils produced the highest and lowest runoff coefficients, respectively. The CL soil produced the highest soil loss (1 kgm2 at 15% and I = 20 mmh−1). Further, it was concluded that a significant change (an average increase of 53%) in soil loss can be achieved as the rainfall intensity increased from 10 to 20 mmh−1.

Effects of Incorporating or Burning Straw, and of Different Cultivation Systems, on Winter Wheat Grown on Two Soil Types, 1985–91

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Prew ◽  
J. E. Ashby ◽  
E. T. G. Bacon ◽  
D. G. Christian ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Sharp Eyespot ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYDisposal methods for straw from continuous winter wheat were tested on two soil types, a flinty silty clay loam and a sandy loam, over 7 years (1985–91). The methods tested were burnt or chopped straw in full factorial combination with four cultivation methods (tined to 10 cm, tined to 10 cm then to 20 cm; ploughed to 20 cm; tined to 10 cm then ploughed to 20 cm). Measurements were taken to determine the effects on crop establishment and growth, pest and disease incidence, and the consequent effects on yield. Another experiment (1985–91) on the flinty silty clay loam site, investigated the interactions between straw treatments (burnt, baled or chopped in plots that were all shallow cultivated to 10 cm) and five other factors; namely, time of cultivation, insecticides, molluscicides, fungicides and autumn nitrogen. All the straw x cultivation systems allowed satisfactory crops to be established but repeated incorporation of straw using shallow, non-inversion cultivations resulted in very severe grass-weed problems. Early crop growth, as measured by above-ground dry matter production, was frequently decreased by straw residues, but the effect rarely persisted beyond anthesis. Pests were not a problem and their numbers were not greatly affected either by straw or cultivation treatments, apart from yellow cereal fly which, especially on the heavier soil, was decreased by treatments which left much straw debris on the soil surface. Incorporating straw also caused no serious increases in the incidence of diseases. Indeed, averaged over all sites and years, eyespot and sharp eyespot were both slightly but significantly less severe where straw was incorporated than where it was burnt. Eyespot, and even more consistently sharp eyespot, were often more severe after ploughing than after shallow, non-inversion cultivations. Effects on take-all were complex but straw residues had much smaller effects than cultivations. Initially the disease increased most rapidly in the shallow cultivated plots but these also tended to go into the decline phase more quickly so that in the fourth year (fifth cereal crop) take-all was greater in the ploughed than in the shallow cultivated plots. On average, yields did not differ greatly with straw or cultivation systems, although there were clear effects of take-all in those years when the disease was most severe. In the last 2 years, yields were limited by the presence of grass weeds in the plots testing chopped straw incorporated by tining to 10 cm.

scholarly journals Preventive Control of Annual White Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-337
Author(s):  
F. P. Baxendale ◽  
J. A. Kalisch ◽  
R. E. Gaussoin
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Preventive Control ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract The study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a perennial rye golf course fairway. The turf (100% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 5/s inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.5 inches finger compressed, 0.25 inches). Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 8 × 8 ft, and the experimental design was a RCB with 5 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 19 Apr. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. The granular formulation of Merit was applied with a pre-calibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water. A total of 20.68 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 3 Sep (137 days after treatment) by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diameter turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.

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