NATURAL RESOURCES AND RENTAL PAYMENTS: DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CONCEPTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Galina Titarenko ◽  
Oleksandra Titarenko
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
National Tax ◽  
Favorable Conditions

In the article the issue of concepts of natural resource rent and rent payment differentiation is actualized. It is stated that rent payment can be considered only that payment, which is made from entrepreneurial profit in the amount, which is caused by the difference between its normal level and surplus. The main criteria for rent payment are the following: it is shown as part of the entrepreneur's income. If you do not expect to receive entrepreneurial income, then such a payment can not be considered as rent. Then it is only a payment for the use of a resource in an economic activity, that is, a fee (formed at a cost approach or as a result of market equilibrium mechanisms) or a levy (quasi-fiscal fiscal payment of a permissive nature, that is, a fiscal levy), or a license fee for the use of a resource; it is paid not for the fact of using the resource in economic activity, but for receiving excess entrepreneurial income for the labor and capital expended because of more favorable conditions than other entrepreneurs. If there is no such excess profit, then the rent payment cannot be considered as it does not have an excess, rent component. It is noted that the rent payment today is a payment for the use of the resource or property rights tax, instead of fully removing the rent from the user's income. It is pointed out the need to revise the terminology used in the tax legislation, to clearly distinguish between concepts and, accordingly, fiscal instruments, such as: the fee for the special use of the resource, which is compensatory, compensatory and unconditionally paid by the natural resource for the involvement of the natural resource in its economic management and use economic purposes; the object of taxation is actually the resource (its quality, quantity), and the fact that determines the fiscal obligation is the exploitation of the resource by the user; tax, which is of a general nature and is paid by the owner of the taxable resource, whether or not the resource is used in business and income generation; rent (payment), which should be deducted from entrepreneurial profits in order to remove the income earned by an entrepreneur from his or her certain advantages over other entrepreneurs of the industry or business sector due to more favorable conditions than other business entities. Amendments to the national tax legislation need to be made to clearly define the terminology and appropriate mechanisms for applying these fiscal instruments in the economic activity of the state, which will, on the one hand, effectively tax property and apply a mechanism for levying resources to offset environmental costs, and the other is to fully remove from the entrepreneurs the rents they have earned for government purposes.

Legal nature of documentary forms of international settlements and their use in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Tovkun ◽  
Liliyа Menkova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
Letter Of Credit ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Business Entities

Problem setting. Modern global economy is characterized by significant integration. In this regard, it becomes widespread cooperation between business entities located in different countries. Foreign economic activity of such entities is profitable, but at the same time complex activity with increased risk. Therefore, in the conclusion of the foreign trade agreement, in the process of harmonizing obligations, it is important to establish the most profitable interests of both exporter and importer. One of the main elements in carrying out foreign economic contracts is mutual settlements between the parties, that is, residents of different countries, which are called international calculations. Integrated research of advantages and disadvantages of using certain documentary forms of international settlements becomes increasingly relevant and needs considerable attention. This in turn will enable Ukraine’s business sector to effectively conduct foreign economic activity, to establish trust relations with foreign partners from different countries. Target research. The aim of the article is illumination the essence of documentary forms of international calculations used in modern foreign economic activity, establishing the advantages and disadvantages of their use, the formation of criteria for their effectiveness for subjects that carry out foreign economic activity, as well as consideration of issues of use of such forms of Ukrainian business entities. Analysis of the last researches and publications. The question of organization and forms of international calculations in the scientific works was examined by such foreign and home scientists V. V. Kozyk, N. M. Tiurina, N. S. Karvatska, O. V. Vasiurenko, V. V. Diachek, O. D. Kolosovska, V. S. Onishchenko , N. V. Kudlaieva and others. Article’s main body. World practice determines that international settlements are carried out in relevant forms that are conventionally divided into documentary and undocumented. Documentary forms of calculations are the letter of credit and collection. Up to 80% of payments in world trade is carried out using a letter of credit. In view of this, the authors in this article have identified the legal nature of documentary forms of calculations used in foreign economic relations, considered the advantages and disadvantages of such documentary forms of calculations as a letter of credit and collection, implemented a comparative analysis of forms calculations among themselves, and also analyzed the legislation and issues of use of these forms of Ukrainian entities of foreign economic management. Conclusions and prospect of development. The choice of parties to the foreign economic agreement of the optimal documentary settlement is an important condition for strengthening the financial and economic independence of the enterprise. In view of this, the importer so exporter should provide and take into account all the benefits and disadvantages of the use of a particular form of documentary calculations during foreign economic activity. Concerning the letter of credit, the most important problem of its application in Ukraine is the lack of confidence in Ukrainian banks by foreign partners because the latter establish such conditions for servicing letters of credit, which are often unacceptable for Ukrainian banks. Therefore, in order to effectively exist and develop Ukrainian banks in the world market, we believe that the state needs to improve the system of international settlements in line with current trends and improve the image of both Ukrainian companies and banks. This can be achieved through the use of tools to improve legislation in the settlement and credit sphere and the formation of an information base on solvency and reliability of Ukrainian and foreign companies, banks and their partners.

