African anthropogenic emissions inventory for gases and particles from 1990 to 2015

Abstract. There are very few African regional inventories providing biofuel and fossil fuel emissions. Within the framework of the DACCIWA project, we have developed an African regional anthropogenic emission inventory including the main African polluting sources (wood and charcoal burning, charcoal making, trucks, cars, buses and two-wheeled vehicles, open waste burning, and flaring). To this end, a database on fuel consumption and emission factors specific to Africa was established using the most recent measurements. New spatial proxies (road network, power plant geographical coordinates) were used to convert national emissions into gridded inventories at a 0.1∘ × 0.1∘ spatial resolution. This inventory includes carbonaceous particles (black and organic carbon) and gaseous species (CO, NOx, SO2 and NMVOCs) for the period 1990–2015 with a yearly temporal resolution. We show that all pollutant emissions are globally increasing in Africa during the period 1990–2015 with a growth rate of 95 %, 86 %, 113 %, 112 %, 97 % and 130 % for BC, OC, NOx, CO, SO2 and NMVOCs, respectively. We also show that Western Africa is the highest emitting region of BC, OC, CO and NMVOCs, followed by Eastern Africa, largely due to domestic fire and traffic activities, while Southern Africa and Northern Africa are the highest emitting regions of SO2 and NOx due to industrial and power plant sources. Emissions from this inventory are compared to other regional and global inventories, and the emissions uncertainties are quantified by a Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, this inventory highlights key pollutant emission sectors in which mitigation scenarios should focus on. The DACCIWA inventory (https://doi.org/10.25326/56, Keita et al., 2020) including the annual gridded emission inventory for Africa for the period 1990–2015 is distributed by the Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) system (https://eccad.aeris-data.fr/, last access: 19 July 2021). For review purposes, ECCAD has set up an anonymous repository where subsets of the DACCIWA data can be accessed directly through https://www7.obs-mip.fr/eccad/essd-surf-emis-dacciwa/ (last access: 19 July 2021).

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African Anthropogenic Emissions Inventory for gases and particles from 1990 to 2015

10.5194/essd-2020-328 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sekou Keita ◽

Catherine Liousse ◽

Eric-Michel Assamoi ◽

Thierno Doumbia ◽

N’Datchoh Evelyne Touré ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Ancillary Data ◽

Gaseous Species ◽

Carbonaceous Particles ◽

Emissions Inventory ◽

Set Up ◽

Plant Sources

Abstract. There are very few African regional inventories providing biofuel and fossil fuel emissions. Within the framework of the DACCIWA project, we have developed an African regional anthropogenic emission inventory including the main African polluting sources (wood and charcoal burning, charcoal making, truck, car, buses and two wheels vehicles, open waste burning and flaring). To this end, a database on fuel consumption and emission factors specific to Africa was established, using the most recent measurements. New spatial proxies (road network, power plant geographical coordinates) were used to convert national emissions into gridded inventories at a 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution. This inventory includes carbonaceous particles (black and organic carbon) and gaseous species (CO, NOx, SO2 and NMVOC) for the period 1990–2015 with a yearly temporal resolution. We show that all pollutant emissions are globally increasing in Africa during the period 1990–2015 with a growth rate of 95 %, 86 %, 113 %, 112 %, 97 %, and 130 % for BC, OC, NOx, CO, SO2 and NMVOC, respectively. We also show that West Africa is the highest emitting region of BC, OC, CO and NMVOC, followed by East Africa, largely due to domestic fire and traffic activities, while Southern Africa and Northern Africa are the highest emitting regions of SO2 and NOx due to industrial and power plant sources. Emissions from this inventory are compared to other regional and global inventories and its uncertainties are quantified by a Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, this inventory highlights key pollutant emission sectors in which mitigation scenarios should focus on. The DACCIWA inventory (https://doi.org/10.25326/56, Keita et al., 2017) including the annual gridded emission inventory for Africa for the period 1990–2015 are distributed from the Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) system (https://eccad.aeris-data.fr/). For review purposes, ECCAD has set up an anonymous repository where subsets of the DACCIWA data can be accessed directly https://www7.obs-mip.fr/eccad/essd-surf-emis-dacciwa/.

