scholarly journals Bacterial biomass distribution in the global ocean

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Buitenhuis ◽  
W. K. W. Li ◽  
M. W. Lomas ◽  
D. M. Karl ◽  
M. R. Landry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Bacterial Abundance ◽  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
Carbon Biomass ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Ocean Measurements ◽  
Carbon Inventory

Abstract. We compiled a database of bacterial abundance of 39 766 data points. After gridding with 1° spacing, the database covers 1.3% of the ocean surface. There is data covering all ocean basins and depth except the Southern Hemisphere below 350 m or from April until June. The average bacterial biomass is 3.9 ± 3.6 μg l−1 with a 20-fold decrease between the surface and the deep sea. We estimate a total ocean inventory of about 1.3 × 1029 bacteria. Using an average of published open ocean measurements for the conversion from abundance to carbon biomass of 9.1 fg cell−1, we calculate a bacterial carbon inventory of about 1.2 Pg C. The main source of uncertainty in this inventory is the conversion factor from abundance to biomass. http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.779142

scholarly journals Picoheterotroph (<i>Bacteria</i> and <i>Archaea</i>) biomass distribution in the global ocean

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Buitenhuis ◽  
W. K. W. Li ◽  
M. W. Lomas ◽  
D. M. Karl ◽  
M. R. Landry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
Carbon Biomass ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Ocean Measurements ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Carbon Inventory

Abstract. We compiled a database of 39 766 data points consisting of flow cytometric and microscopical measurements of picoheterotroph abundance, including both Bacteria and Archaea. After gridding with 1° spacing, the database covers 1.3% of the ocean surface. There are data covering all ocean basins and depths except the Southern Hemisphere below 350 m or from April until June. The average picoheterotroph biomass is 3.9 &amp;pm; 3.6 μg C l−1 with a 20-fold decrease between the surface and the deep sea. We estimate a total ocean inventory of about 1.3 × 1029 picoheterotroph cells. Surprisingly, the abundance in the coastal regions is the same as at the same depths in the open ocean. Using an average of published open ocean measurements for the conversion from abundance to carbon biomass of 9.1 fg cell−1, we calculate a picoheterotroph carbon inventory of about 1.2 Pg C. The main source of uncertainty in this inventory is the conversion factor from abundance to biomass. Picoheterotroph biomass is ~2 times higher in the tropics than in the polar oceans. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.779142

scholarly journals Picophytoplankton biomass distribution in the global ocean

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Buitenhuis ◽  
W. K. W. Li ◽  
D. Vaulot ◽  
M. W. Lomas ◽  
M. R. Landry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
The North ◽  
Carbon Biomass ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Data Coverage

Abstract. The smallest marine phytoplankton, collectively termed picophytoplankton, have been routinely enumerated by flow cytometry since the late 1980s during cruises throughout most of the world ocean. We compiled a database of 40 946 data points, with separate abundance entries for Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes. We use average conversion factors for each of the three groups to convert the abundance data to carbon biomass. After gridding with 1° spacing, the database covers 2.4% of the ocean surface area, with the best data coverage in the North Atlantic, the South Pacific and North Indian basins, and at least some data in all other basins. The average picophytoplankton biomass is 12 &amp;pm; 22 μg C l−1 or 1.9 g C m−2. We estimate a total global picophytoplankton biomass of 0.53–1.32 Pg C (17–39% Prochlorococcus, 12–15% Synechococcus and 49–69% picoeukaryotes), with an intermediate/best estimate of 0.74 Pg C. Future efforts in this area of research should focus on reporting calibrated cell size and collecting data in undersampled regions. http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.777385

scholarly journals Picophytoplankton biomass distribution in the global ocean

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Buitenhuis ◽  
W. K. W. Li ◽  
D. Vaulot ◽  
M. W. Lomas ◽  
M. Landry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
The North ◽  
Carbon Biomass ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Data Coverage

