The 2018 heatwave and its implications on ozone induced damage on vegetation in a subarctic climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Falk ◽  
Ane Victoria Vollsnes ◽  
Lisa Emberson ◽  
Connie O'Neill ◽  
Aud Else Berglen Eriksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Arctic Climate ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Future Scenario ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Subarctic Climate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Favorable Conditions

<p>An increased occurrence of persistent heatwaves, as one possible future scenario, generates favorable conditions for the formation of ambient air ozone. Vegetation highly specialized to sub-arctic climate is vulnerable to rapid environmental changes inflicted by global warming and might become more susceptible to ozone in the future. Over large parts of Europe the summer 2018 had been extraordinarily hot and dry and caused large wildfires in northern Sweden in particular. This can be regarded as a test case for such a future scenario. In both 2018 and 2019, we have monitored ambient air ozone concentrations at the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) Environment Centre Svanhovd in Northern Norway. Due to<br>data acquisition problems, ozone concentrations for two weeks in July 2018 were missing from our record. We present a reconstruction based on probability density function with respect to the Swedish and Finnish atmospheric monitoring sites in the region. Over all, ozone concentrations did not differ significantly between the two years. While temperatures and global irradiance diverged significantly from multi annual mean, precipitation varied only to some extend. Coincidentally, we have observed ozone-induced visible injuries on clovers in the ozone garden at Svanhovd in 2018, but not in 2019. We investigate the difference in uptake of ozone using the DO3SE model, with respect to the typical vegetation (e.g., birch and conifers) at<br>the location. We assess whether critical levels on POD1 for these species were breached. We find that an unadjusted transfer of currently used standard parameters and methodes on ozone damage assessment (IPC Mapping Manual) to vegetation in the subarctics will result in an missinterpretation of POD1 values.</p>

First models for structural energy transmission decoupling in the high frequency regime under aerodynamic excitations

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110200
Author(s):  
G Mazzeo ◽  
MN Ichchou ◽  
G Petrone ◽  
O Bareille ◽  
S De Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Vibrational Velocity ◽  
Frequency Regime ◽  
The Difference

In the wind tunnel facility, a test structure is often used for measuring its vibrational response to the aerodynamic excitation. A support is needed to sustaining the structure and it is mandatory that this support does not influence the vibrational energy to be measured. To this aim, the maximum amount of energy decoupling between the structure and the support is desired. This work is focused around a quick method to estimate this decoupling by using simplified models for the Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) excitation and for the structural response. Specifically, the Equivalent Rain-on-the-roof excitation is invoked with a Statistical Energy Analysis model for the structure. Some simple design rules are proposed and based on little information leading to foresee the difference of vibrational velocity levels between the two structural systems. A simplified test-case is used for the first investigations and a complex structure is finally conceived thinking to vibroacoustic measurements in a large wind tunnel facility. Although some results are largely expected, the global approach is promising.

scholarly journals Forecasting Agroforestry Ecosystem Services Provision in Urban Regeneration Projects: Experiences and Perspectives from Milan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambrogio Zanzi ◽  
Federico Andreotti ◽  
Valentina Vaglia ◽  
Sumer Alali ◽  
Francesca Orlando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Food System ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Food System ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Living Fences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pollution Removal ◽  
The Relationship

The expansion of urban agglomerates is causing significant environmental changes, while the demand and need for sustainability keep on growing. In this context, urban and peri-urban agriculture can play a crucial role, mainly if associated with an agroecological approach. Indeed, the extensive use of living fences and tree rows can improve the environmental quality, assuring ecosystem services (ES), developing a sustainable urban food system and increasing local productions and the related socio-economic improvements. This study aims to assess the benefits of an agroecological requalification of a dismissed peri-urban area in the South Milan Agricultural Regional Park (Italy), by evaluating two possible scenarios, both involving planting trees and shrubs in that area. The software I-Tree Eco simulates the ecosystem services provision of planting new hedgerows, evaluating the benefits over 30 years. The study underlines the difference between the two scenarios and how the planted area becomes an essential supplier of regulating ecosystem services for the neighbourhoods, increasing carbon storage and air pollution removal. Results were then analysed with a treemap, to better investigate and understand the relationship between the different ecosystem services, showing a notable increase in carbon sequestration at the end of the simulation (at year 30). The study shows a replicable example of a methodology and techniques that can be used to assess the ES in urban and peri-urban environments.

