Analysis of Air Pollutant Emission Inventory from Farm Tractor Operations in Korea

Due to the decline in the agricultural labor force and rapid aging of farmers, agricultural machinery is becoming larger, higher-performance, and diversified. In this study, an air pollutant emission inventory for agricultural tractors was analyzed and compared with the inventory developed by a national agency. Agricultural tractors include walking and riding tractors and, further, riding tractors were divided into three subcategories based on their engine size. In addition, tractor emissions were classified according to the usage time of each operation. Seven air pollutants, such as CO, NOx, SOx, TSP, VOCs (PM10), PM2.5, and NH3, were included in the inventory. The results showed that the total yearly emissions in 2017 were 3300 Mg, 9110 Mg, 4 Mg, 567 Mg, 522 Mg, 759 Mg, and 33 Mg for CO, NOx, SOx, TSP, VOCs, PM10, PM2.5, and NH3, respectively. The most emitted air pollutant in the transporting operation using walking tractors is NOx, and the amount of emission is 1023 Mg/y. Riding tractors mainly emit a large amount of NOx, in the order of medium, large, and small tractors. The NOx emissions from medium, large, and small riding tractors are 1103 Mg/y, 676 Mg/y, and 322 Mg/y, respectively, from harrowing operations and are 445 Mg/y, 273 Mg/y, and 130 Mg/y, respectively, from tilling operations. The results also showed that the total pollutant emissions from tractors were increased 10% compared to the emission inventory developed by a national agency due to categorizing riding tractors into three subcategories. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to spatially assign air pollutant variables to 17 provinces and metropolitan cities in Korea.

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Comparison of Diesel Tractor Emissions in Korea

10.20944/preprints202112.0006.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gyu Gang Han ◽

Jun Hyuk Jeon ◽

Myoung Ho Kim ◽

Jeong Min Lee ◽

Seong Min Kim

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Agricultural Labor ◽

The Hours ◽

High Emission ◽

Soil Preparation ◽

Power Tiller ◽

Agricultural Tractors ◽

Tier 3

Due to the shortage of agricultural labor forces and rapid aging of farmers, the utilization of tractors is becoming popular and essential in Korea. Tractors can be classified into two types, a walking tractor called as a power tiller and a riding tractor. In this study, agricultural tractors including walking and riding types were categorized into 4 levels by rated output power. And diesel emission inventory of tractors was established and analyzed using 2011 and 2019 survey data in Korea. Emission inventory including CO, NOx, SOx, TSP(PM10), PM2.5, VOCs and NH3 were established using Tier 3 methodology. The total amount of emission using agricultural tractors was decreased about 13% from 2011 to 2019. The number of walking tractors were decreased by about 19% in 8 years, on the other hand that of riding tractors were increased by about 12%. However, the emission reduction is about 48% for walking tractors and the emission increment is about 5% for riding tractors. Thus, the total emission from agricultural tractors was decreased by about 16% in those periods. It is due to the decrease of 21% and 15% in the hours of use of walking and riding tractors, respectively, in 2019. Walking tractors mainly emit air pollutants from spraying and transporting. Riding tractors mainly 61% of total air pollutants emits from soil preparation and transporting operations. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to spatially assign air pollutants variables into 17 provinces and metropolitan cities in Korea. High emission generating regions and changes of emissions during 8 years were clearly seen in GIS analysis. High air pollutant emitting regions are mainly located in the western and southern regions of Korea, which have plenty of arable areas compared to other regions in Korea.