Abstract. The smallest marine phytoplankton, collectively termed picophytoplankton, have been routinely enumerated by flow cytometry since the late 1980s, during cruises throughout most of the world ocean. We compiled a database of 40 946 data points, with separate abundance entries for Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes. We use average conversion factors for each of the three groups to convert the abundance data to carbon biomass. After gridding with 1° spacing, the database covers 2.4% of the ocean surface area, with the best data coverage in the North Atlantic, the South Pacific and North Indian basins. The average picophytoplankton biomass is 12 &amp;pm; 22 μg C l−1 or 1.9 g C m−2. We estimate a total global picophytoplankton biomass of 0.53–0.74 Pg C (17–39% Prochlorococcus, 12–15% Synechococcus and 49–69% picoeukaryotes). Future efforts in this area of research should focus on reporting calibrated cell size, and collecting data in undersampled regions.

scholarly journals Carbon burial in deep-sea sediment and implications for oceanic inventories of carbon and alkalinity over the last glacial cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1819-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Cartapanis ◽  
Eric D. Galbraith ◽  
Daniele Bianchi ◽  
Samuel L. Jaccard
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Last Glacial ◽  
Carbon Burial ◽  
Order Constraint ◽  
The Last Glacial ◽  
Carbon Inventory

Abstract. Although it has long been assumed that the glacial–interglacial cycles of atmospheric CO2 occurred due to increased storage of CO2 in the ocean, with no change in the size of the “active” carbon inventory, there are signs that the geological CO2 supply rate to the active pool varied significantly. The resulting changes of the carbon inventory cannot be assessed without constraining the rate of carbon removal from the system, which largely occurs in marine sediments. The oceanic supply of alkalinity is also removed by the burial of calcium carbonate in marine sediments, which plays a major role in air–sea partitioning of the active carbon inventory. Here, we present the first global reconstruction of carbon and alkalinity burial in deep-sea sediments over the last glacial cycle. Although subject to large uncertainties, the reconstruction provides a first-order constraint on the effects of changes in deep-sea burial fluxes on global carbon and alkalinity inventories over the last glacial cycle. The results suggest that reduced burial of carbonate in the Atlantic Ocean was not entirely compensated by the increased burial in the Pacific basin during the last glacial period, which would have caused a gradual buildup of alkalinity in the ocean. We also consider the magnitude of possible changes in the larger but poorly constrained rates of burial on continental shelves, and show that these could have been significantly larger than the deep-sea burial changes. The burial-driven inventory variations are sufficiently large to have significantly altered the δ13C of the ocean–atmosphere carbon and changed the average dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity concentrations of the ocean by more than 100 µM, confirming that carbon burial fluxes were a dynamic, interactive component of the glacial cycles that significantly modified the size of the active carbon pool. Our results also suggest that geological sources and sinks were significantly unbalanced during the late Holocene, leading to a slow net removal flux on the order of 0.1 PgC yr−1 prior to the rapid input of carbon during the industrial period.

scholarly journals MAREDAT: towards a World Ocean Atlas of MARine Ecosystem DATa

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1077-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Buitenhuis ◽  
M. Vogt ◽  
R. Moriarty ◽  
N. Bednaršek ◽  
S. C. Doney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Biomass Distribution ◽  
Phytoplankton Pigment ◽  
Autotrophic Biomass ◽  
Ocean Ecosystem ◽  
World Ocean Atlas