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Updated national emission inventory and comparison with the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR): case of Lebanon

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-17562-8 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Anwar Al Shami ◽

Elissar Al Aawar ◽

Abdelkader Baayoun ◽

Najat A. Saliba ◽

Jonilda Kushta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emission Inventory ◽

Model Performance ◽

Atmospheric Modeling ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Emission Inventories ◽

Gaseous Species ◽

Emission Standard ◽

Activity Data ◽

Atmospheric Research

AbstractPhysically based computational modeling is an effective tool for estimating and predicting the spatial distribution of pollutant concentrations in complex environments. A detailed and up-to-date emission inventory is one of the most important components of atmospheric modeling and a prerequisite for achieving high model performance. Lebanon lacks an accurate inventory of anthropogenic emission fluxes. In the absence of a clear emission standard and standardized activity datasets in Lebanon, this work serves to fill this gap by presenting the first national effort to develop a national emission inventory by exhaustively quantifying detailed multisector, multi-species pollutant emissions in Lebanon for atmospheric pollutants that are internationally monitored and regulated as relevant to air quality. Following the classification of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), we present the methodology followed for each subsector based on its characteristics and types of fuels consumed. The estimated emissions encompass gaseous species (CO, NOx, SO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). We compare totals per sector obtained from the newly developed national inventory with the international EDGAR inventory and previously published emission inventories for the country for base year 2010 presenting current discrepancies and analyzing their causes. The observed discrepancies highlight the fact that emission inventories, especially for data-scarce settings, are highly sensitive to the activity data and their underlying assumptions, and to the methodology used to estimate the emissions.

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Enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity in simulating air quality with updated emission inventories for power plants especially for haze periods over East China

10.5194/acp-2017-127 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Lei Zhang ◽

Tianliang Zhao ◽

Sunling Gong ◽

Shaofei Kong ◽

Lili Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Power Plants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

East China ◽

Emission Inventories

Abstract. Air pollutant emissions play a determinant role in deteriorating air quality. However, an uncertainty in emission inventories is still the key problem for modeling air pollution. In this study, an updated emission inventory of coal-fired power plants (UEIPP) based on online monitoring data in Jiangsu province of East China for the year of 2012 was implemented in the widely used Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC). By employing the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), two simulations were executed to assess the atmospheric environmental change by using the original MEIC emission inventory and the MEIC inventory with the UEIPP. A synthetic analysis shows that (1) compared to the power emissions of MEIC, PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NOx were lower, and CO, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and NMVOCs were higher in the UEIPP, reflecting a large discrepancy in the power emissions over East China; (2) In accordance with the changes of UEIPP, the modeled concentrations were reduced for SO2 and NO2, and increased for most areas of primary OC, BC and CO, whose concentrations in atmosphere are highly dependent on emission changes. (3) Interestingly, when the UEIPP was used, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity significantly reinforced, reflecting by increased oxidizing agents, e.g. O3 and OH, thus directly strengthened the chemical production from SO2 and NOx to sulfate and nitrate, which offset the reduction of primary PM2.5 emissions especially in the haze days. This study indicated the importance of updating air pollutant emission inventories in simulating the complex atmospheric environment changes with the implications on air quality and environmental changes.