FEATURES OF REDISTRIBUTION OF RENTAL PAYMENTS THROUGH LAND TAXATION AND REAL ESTATE

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Chumachenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The article provides a comparative analysis of the structure of taxes and fees on the use of real estate in European countries. An analysis of the redistribution of fiscal payments of EU member states and some post-Soviet countries. The fiscal system is an important tool for the state redistribution of natural resource rent payments. As you know, the tax system is one of the main levers for creating favorable conditions for socio-economic development of the state and the greening of the environment. Research related to the study of the rental phenomenon has a long history. The concept of rent began to take shape long before the active discussion in economics. The article reveals the essence of the concept of rent and investigates the mechanisms of redistribution of rent payments from the use of natural resources. As you know, the taxation system, along with the legal and judicial systems, is one of the main levers for creating favorable conditions for socio-economic development of the state and the greening of the environment. The structure of real estate includes land resources (land plots), which form the basis of further economic activity. Owners or users of natural resources in the course of economic activity receive rent or income from the use of real estate. Rent payments from the use of natural resources (nature use) affect the filling of the budgets of many countries through the system of taxation of individuals and legal entities. In this way, local budgets, the state treasury, stabilization funds and funding for environmental protection and natural resources formed. Analyzing the state and intensity of nature management was found that the economic efficiency of use and redistribution of natural resource payments of European countries is significantly heterogeneous. In European countries, with a high level of development, the share of rent payments from the use of natural resources is insignificant, without the disadvantages of resource-oriented economies. The structure of budget revenues from the use of real estate, including land tax analyzed. The redistribution of fiscal payments for land in European countries on payments from sale (gift, inheritance), from use (actually land tax), from registration (registration fee) and other payments provided by the legislation of the country.

What Does Rent Give to Federal Budget (on the Russia's Budget Dependence upon "Oil Dollars")

2004 ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sharipova ◽  
I. Tcherkashin
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Government

Federal tax revenues from the main sectors of the Russian economy after the 1998 crisis are examined in the article. Authors present the structure of revenues from these sectors by main taxes for 1999-2003 and prospects for 2004. Emphasis is given to an increasing dependence of budget on revenues from oil and gas industries. The share of proceeds from these sectors has reached 1/3 of total federal revenues. To explain this fact world oil prices dynamics and changes in tax legislation in Russia are considered. Empirical results show strong dependence of budget revenues on oil prices. The analysis of changes in tax legislation in oil and gas industry shows that the government has managed to redistribute resource rent in favor of the state.

PROJECTIVE ACTIVITY APPROACH TO SPATAL MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE ASSETS

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Igor Bystryakov ◽  
Dmitry Klynovyi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Optimal Organization ◽  
Spatial Management ◽  
Business Ecosystems ◽  
Individual Value

The aim of the article is determination of system signs of the projective approach to the spatial management of natural resource assets in business-ecosystems through a competition and collaboration of management entities, with maximization of public welfare due to optimal organization of business processes in physical, informative and financial spaces. It is exposed a difference between projective-activity and economic-activity approaches as the displacement of administrative attention from an enterprise on a product, through realization of investment projects by totality of productive and logistic enterprises with creation its shared value, that exceeds individual value, created by a separate enterprise.

Ronald Coase and the Difference between Markets and Firms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham A. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Cost ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Transaction Cost Economics ◽  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Specific Investment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Marginal Revolution ◽  
The Way

This chapter reviews the development of transaction cost economics and unpacks its theory of the firm. The chapter begins with the marginal revolution in economics and how it altered the way economists understood the corporation. It then reviews the work of Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson, explaining how they provided a novel account of firms. Transaction cost economics emphasizes how firms use hierarchy and bureaucracy to overcome problems of opportunism and asset-specific investment to coordinate some types of economic activity more efficiently than markets can. The transaction cost account of the corporation’s productivity component is shown in tabular form in comparison with its historical forerunners reviewed in the previous chapter.