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Enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity in simulating air quality with updated emission inventories for power plants especially for haze periods over East China

10.5194/acp-2017-127 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Lei Zhang ◽

Tianliang Zhao ◽

Sunling Gong ◽

Shaofei Kong ◽

Lili Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Power Plants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

East China ◽

Emission Inventories

Abstract. Air pollutant emissions play a determinant role in deteriorating air quality. However, an uncertainty in emission inventories is still the key problem for modeling air pollution. In this study, an updated emission inventory of coal-fired power plants (UEIPP) based on online monitoring data in Jiangsu province of East China for the year of 2012 was implemented in the widely used Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC). By employing the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), two simulations were executed to assess the atmospheric environmental change by using the original MEIC emission inventory and the MEIC inventory with the UEIPP. A synthetic analysis shows that (1) compared to the power emissions of MEIC, PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NOx were lower, and CO, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and NMVOCs were higher in the UEIPP, reflecting a large discrepancy in the power emissions over East China; (2) In accordance with the changes of UEIPP, the modeled concentrations were reduced for SO2 and NO2, and increased for most areas of primary OC, BC and CO, whose concentrations in atmosphere are highly dependent on emission changes. (3) Interestingly, when the UEIPP was used, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity significantly reinforced, reflecting by increased oxidizing agents, e.g. O3 and OH, thus directly strengthened the chemical production from SO2 and NOx to sulfate and nitrate, which offset the reduction of primary PM2.5 emissions especially in the haze days. This study indicated the importance of updating air pollutant emission inventories in simulating the complex atmospheric environment changes with the implications on air quality and environmental changes.

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Estimation of Air Pollutant Emissions in Eastern Indonesia from Non-Oil and Gas Sources (Case Study in Sulawesi and Papua)

JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) ◽

10.20961/jkpk.v3i3.24754 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 152

Author(s):

Dessy Gusnita ◽

Dita Fatria

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Estimation Method ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Eastern Indonesia ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Emission Estimation ◽

Papua Barat

Estimation of air pollutant emissions from non-oil and gas sources in eastern Indonesia, namely Sulawesi and Papua provinces during the period 2014 – 2016 was conducted. This paper intended to estimate the emission of three air pollutants namely NOx, SO2 and CO2. The aim was to find out the amount of pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Sulawesi and Papua regions. The method used was the emission estimation method based on statistical data of Gross Regional Domestic Income (GRDP) in the Papua and Sulawesi regions. The results from estimation of pollutant emissions was then carried out for pollutant emissions mapping. The pollutant emission estimation showed the emission of air pollutants in Sulawesi region was higher than Papua. The mapping of emissions in Sulawesi were consisted of four provinces, namely north, central, south and southeast Sulawesi. The Papua region were consisted of Papua and west Papua provinces. The highest emission in Sulawesi region was south Sulawesi. The CO2 emission in Sulawesi was increase about 23% with the detail value; 84.4 tons in 2014; 94.3 tons in 2015; and 103.7 tons in 2016. The emission of NOx during 2014 until 2016 are 0.53, 0.58 and 0.64 tons, there was an increasing in the emission of NOx around 21%. In addition, SO2 emission of south Sulawesi are 0.42 tons in 2014, 0.47 tons in 2015 and 0.51 tons in 2016, increased about 21 % during the year 2014 - 2016. In the Papua region, the emission in Papua was higher than Papua Barat province. CO2 emissions in Papua during 2014 -2016 were 112, 124.8 and 144.99 tons, it means the CO2 was increased 29%. The emission of NOx during 2014-2016 were 0.70, 0.77 and 0.89 tons, increased around 27%. In addition, SO2 emission was increase 26% with the detail value; 0.56 tons in 2014; 0.61 tons in 2015 and 0.71 tons in 2016.

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Emerging Concerns on Air Pollutants from Chemistry Laboratories of University: Ozone Formation Potential, Emission Characteristics, and Emission Inventory in Beijing, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-449206/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chenlong Wang ◽