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Analysis of Air Pollutant Emission Inventory from Farm Tractor Operations in Korea

Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.3390/asec2021-11187 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Gyu-Gang Han ◽

Jun-Hyuk Jeon ◽

Myoung-Ho Kim ◽

Seong-Min Kim

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

National Agency ◽

Metropolitan Cities ◽

Agricultural Tractors ◽

Engine Size

Due to the decline in the agricultural labor force and rapid aging of farmers, agricultural machinery is becoming larger, higher-performance, and diversified. In this study, an air pollutant emission inventory for agricultural tractors was analyzed and compared with the inventory developed by a national agency. Agricultural tractors include walking and riding tractors and, further, riding tractors were divided into three subcategories based on their engine size. In addition, tractor emissions were classified according to the usage time of each operation. Seven air pollutants, such as CO, NOx, SOx, TSP, VOCs (PM10), PM2.5, and NH3, were included in the inventory. The results showed that the total yearly emissions in 2017 were 3300 Mg, 9110 Mg, 4 Mg, 567 Mg, 522 Mg, 759 Mg, and 33 Mg for CO, NOx, SOx, TSP, VOCs, PM10, PM2.5, and NH3, respectively. The most emitted air pollutant in the transporting operation using walking tractors is NOx, and the amount of emission is 1023 Mg/y. Riding tractors mainly emit a large amount of NOx, in the order of medium, large, and small tractors. The NOx emissions from medium, large, and small riding tractors are 1103 Mg/y, 676 Mg/y, and 322 Mg/y, respectively, from harrowing operations and are 445 Mg/y, 273 Mg/y, and 130 Mg/y, respectively, from tilling operations. The results also showed that the total pollutant emissions from tractors were increased 10% compared to the emission inventory developed by a national agency due to categorizing riding tractors into three subcategories. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to spatially assign air pollutant variables to 17 provinces and metropolitan cities in Korea.

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CFD Simulation of Pollutant Emission in Power Plant Boilers

ASME 2011 Power Conference, Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/power2011-55110 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Iva´n F. Galindo-Garci´a ◽

Ana K. Va´zquez-Barraga´n ◽

Alejandro G. Mani´-Gonza´lez ◽

Miguel Rossano-Roma´n

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Nitrogen Oxides ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Cfd Simulation ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Mean Flow ◽

Flow Equations

A computational model is developed in order to investigate pollutant emissions from power plant boilers to the atmosphere. A well-known method of pollutant reduction is the modification of the combustion conditions to prevent their formation, and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes provide an effective tool for the analysis of the combustion process. In this paper CFD calculations were performed to analyze the effect of the amount of combustion air on the production and emission of nitrogen oxides, one of the main pollutants produced during the combustion process. For this analysis the appropriate modeling of the chemical and physical phenomena involved is important, because the production and transport of pollutant species strongly depend on the flow and temperature distributions in the furnace. Two case studies are presented: a pulverized coal-firing tangential boiler and a fuel-oil frontal boiler. The CFD calculations adopt a 3D-formulation of the mean flow equations in combination with the standard high-Reynolds-number k-ε turbulence model. The model domain consists of the whole boiler, from the burner nozzles up to the exit of the economizer. Due to their complex geometrical features and computational limitations bank tubes are not modeled individually, but are grouped in a total volume. A porous media region approach is then undertaken to model gas flow and heat transfer in each heat exchanger. Model validation is a difficult task due to the lack of available data from commercial utilities. Validation has been done using routinely measured global parameters. Relatively good agreement is obtained. Results show that increasing the amount of air reduce nitrogen oxides formation for the case of the tangential boiler, however for the frontal boiler case this behavior is not as evident. These results demonstrate that CFD simulations are a viable tool to study the effect some combustion parameters have on the production of pollutants. CFD results may help to establish trends that, in turn, may help to reduce pollutant emissions from power plant boilers.

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Combustion Optimization for Coal Fired Power Plant Boilers Based on Improved Distributed ELM and Distributed PSO

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12061036 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xinying Xu ◽

Qi Chen ◽

Mifeng Ren ◽

Lan Cheng ◽

Jun Xie

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Combustion Efficiency ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Combustion Model ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Coupling Characteristics ◽