Variation of ozone concentrations in the ambient air of Baghdad

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 2673-2679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad I. Kanbour ◽  
Shatha Y. Faiq ◽  
Faiza A. Al-Taie ◽  
Abdul Messih N. Kitto ◽  
Nessren Bader
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ozone Concentrations

NATURAL RESOURCES AND RENTAL PAYMENTS: DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CONCEPTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Galina Titarenko ◽  
Oleksandra Titarenko
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
National Tax ◽  
Favorable Conditions

In the article the issue of concepts of natural resource rent and rent payment differentiation is actualized. It is stated that rent payment can be considered only that payment, which is made from entrepreneurial profit in the amount, which is caused by the difference between its normal level and surplus. The main criteria for rent payment are the following: it is shown as part of the entrepreneur's income. If you do not expect to receive entrepreneurial income, then such a payment can not be considered as rent. Then it is only a payment for the use of a resource in an economic activity, that is, a fee (formed at a cost approach or as a result of market equilibrium mechanisms) or a levy (quasi-fiscal fiscal payment of a permissive nature, that is, a fiscal levy), or a license fee for the use of a resource; it is paid not for the fact of using the resource in economic activity, but for receiving excess entrepreneurial income for the labor and capital expended because of more favorable conditions than other entrepreneurs. If there is no such excess profit, then the rent payment cannot be considered as it does not have an excess, rent component. It is noted that the rent payment today is a payment for the use of the resource or property rights tax, instead of fully removing the rent from the user's income. It is pointed out the need to revise the terminology used in the tax legislation, to clearly distinguish between concepts and, accordingly, fiscal instruments, such as: the fee for the special use of the resource, which is compensatory, compensatory and unconditionally paid by the natural resource for the involvement of the natural resource in its economic management and use economic purposes; the object of taxation is actually the resource (its quality, quantity), and the fact that determines the fiscal obligation is the exploitation of the resource by the user; tax, which is of a general nature and is paid by the owner of the taxable resource, whether or not the resource is used in business and income generation; rent (payment), which should be deducted from entrepreneurial profits in order to remove the income earned by an entrepreneur from his or her certain advantages over other entrepreneurs of the industry or business sector due to more favorable conditions than other business entities. Amendments to the national tax legislation need to be made to clearly define the terminology and appropriate mechanisms for applying these fiscal instruments in the economic activity of the state, which will, on the one hand, effectively tax property and apply a mechanism for levying resources to offset environmental costs, and the other is to fully remove from the entrepreneurs the rents they have earned for government purposes.

scholarly journals Measurement of Ozone Production Sensor

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cazorla ◽  
W. H. Brune
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
State University ◽  
Photostationary State ◽  
Sample Chamber ◽  
Efficiency Conversion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Teflon Film

Abstract. A new ambient air monitor, the Measurement of Ozone Production Sensor (MOPS), measures directly the rate of ozone production in the atmosphere. The sensor consists of two 11.3 L environmental chambers made of UV-transmitting Teflon film, a unit to convert NO2 to O3, and a modified ozone monitor. In the sample chamber, flowing ambient air is exposed to the sunlight so that ozone is produced just as it is in the atmosphere. In the second chamber, called the reference chamber, a UV-blocking film over the Teflon film prevents ozone formation but allows other processes to occur as they do in the sample chamber. The air flows that exit the two chambers are sampled by an ozone monitor operating in differential mode so that the difference between the two ozone signals, divided by the exposure time in the chambers, gives the ozone production rate. High-efficiency conversion of NO2 to O3 prior to detection in the ozone monitor accounts for differences in the NOx photostationary state that can occur in the two chambers. The MOPS measures the ozone production rate, but with the addition of NO to the sampled air flow, the MOPS can be used to study the sensitivity of ozone production to NO. Preliminary studies with the MOPS on the campus of the Pennsylvania State University show the potential of this new technique.

scholarly journals Ozone response to emission changes: a modeling study during the MCMA-2006/MILAGRO campaign

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 23419-23463 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Song ◽  
W. Lei ◽  
N. Bei ◽  
M. Zavala ◽  
B. de Foy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Emission Changes

Abstract. The sensitivity of ozone production to precursor emissions was investigated under five different meteorological conditions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during the MCMA-2006/MILAGRO field campaign using the gridded photochemical model CAMx driven by observation-nudged WRF meteorology. Precursor emissions were constrained by the comprehensive data from the field campaign and the routine ambient air quality monitoring network. Simulated plume mixing and transport were examined by comparing with measurements from the G-1 aircraft during the campaign. The observed concentrations of ozone precursors and ozone were well reproduced by the model. The effects of reducing precursor emissions on urban ozone production were performed for three representative emission control strategies. A 50% reduction in VOC emissions led to 7 to 22 ppb decrease in daily maximum ozone concentrations, while a 50% reduction in NOx emissions leads to 4 to 21 ppb increase, and 50% reductions in both NOx and VOC emission decrease the daily maximum ozone concentrations up to 10 ppb. These results along with a chemical indicator analysis using the chemical production ratios of H2O2 to HNO3 demonstrate that the MCMA urban core region is VOC-limited for all meteorological episodes, which is consistent with the results from MCMA-2003 field campaign; however the degree of the VOC-sensitivity is higher in the MCMA-2006 due to lower VOC/NOx emission ratio and VOC reactivity. Ozone formation in the surrounding mountain/rural area is mostly NOx-limited, but can be VOC-limited, and the range of the NOx-limited or VOC-limited areas depends on meteorology.