Xiaoxi Zhang ◽

Kun Wang ◽

Jiajia Gao ◽

Penglai Zuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Ozone Formation ◽

Formation Potential ◽

Ozone Formation Potential ◽

Materials Used

Abstract Chemical laboratories of Universities are an important source of air pollutant emissions in urban area, but their detailed emission factors have rarely been investigated. This study determined the concentration level and chemical composition spectrum of air pollutants from 21 typical chemical laboratories of universities in Beijing. Based on quantitative analysis using a GC-MS/FTIR/FID system, the emission intensity of each laboratory area was estimated, the ozone formation potential (OFP) was calculated, and the emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants in chemical laboratories of universities in Beijing was estimated. According to the results, the atmospheric pollutants discharged by the laboratories could be characterized by wide species distribution and low concentrations of single components. The average concentrations of atmospheric pollutants from the three outlets were 20.6 ± 8.9 µmol/mol (mean ± S.D.), 26.5 ± 4.8 µmol/mol, and 14.7 ± 5.8 µmol/mol. VOC emission was significantly affected using organic solvents. Pollutant emissions from the laboratories exhibited strong periodicity, and the raw materials used in the experiments were the main factor affecting the final pollutant concentration. The emission intensities of atmospheric pollutants from the three outlets were 35.06 ± 38.08 g/(m2·d), 22.83 ± 18.88 g/(m2·d) and 24.03 ± 28.78 g/(m2·d), and their TOFP were 27.8 ± 39.1 µmol/mol, 22.0 ± 21.2 µmol/mol, and 14.5 ± 28.9 µmol/mol. The total emission of atmospheric pollutants from university chemical laboratories in Beijing in 2019 was estimated at approximately 2630.8 ± 2710.3 t, including 675.8 ± 610.6 t of inorganic gaseous pollutants and 1932.0 ± 2081.2 t of VOCs, with Haidian District as the largest contributor.

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Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by using a consumption-based emission inventory

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-15-5443-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 5443-5456 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

H. Y. Zhao ◽

Q. Zhang ◽

D. B. Guan ◽

S. J. Davis ◽

Z. Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Economic Status ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Pollution Transport ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Model Framework ◽

Central Regions

Abstract. Substantial anthropogenic emissions from China have resulted in serious air pollution, and this has generated considerable academic and public concern. The physical transport of air pollutants in the atmosphere has been extensively investigated; however, understanding the mechanisms how the pollutant was transferred through economic and trade activities remains a challenge. For the first time, we quantified and tracked China's air pollutant emission flows embodied in interprovincial trade, using a multiregional input–output model framework. Trade relative emissions for four key air pollutants (primary fine particle matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds) were assessed for 2007 in each Chinese province. We found that emissions were significantly redistributed among provinces owing to interprovincial trade. Large amounts of emissions were embodied in the imports of eastern regions from northern and central regions, and these were determined by differences in regional economic status and environmental policy. It is suggested that measures should be introduced to reduce air pollution by integrating cross-regional consumers and producers within national agreements to encourage efficiency improvement in the supply chain and optimize consumption structure internationally. The consumption-based air pollutant emission inventory developed in this work can be further used to attribute pollution to various economic activities and final demand types with the aid of air quality models.

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Gridded Emissions of Air Pollutants for the period 1970–2012 within EDGAR v4.3.2

10.5194/essd-2018-31 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Monica Crippa ◽

Diego Guizzardi ◽

Marilena Muntean ◽

Edwin Schaaf ◽

Frank Dentener ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Activity Data ◽