Abstract. We present a summary of biomass data for 11 Plankton Functional Types (PFTs) plus phytoplankton pigment data, compiled as part of the MARine Ecosystem biomass DATa (MAREDAT) initiative. The goal of the MAREDAT initiative is to provide global gridded data products with coverage of all biological components of the global ocean ecosystem. This special issue is the first step towards achieving this. The PFTs presented here include picophytoplankton, diazotrophs, coccolithophores, Phaeocystis, diatoms, picoheterotrophs, microzooplankton, foraminifers, mesozooplankton, pteropods and macrozooplankton. All variables have been gridded onto a World Ocean Atlas (WOA) grid (1° × 1° × 33 vertical levels × monthly climatologies). The data show that (1) the global total heterotrophic biomass (2.0–6.4 Pg C) is at least as high as the total autotrophic biomass (0.5–2.6 Pg C excluding nanophytoplankton and autotrophic dinoflagellates), (2) the biomass of zooplankton calcifiers (0.9–2.3 Pg C) is substantially higher than that of coccolithophores (0.01–0.14 Pg C), (3) patchiness of biomass distribution increases with organism size, and (4) although zooplankton biomass measurements below 200 m are rare, the limited measurements available suggest that Bacteria and Archaea are not the only heterotrophs in the deep sea. More data will be needed to characterize ocean ecosystem functioning and associated biogeochemistry in the Southern Hemisphere and below 200 m. Microzooplankton database: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.779970.

scholarly journals Reviews and syntheses: Hidden forests, the role of vegetated coastal habitats in the ocean carbon budget

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Coastal Habitats ◽  
Global Carbon Budget ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Vegetated coastal habitats, including seagrass and macroalgal beds, mangrove forests and salt marshes, form highly productive ecosystems, but their contribution to the global carbon budget remains overlooked, and these forests remain hidden in representations of the global carbon budget. Despite being confined to a narrow belt around the shoreline of the world's oceans, where they cover less than 7 million km2, vegetated coastal habitats support about 1 to 10 % of the global marine net primary production and generate a large organic carbon surplus of about 40 % of their net primary production (NPP), which is either buried in sediments within these habitats or exported away. Large, 10-fold uncertainties in the area covered by vegetated coastal habitats, along with variability about carbon flux estimates, result in a 10-fold bracket around the estimates of their contribution to organic carbon sequestration in sediments and the deep sea from 73 to 866 Tg C yr−1, representing between 3 % and 1∕3 of oceanic CO2 uptake. Up to 1∕2 of this carbon sequestration occurs in sink reservoirs (sediments or the deep sea) beyond these habitats. The organic carbon exported that does not reach depositional sites subsidizes the metabolism of heterotrophic organisms. In addition to a significant contribution to organic carbon production and sequestration, vegetated coastal habitats contribute as much to carbonate accumulation as coral reefs do. While globally relevant, the magnitude of global carbon fluxes supported by salt-marsh, mangrove, seagrass and macroalgal habitats is declining due to rapid habitat loss, contributing to loss of CO2 sequestration, storage capacity and carbon subsidies. Incorporating the carbon fluxes' vegetated coastal habitats' support into depictions of the carbon budget of the global ocean and its perturbations will improve current representations of the carbon budget of the global ocean.

scholarly journals Large deep-sea zooplankton biomass mirrors primary production in the global ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hernández-León ◽  
R. Koppelmann ◽  
E. Fraile-Nuez ◽  
A. Bode ◽  
C. Mompeán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Global Coupling ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe biological pump transports organic carbon produced by photosynthesis to the meso- and bathypelagic zones, the latter removing carbon from exchanging with the atmosphere over centennial time scales. Organisms living in both zones are supported by a passive flux of particles, and carbon transported to the deep-sea through vertical zooplankton migrations. Here we report globally-coherent positive relationships between zooplankton biomass in the epi-, meso-, and bathypelagic layers and average net primary production (NPP). We do so based on a global assessment of available deep-sea zooplankton biomass data and large-scale estimates of average NPP. The relationships obtained imply that increased NPP leads to enhanced transference of organic carbon to the deep ocean. Estimated remineralization from respiration rates by deep-sea zooplankton requires a minimum supply of 0.44 Pg C y−1 transported into the bathypelagic ocean, comparable to the passive carbon sequestration. We suggest that the global coupling between NPP and bathypelagic zooplankton biomass must be also supported by an active transport mechanism associated to vertical zooplankton migration.