STUDYING THE SUBLIMATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (37) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Evgeniy N. NEVEROV ◽  
Igor A. KOROTKIY ◽  
Elena V. KOROTKAYA ◽  
Aleksandr N. RASSHCHEPKIN
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Sublimation Rate ◽  
Temperature Relation ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
The Difference

Background: The utilization of dry ice in cooling and storage units requires adjusting the intensity of sublimation due to the requirements of prudently using CO2 to maintain preset thermal conditions. Aim: When designing a carbon dioxide cycle, it is essential to consider the influence of thermal gradients on the adsorption and desorption of carbon dioxide. Methods: tests were conducted to study the production and sublimation of carbon dioxide. The testes were aimed to define the temperature relation of the dry ice sublimation period, the density of pressed СО2, and the humidity of the environment and concentration. Results and Discussion: According to the obtained test data, there was a linear relationship between the sublimation intensity and the ambient air temperature in the specified conditions. The effect of moisture condensation on the sublimation rate appeared weaker than expected, for the amount of moisture on the surface of the specimens was insignificant. The heat exchange was intensified by the fall of hoarfrost and the related surface expansion. However, much moisture froze out without reaching the dry ice surface, and the formed layer of ice formed a heat insulation surface, and the sublimation under that layer was less intensive. The direct influence of sublimation came from the pressure at which a specific specimen was formed; however, 75 kN pressure was optimal. Conclusion: Despite higher weight losses during the storage, the difference in spent energy is more critical than 90 kN. The factor no less important was the carbon dioxide storage temperature. The maximal sublimation time of a 55 g cylinder formed at 75 kN and stored at – 80°С was 135 hours, much higher than at similar parameters but at -60°С. That said, the amount of energy spent on operating a low-temperature chamber was almost identical.

Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the central Levantine Corridor during the Pliocene: insights from lacustrine settings 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Greenlee ◽  
Silas Dean ◽  
Nicolas Waldmann
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction ◽  
Cosmogenic Isotopes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Geochemical Proxies ◽  
Favorable Conditions

<p>This study aims to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental and climatic conditions affecting the Levantine corridor during the early Pliocene. For the purpose of this study, a ~20 m continuous core sequence was retrieved out of the ~200 m long, tilted Erk el Ahmar sequence previously dated by cosmogenic isotopes to ~3.5 Ma. The record include intercalating units consisting of sands, silts, and clays that were sampled in high resolution in order to analyze a variety of sedimentological and geochemical proxies of past climate and environmental changes. We present new preliminary, high-resolution sedimentological (laser diffraction granulometry), petrophysical (magnetic susceptibility) and compositional (X-ray fluorescence) data along with accompanying statistical analysis performed with an advanced suite of data-science tools. These results reveal new cycles of environmental change in the area, which appears to be orbitally controlled, and include dramatic changes also indicated by discrete strata of fossil fragments. Moreover, cycles of deposition can also provide hints on the major hydrological controlling mechanisms. This project provides new light into favorable conditions for the subsistence of perennial lake environments in the Levantine Corridor, which in turn may have facilitated faunal migration between Africa and Eurasia.</p>

Image analysis of wheat grains developed in different environments and its implications for identification

2006 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. SAINIS ◽  
S. P. SHOUCHE ◽  
S. G. BHAGWAT
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Varietal Identification ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Euclidean Distances ◽  
Grain Size And Shape

Varietal identification is an important aspect of crop research and utilization. Identification using computer-based image analysis could be an alternative to visual identification. However, the effectiveness of image analysis systems needs to be established under various real conditions. Three wheat varieties were sown on three different dates. Variation in the grain size and shape of these varieties, brought about by changes in the environmental conditions, was measured using Comprehensive Image Processing Software (CIPS). Some parameters showed considerable grain-to-grain variation, which was either inherent or due to environmental changes during grain filling. Euclidean distances were calculated using either means of all the parameters (ED1), or using only those parameters that did not show a high coefficient of variation (ED2). For samples of the same variety sown at different times, Euclidean distances were smaller compared with samples of different varieties, indicating that grains of the same variety resembled one another. By using the criterion of minimum Euclidean distance it was possible to distinguish between varieties, in spite of variation in grain shape and size due to environmental conditions. It was possible to identify correctly an unknown sample, taken as a test case.

Compliance Theory

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald B. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
International Environmental Agreements ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Environmental Agreements ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Induced Compliance ◽  
The Difference

International lawyers and legal scholars often assess the effects of international environmental agreements (IEAs) in terms of the extent to which states comply with their commitments. International relations scholars tend to examine IEA effects through a broader set of questions. They are concerned with any behavioural or environmental changes that can be attributed to an IEA – whether these changes involve compliance or not and regardless of whether these changes were desired, unintended, or even perverse. International relations scholars also focus on the reasons why states change their behaviour and what aspects, if any, of an IEA explain those behavioural changes. To see the difference between these approaches, consider four categories of behaviour: treaty-induced compliance, coincidental compliance, good faith non-compliance, and intentional non-compliance. This article reviews the theoretical terrain and shows that nominally ‘competing’ perspectives have different insights to offer those seeking to improve the practice of international environmental law.

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