Time Period ◽

Over Time

Abstract. The new version v4.3.2 of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2) compiles gaseous and particulate air pollutant emissions, making use of the same anthropogenic sectors, time period (1970–2012) and international activity data as used for estimating GHG emissions as described in a companion paper (Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2017). All human activities, except large scale biomass burning and land use, land-use change and forestry, are included in the emissions calculation. The bottom-up compilation methodology of sector-specific emissions was applied consistently for all world countries, providing methodological transparency and comparability between countries. In addition to the activity data used to estimate GHG emissions, air pollutant emissions are determined by the process technology and end-of-pipe emission reduction abatements. Region-specific emission factors and abatement measures were selected from recent scientific available literature and reports. Compared to previous versions of EDGAR, the EDGAR v4.3.2 dataset covers all gaseous and particulate air pollutants, has extended time series (1970–2012) and has been evaluated with QC/QA procedures both for the emission time series (e.g. PM mass balance, gap-filling for missing data, split-up of countries over time, etc.) and gridmaps (full coverage of the world, complete mapping of EDGAR emissions with sector-specific proxies, etc.). This publication focuses on the gaseous air pollutants of CO, NOx, SO2, total NMVOC and NH3 and on the aerosols PM10, PM2.5, BC and OC. Considering the 1970–2012 time period, global emissions of SO2 increased from 99 to 103 Tg, CO from 441 to 562 Tg, NOx from 68 to 122 Tg, NMVOC from 119 to 170 Tg, NH3 from 25 to 59 Tg, PM10 from 37 to 65 Tg, PM2.5 from 24 to 41 Tg, BC from 2.7 to 4.5 Tg and OC from 9 to 11 Tg. We present the country-specific emission totals and analyse the larger emitting countries (including the European Union), to provide insights on major sector contributions. In addition, per capita and per GDP emissions and implied emission factors – the apparent emissions per unit of production or energy consumption are presented. We find that the implied EFs are higher for low income countries compared to high income countries, but in both cases decreasing from 1970 to 2012. The comparison with other global inventories, such as HTAP v2.2 and CEDS, reveals insights on the uncertainties as well as the impact of data revisions (e.g. activity data, emission factors, etc.). As an additional metric we analyse the emission ratios of some pollutants to CO2 (e.g. CO/CO2, NOx/CO2, NOx/CO and SO2/CO2) by sector, region and time to identify any decoupling of air pollutant emissions from energy production activities and to demonstrate the potential of such ratios to compare to satellite derived emission data. Gridded emissions are also made available for the 1970–2012 historic time series, disaggregated for 26 anthropogenic sectors using updated spatial proxies. The analysis of the evolution of hot spots over time allowed us to identify areas with growing emissions and where emissions should be constrained to improve global air quality (e.g. China, India, Middle East and some Southern American countries are often characterized by high emitting areas which are changing rapidly compared to Europe or USA where stable or decreasing emissions are evaluated). Sector-and component specific contributions to gridcell emissions may help the modelling and satellite communities to disaggregate atmospheric column amounts and concentrations into main emitting sectors. This work addresses not only the emission inventory and modelling communities, but also aims to broaden the usefulness information available in a global emission inventory such as EDGAR to also include the measurement community. Data are publicly available online through the EDGAR website http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=432_AP&SECURE=123 and registered under DOI: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2904/JRC_DATASET_EDGAR.

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Collaborative Governance Mechanism of Climate Change and Air Pollution: Evidence from China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13126785 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 6785

Author(s):

Bing Wang ◽

Yifan Wang ◽

Yuqing Zhao

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Synergistic Effect ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Industrial Carbon

Since entering the industrialized era, China’s greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant emissions have increased rapidly. China is the country with the most greenhouse gas emissions, and it is also facing serious local air pollution problems. China’s industrial sector is the largest contributor to CO2 and air pollutants. The resulting climate change and air pollution issues have caused China to face double pressures. This article uses the CO2 and comprehensive air pollutant emission data of China’s industrial sector as a starting point and uses econometric research methods to explore the synergy between China’s industrial carbon emission reduction and industrial comprehensive air pollutant emission reduction. The synergistic effect between industrial carbon emissions and industrial comprehensive air pollutant emissions has been quantified, and the transmission path of the synergistic effect has been explored. The empirical results show that there are benefits of synergistic governance between climate change and air pollution in China’s industrial sector. Every 1000 tons of carbon reduction in the industrial sector will result in 1 ton of comprehensive air pollutant reduction. The increase in R&D expenditure in the energy and power sector can significantly promote the reduction of air pollutants in the industrial sector. Increasing the intensity of environmental regulations is the main expansion path for synergy. However, in eastern, central, and western China, the synergy is not the same. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate regionally differentiated emission reduction policies. The research conclusions of this article can provide policy references for the coordinated governance of climate change and air pollution in China.