The Prosecutor in Arbitration: A Historical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.V. Kolesnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Society Business ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Degree Of Participation

The subject of the study is a retrospective of the legal norms formation. Under these norms the prosecutor will be able to govern the issues of ensuring the legitimate interests of the state, society, business entities and the rights of citizens in resolving disputes in the field of economic activity. Chronological framework of research includes the period from the establishment of prosecutor's office in 1722 up to the collapse of USSR in 1991. The relevant legislation is analyzed. The author examines the scope of prosecutor powers in this sphere at different stages of formation and development of prosecution, and reveals the problems of determining the prosecutor's office place in the system of existing at that time bodies of state power. It is concluded that the prosecution authorities, since their creation in Russia and up to the present stage of development, taking a greater or lesser degree of participation in the resolution of disputes in the sphere of economic activity, played a significant role in the protection of exclusively state interests. The interests of society, business entities and citizens in the sphere of economic activity if there is a dispute were considered only through the prism of such interests. The hierarchy of interests of participants of economic activity in dispute resolution was unbalanced and built without taking into account the interests of all participants of economic relations.

Revisiting the Case of China-Measures Involving the Exportation of Various Raw Materials from the perspective of Effectiveness of the Necessity Defence

2013 ◽  
pp. 264-285
Author(s):  
Xiuli Han ◽  
Zhiyi Liu ◽  
Lingzi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Management Pattern ◽  
Export Restrictions ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Gatt 1994

The case of Various Raw Materials has been settled. However, some issues in this case are still popular topics among Chinese scholars. The most controversial issues are whether China is entitled to invoke Article XX of the GATT 1994 to defend its export restrictions and whether China demonstrated its measures consistent with Article XX (b) and (g) of the GATT 1994. This paper points out that the Article XX of GATT 1994 in its essence is extremely difficult to be invoked successfully. What makes it even more difficult is ‘stereotype’ to China’s ‘exceptional circumstances’. In view of ineffectiveness of the necessity defence, changing economic management pattern to achieve sustainable development is the fundamental way to solve the problem of Chinese environmental protection as related to exploitation of natural resource.

scholarly journals German Tax System: Double Taxation Avoidance Conventions, Structure and Developments

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (30) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Florin Dumiter ◽  
Florin Turcas ◽  
Anca Opret
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Double Taxation ◽  
Tax System ◽  
German State ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Practical Analysis ◽  
National Tax ◽  
Taxation System

Abstract This paper presents the fundamentals of the tax system in general, the basic elements of a tax system as well as the organization of the German tax system analysis, especially throughout the tax levy and how the taxation typology functions. This theme was chosen in order to expose the principles of German taxation system. With a tumultuous and troubled history, mainly caused by the two World Wars‟ destructions, the German state is considered the „economic locomotive” and a pillar of the European Union. Germany‟s economy is mainly driven by the automotive industry, chemical industry, telecommunications, commerce and agriculture. Of particular importance is the qualitative analysis of conventions for the avoidance of double taxation concluded by Germany; and related implications on fiscal policy. The methodology used in this paper consists of presenting literature derived theories and practical analysis of the German tax system in terms of tax legislation and the evolution of double taxation conventions concluded by Germany with different countries. After the study, the conclusions on the size of the national tax system driven by the example of the German tax system were founded.

scholarly journals Simplification of access to systems of financing innovation enterprise

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
N. Vnukova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Support For Innovation ◽  
Business Entities

Problem setting. The development of innovative entrepreneurship is a strategic task of the state’s financial and economic policy. The high NBU discount rate and other risks slow the pace of this growth and limit the proper financial support for innovative entrepreneurship. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The problems of financial support of entrepreneurship was devoted to the work of O.O. Drugov, R. Pukala, materials of the Round Table “Economic and legal problems of development and promotion of economic activity in modern conditions”, etc. Target of research. To facilitate access to finance, global practice demonstrates the importance of applying national and regional programs related to either the direct financing of individual business projects or the creation of favorable conditions for attracting funding. Article’s main body. Examples of world practice for introducing programs to facilitate access to innovation entrepreneurship was considered. According to the statistical reporting, the sources of financing of scientific development by sectors of economic activity was identified, the use of entrepreneurs’ funds is analyzed, the priority of Kharkiv region in implementation of programs of support of innovation implementation was established. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The programmatic approach used to develop innovative entrepreneurship at the local level is an important component of these transformations, but needs to be expanded through funding, in particular through venture funds and other startup startups with international donors. The intrinsic features of small business entities require government support for innovation, which should be facilitated through access to funding from a variety of sources. When expanding the use of regional assistance programs, their methodology should be changed to enhance the capacity to develop innovative entrepreneurship.

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