Learning Machine ◽

Combustion Optimization

Increasing the combustion efficiency of power plant boilers and reducing pollutant emissions are important for energy conservation and environmental protection. The power plant boiler combustion process is a complex multi-input/multi-output system, with a high degree of nonlinearity and strong coupling characteristics. It is necessary to optimize the boiler combustion model by means of artificial intelligence methods. However, the traditional intelligent algorithms cannot deal effectively with the massive and high dimensional power station data. In this paper, a distributed combustion optimization method for boilers is proposed. The MapReduce programming framework is used to parallelize the proposed algorithm model and improve its ability to deal with big data. An improved distributed extreme learning machine is used to establish the combustion system model aiming at boiler combustion efficiency and NOx emission. The distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm based on MapReduce is used to optimize the input parameters of boiler combustion model, and weighted coefficient method is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem (boiler combustion efficiency and NOx emissions). According to the experimental analysis, the results show that the method can optimize the boiler combustion efficiency and NOx emissions by combining different weight coefficients as needed.

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Environmental Impact and External Costs Associated with Hub-and-Spoke Network in Air Transport

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 465

Author(s):

Mengyuan Sun ◽

Yong Tian ◽

Yao Zhang ◽

Muhammad Nadeem ◽

Can Xu

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Living Environment ◽

Strategic Decision ◽

Air Transport ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

External Costs ◽

Hub And Spoke ◽

City Network

Under the background of economic globalization, the air transport industry developed rapidly. It turns out that the city-to-city network has not been able to adapt well to the development of the society, and the hub-and-spoke network came into being. The hub-and-spoke network demonstrates the advantages of reducing the operating costs of airlines to keep a competitive advantage, and by maintaining the interests of airlines in the rapidly developing context. However, during the operation of aircrafts, they consume fuel and spew a great deal of harmful pollutants into the air, which has an adverse impact on the living environment. This paper explores the impact and external costs associated with hub-and-spoke network in air transport from an environmental perspective. With some mathematical models, we construct a hub-and-spoke network and take a quantitative study on the environmental impact of air transport. For calculating pollutant emissions, meteorological conditions were considered to revise the pollutant emission factors of the Engine Emissions Data Base (EEDB) published by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The environmental external costs measurement model is employed to calculate the externality of toxic gas and greenhouse gas (GHG). In order to make the study more convincing, two alternative networks are computed: hub-and-spoke network and city-to-city network. It is found that the hub-and-spoke network is associated with poorer environmental impact and environmental external costs because of the different network characteristics and the scale of the fleets. Therefore, under the general trend of green aviation, the environmental impact and environmental external costs associated with hub-and-spoke network in air transport provides a certain reference for airlines’ strategic decision-making.

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Bottom-Up Emission Inventory and Its Spatio-Temporal Distribution from Paved Road Dust Based on Field Investigation: A Case Study of Harbin, Northeast China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12040449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 449

Author(s):

Lili Li ◽

Kun Wang ◽

Zhijian Sun ◽

Weiye Wang ◽

Qingliang Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Road Dust ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

County Level ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Spatial Allocation ◽

Paved Road

Road dust is one of the primary sources of particulate matter which has implications for air quality, climate and health. With the aim of characterizing the emissions, in this study, a bottom-up approach of county level emission inventory from paved road dust based on field investigation was developed. An inventory of high-resolution paved road dust (PRD) emissions by monthly and spatial allocation at 1 km × 1 km resolution in Harbin in 2016 was compiled using accessible county level, seasonal data and local parameters based on field investigation to increase temporal-spatial resolution. The results demonstrated the total PRD emissions of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 in Harbin were 270,207 t, 54,597 t, 14,059 t, respectively. The temporal variation trends of pollutant emissions from PRD was consistent with the characteristics of precipitation, with lower emissions in winter and summer, and higher emissions in spring and autumn. The spatial allocation of emissions has a strong association with Harbin’s road network, mainly concentrating in the central urban area compared to the surrounding counties. Through scenario analysis, positive control measures were essential and effective for PRD pollution. The inventory developed in this study reflected the level of fugitive dust on paved road in Harbin, and it could reduce particulate matter pollution with the development of mitigation strategies and could comply with air quality modelling requirements, especially in the frigid region of northeastern China.