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Response of Global Air Pollutant Emissions to Climate Change and Its Potential Effects on Human Life Expectancy Loss

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11133670 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 3670 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qianwen Cheng ◽

Manchun Li ◽

Feixue Li ◽

Haoqing Tang

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Human Life ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Geographical Environment

Geographical environment and climate change are basic factors for spatial fluctuations in the global distribution of air pollutants. Against the background of global climate change, further investigation is needed on how meteorological characteristics and complex geographical environment variations can drive spatial air pollution variations. This study analyzed the response of air pollutant emissions to climate change and the potential effects of air pollutant emissions on human health by integrating the air pollutant emission simulation model (GAINS) with 3 versions and CMIP5. The mechanism by which meteorological characteristics and geographical matrices can drive air pollution based on monitoring data at the site-scale was also examined. We found the total global emission of major air pollutants increased 1.32 times during 1970–2010. Air pollutant emissions will increase 2.89% and 4.11% in China and developed countries when the scenario of only maximum technically feasible reductions is performed (V4a) during 2020–2050. However, it will decrease 19.33% and 6.78% respectively by taking the V5a climate scenario into consideration, and precipitation variation will contribute more to such change, especially in China. Locally, the air circulation mode that is dominated by local geographical matrices and meteorological characteristics jointly affect the dilution and diffusion of air pollutants. Therefore, natural conditions, such as climate changes, meteorological characteristics and topography, play an important role in spatial air pollutant emissions and fluctuations, and must be given more attention in the processes of air pollution control policy making.

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EVOLUTION OF POLLUTANTS EMISSIONIN RELATION TOROAD TRAFFIC IN THE CITY OF LOME (TOGO) FROM 2010 TO 2019

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/13875 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Kokou SABI ◽

◽

Hezouwe SONLA ◽

Moursalou KORIKO ◽

Kokou Eric GBEDJANGNI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Capital City ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Pollutants Emission ◽

The City

The automobile fleet in Togo has increased in the last decades with a patchwork of vehicles that are in majority older than ten (10) years. Until 2019, the car fleet in Togo was almost dependent upon petroleum products, and was consequentlya source of air pollutants emission. Lome is the capital city of Togo with the characteristic of having the highest road traffic volume that significantly impacts air quality. In accordance with the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guide and the COPERT method, emissions of carbone monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and particulate matter (PM) are respectively estimated to: 2621.674 tCO 82.444 tNOx 558.778 tNMVOC and 7.241 tPM. In the time series 2010-2019, emissions of CO, NMVOCs and NOx fell overall with average yearly rates by respectively 83,0234 66,4888 and 0,8073 t/year whereas the PM emission rose(0,8208 t/year).

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Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by a consumption-based emission inventory

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-14-25617-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (18) ◽

pp. 25617-25650 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H. Y. Zhao ◽

Q. Zhang ◽

S. J. Davis ◽

D. Guan ◽

Z. Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Supply Chain ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Economic Status ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Pollution Transport ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Goods And Services

Abstract. High anthropogenic emissions from China have resulted in serious air pollution, and it has attracted considerable academic and public concern. The physical transport of air pollutants in the atmosphere has been extensively investigated, however, understanding the mechanisms how the pollutants were transferred through economic and trade activities remains challenge. In this work, we assessed China's virtual air pollutant transport embodied in trade, by using consumption-based accounting approach. We first constructed a consumption-based emission inventory for China's four key air pollutants (primary PM2.5, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC)) in 2007, based on the bottom-up sectoral emission inventory concerning their production activities – a production-based inventory. We used a multiregional input-output (MRIO) model to integrate the sectoral production-based emissions and the associated economic and trade activities, and finally obtained consumption-based inventory. Unlike the production-based inventory, the consumption-based inventory tracked emissions throughout the supply chain related to the consumption of goods and services and hereby identified the emission flows followed the supply chains. From consumption-based perspective, emissions were significantly redistributed among provinces due to interprovincial trade. Large amount of emissions were embodied in the net imports of east regions from northern and central regions; these were determined by differences in the regional economic status and environmental policies. We also calculated the emissions embodied in exported and imported goods and services. It is found that 15–23% of China's pollutant emissions were related to exports for foreign consumption; that proportion was much higher for central and export-oriented coastal regions. It is suggested that measures should be introduced to reduce air pollution by integrating cross-regional consumers and producers in national agreements to encourage efficiency improvement in the supply chain and optimizing consumption structure internationally. The consumption-based air pollutants emission inventory developed in this work can be further used to attribute pollution to different economic activities and final demand types with the aid of air quality models.

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