scholarly journals Distribution of mesozooplankton biomass in the global ocean

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 893-919
Author(s):  
R. Moriarty ◽  
T. D. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Ecosystem Models ◽  
Mesozooplankton Biomass ◽  
Carbon Biomass ◽  
Community Effort ◽  
Marine Ecosystem Models ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Mesozooplankton are cosmopolitan within the sunlit layers of the global ocean. They are important in the classical food web, having a significant feedback to primary production through their consumption of phytoplankton and microzooplankton. They are also the primary contributor to vertical particle flux in the oceans. Through both they affect the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and other nutrients in the oceans. Little, however, is known about their global distribution and biomass. While global maps of mesozooplankton biomass do exist in the literature they are usually in the form of hand-drawn maps and the original data associated with these maps are not readily available. The dataset presented in this synthesis has been in development since the late 1990's, is an integral part of the Coastal &amp; Oceanic Plankton Ecology, Production, &amp; Observation Database (COPEPOD), and is now also part of a wider community effort to provide a global picture of carbon biomass data for key plankton functional types, in particular to support the development of marine ecosystem models. A total of 153 163 biomass values were collected, from a variety of sources, for mesozooplankton. Of those 2% were originally recorded as dry mass, 26% as wet mass, 5% as settled volume, and 68% as displacement volume. Using a variety of non-linear biomass conversions from the literature, the data have been converted from their original units to carbon biomass. Depth-integrated values were then used to calculate mesozooplankton global biomass. Global mesozooplankton biomass, to a depth of 200 m, had a mean of 5.9 μg C l−1, median of 2.7 μg C l−1 and a standard deviation of 10.6 μg C l−1. The global annual average estimate of mesozooplankton, based on the median value, was 0.19 Pg C. Biomass was highest in the Northern Hemisphere, but the general trend shows a slight decrease from polar oceans to temperate regions with values increasing again in the tropics. Gridded dataset http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.785501x.

scholarly journals Sequestration and subduction of deep-sea carbonate in the global ocean since the Early Cretaceous

Geology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Dutkiewicz ◽  
R. Dietmar Müller ◽  
John Cannon ◽  
Sioned Vaughan ◽  
Sabin Zahirovic
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Global Ocean

scholarly journals Picoplankton Community Composition by CARD-FISH and Flow Cytometric Techniques: A Preliminary Study in Central Adriatic Sea Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Manti ◽  
Paola Boi ◽  
Federica Semprucci ◽  
Rosaria Cataudella ◽  
Stefano Papa
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Autotrophic Picoplankton ◽  
Carbon Biomass ◽  
Card Fish

Data concerning picoplanktonic community composition and abundance in the Central Adriatic Sea are presented in an effort to improve the knowledge of bacterioplankton and autotrophic picoplankton and their seasonal changes. Flow cytometry analyses revealed the presence of two distinct bacteria populations: HNA and LNA cells. HNA cells showed an explicit correlation with viable and actively respiring cells. The study of viability and activity may increase our knowledge of the part that contributes really to the remineralization and bacterial biomass production. Authotrophic picoplankton abundance, especially picocyanobacteria, was strongly influenced by seasonality, indicating that light availability and water temperature are very important regulating factors. In terms of total carbon biomass, the main contribution came from heterotrophic bacteria with a lower contribution from autotrophic picoplankton. CARD-FISH evidenced, within the Eubacteria domain, the dominance of members of the phyla Alphaproteobacteria, with a strong contribution from SAR11clade, followed by Cytophaga-Flavobacterium and Gammaproteobacteria. The bacterial groups detected contributed differently depending when the sample was taken, suggesting possible seasonal patterns. This study documents for the first time picoplankton community composition in the Central Adriatic Sea using two different approaches, FCM and CARD-FISH, and could provide preliminary data for future studies.

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