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Estimating the open biomass burning emissions in Central and Eastern China from 2003 to 2015 based on satellite observation

10.5194/acp-2018-282 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jian Wu ◽

Shaofei Kong ◽

Fangqi Wu ◽

Yi Cheng ◽

Shurui Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Burning ◽

Annual Variation ◽

Eastern China ◽

Satellite Observation ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Burned Area ◽

Management Policies ◽

Straw Burning ◽

Grassland Fire

Abstract. Open biomass burning (OBB) has significant impacts on air pollution, climate change and potential human health. OBB has raised wide attention but with few focus on the annual variation of pollutant emission. Central and Eastern China (CEC) is one of the most polluted regions in China. This study aims to provide a state-of the-art estimation of the pollutant emissions from OBB in CEC from 2003 to 2015, by adopting the satellite observation dataset (the burned area product (MCD64Al) and the active fire product (MCD14 ML)), local biomass data (updated biomass loading data and high-resolution vegetation data) and local emission factors. Monthly emissions of pollutants were estimated and allocated into a 1 × 1 km spatial grid for four types of OBB including grassland, shrubland, forest and cropland. From 2003 to 2015, the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland fire burning had a minor annual variation whereas the emissions from crop straw burning steadily increased. The cumulative emissions of OC, EC, CH4, NOX, NMVOC, SO2, NH3, CO, CO2 and PM2.5 were 3.64 × 103, 2.87 × 102, 3.05 × 103, 1.82 × 103, 6.4 × 103, 2.12 × 102, 4.67 × 103, 4.59 × 104, 9.39 × 105 and 4.13 × 102 Gg in these years, respectively. For cropland, corn straw burning was the largest contributor for all pollutant emissions, by 84 %–96 %. Among the forest, shrubland, grassland fire burning, forest fire burning emissions contributed the most and emissions from grassland fire was negligible due to few grass coverage in this region. High pollutant emissions were populated in the connection area of Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui, with emission intensity higher than 100 ton per pixel, which was related to the frequent agricultural activities in these regions. The monthly emission peak of pollutants occurred in summer and autumn harvest periods including May, June, September and October, at which period ~ 50 % of pollutants were emitted for OBB. This study highlights the importance in controlling the crops straw burning emission. From December to March of the next year, the crop residue burning emissions decreased, while the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland exhibited their highest values, leading to another small peak emissions of pollutants. Obvious regional differences in seasonal variations of OBB were observed due to different local biomass types and environmental conditions. Rural population, agricultural output, local burning habits, anthropological activities and management policies are all influence factors for OBB emissions. The successful adoption of double satellite dataset for long term estimation of pollutants from OBB with a high spatial resolution can support the assessing of OBB on regional air-quality, especially for harvest periods or dry seasons. It is also useful to evaluate the effects of annual OBB management policies in different regions.

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Research on Additional Specific Consumption Distribution of Biomass Direct Combustion Power Plant

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.631 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 347-353 ◽

pp. 631-634

Author(s):

Qin Liang Tan ◽

Cai Juan Zhang ◽

Xiao Ying Hu ◽

Li Gang Wang ◽

Qiang Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Specific Consumption ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Direct Combustion ◽

Analysis Theory ◽

Biomass Power Plant

Biomass direct combustion power generation is the most simple but effective way in dealing with environmental issues and energy crisis. A comprehensive diagnosis with accurate evaluation of energy saving potential of a given biomass power plant is of great importance in lowing the cost of generating electricity, reducing the consumption of energy and pollutant emissions [1]. This paper throws light upon an innovative energy consumption diagnosis method-the specific consumption analysis theory, which is based on the First and Second law of thermodynamics [2,3]. Taking a given biomass power plant of National Energy Group as an example, mathematical models are made based on all the components and processes. The specific consumption analysis theory is employed to calculate the specific consumption within the biomass power plant using design parameters under design operating conditions, thus demonstrating the specific consumption distribution in the power plant, which provides theoretical basis for energy-saving and optimization in biomass power plant.

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