scholarly journals The influence of diurnal snowmelt and transpiration on hillslope throughflow and stream response

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4295-4310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Woelber ◽  
Marco P. Maneta ◽  
Joel Harper ◽  
Kelsey G. Jencso ◽  
W. Payton Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Stream System ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Abstract. During spring, daily stream flow and groundwater dynamics in forested subalpine catchments are to a large extent controlled by hydrological processes that respond to the day–night energy cycle. Diurnal snowmelt and transpiration events combine to induce pressure variations in the soil water storage that are propagated to the stream. In headwater catchments these pressure variations can account for a significant amount of the total pressure in the system and control the magnitude, duration, and timing of stream inflow pulses at daily scales, especially in low-flow systems. Changes in the radiative balance at the top of the snowpack can alter the diurnal hydrologic dynamics of the hillslope–stream system, with potential ecological and management consequences. We present a detailed hourly dataset of atmospheric, hillslope, and streamflow measurements collected during one melt season from a semi-alpine headwater catchment in western Montana, US. We use this dataset to investigate the timing, pattern, and linkages among snowmelt-dominated hydrologic processes and assess the role of the snowpack, transpiration, and hillslopes in mediating daily movements of water from the top of the snowpack to local stream systems. We found that the amount of snowpack cold content accumulated during the night, which must be overcome every morning before snowmelt resumes, delayed water recharge inputs by up to 3 h early in the melt season. These delays were further exacerbated by multi-day storms (cold fronts), which resulted in significant depletions in the soil and stream storages. We also found that both diurnal snowmelt and transpiration signals are present in the diurnal soil and stream storage fluctuations, although the individual contributions of these processes are difficult to discern. Our analysis showed that the hydrologic response of the snow–hillslope–stream system is highly sensitive to atmospheric drivers at hourly scales and that variations in atmospheric energy inputs or other stresses are quickly transmitted and alter the intensity, duration, and timing of snowmelt pulses and soil water extractions by vegetation, which ultimately drive variations in soil and stream water pressures.

scholarly journals The influence of diurnal snowmelt and transpiration on hilllslope throughflow and stream response

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Woelber ◽  
Marco P. Maneta ◽  
Joel Harper ◽  
Kelsey G. Jencso ◽  
W. Payton Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Stream System ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Abstract. Daily stream flow and groundwater dynamics in forested subalpine catchments during spring are to a large extent controlled by hydrological processes that respond to the day-night energy cycle. Diurnal snowmelt and transpiration events combine to induce pressure variations in the soil water storage that are propagated to the stream. In headwater catchments these pressure variations can account for a significant amount of the total pressure in the system and control the magnitude, duration, and timing of stream inflow pulses at daily scales, especially in low flow systems. Changes in the radiative balance at the top of the snowpack can alter the diurnal hydrologic dynamics of the hillslope-stream system with potential ecological and management consequences. We present a detailed hourly dataset of atmospheric, hillslope, and streamflow measurements collected during one melt season from a semi-alpine headwater catchment in western Montana, US. We use this dataset to investigate the timing, pattern, and linkages among snowmelt-dominated hydrologic processes and assess the role of the snowpack, transpiration, and hillslopes in mediating daily movements of water from the top of the snowpack to local stream systems. We found that the amount of snowpack cold content accumulated during the night, which must be overcome every morning before snowmelt resumes, delayed water recharge inputs by up to 3 hours early in the melt season. These delays were further exacerbated by multi-day storms (cold fronts), which resulted in significant depletions in the soil and stream storages. We also found that both diurnal snowmelt and transpiration signals are present in the diurnal soil and stream storage fluctuations, although the individual contributions of these processes is difficult to discern. Our analysis showed that the hydrologic response of the snow-hillslope-stream system is highly sensitive to atmospheric drivers at hourly scales, and that variations in atmospheric energy inputs or other stresses are quickly transmitted and alter the intensity, duration and timing of snowmelt pulses and soil water extractions by vegetation, which ultimately drive variations in soil and stream water pressures.

scholarly journals Converging infrastructures

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-51
Author(s):  
Christian Büscher ◽  
Michael Ornetzeder ◽  
Bert Droste-Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transport ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Special Topic ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Sector Integration

Converging infrastructures illustrate the complexity of the processes involved in both operational sector coupling and socio-technical sector integration. What consequences of this development can technology impact research estimate today and what difficulties will arise in doing so? This article introduces the TATuP special topic as well as the individual contributions and also addresses socio-political aspects, beyond the usual questions of technical feasibility and efficiency: What strategies are developed to initiate and control comprehensive change? What are the mechanisms to maintain the ability to act despite great uncertainties for all those concerned with future converging infrastructures for energy, transport, and heating/cooling. The interdisciplinary approach to the topic focuses on three central “socio-technical problems” and gives a first insight into the conditions under which converging infrastructures emerge and what consequences these processes might have.

The effect of surface treatments on soil water storage and yield of wheat

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (56) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Surface Treatments ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Surface Sealing ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Chemical Fallow

Soil water changes under six pre-seeding surface treatments and the following wheat crop were recorded at three- to four-weekly intervals in two consecutive seasons (1966-67 and 1967-68) on a hard setting red-brown earth in South Australia. The treatments were 'fallow' (initial cultivation in spring, nine months before sowing), 'grassland' (initial cultivation in autumn, two months before sowing), 'chemical fallow' (sprayed with herbicides in spring), and three fallows separately modified with gypsum, straw and hexadecanol. In both experiments grassland lost water rapidly in spring and this lower water content was never completely restored. The fallow + straw gave the biggest recharge of soil water following rain and the highest water storage efficiency during the fallow period. In 1966-67, recharge of soil water followed rain in summer at a time of high evaporation rates. The effectiveness of the treatments in increasing soil water storage was related to their ability to reduce evaporation. In 1967-68, soil water recharge occurred in autumn when evaporation rates were low. The effectiveness of the treatments was then related to their ability to curb surface sealing by raindrop impact. Nitrate-N contents in the top 60 cm of soil at seeding were higher in 1967 than 1968, probably due to efficient mineralization in 1967 after summer rain, and leaching by heavy rain and denitrification before seeding in 1968. Crops on the fallow + straw treatment used most water and produced the highest wheat yields with the highest water-use efficiency in both years.

scholarly journals From Patch to Catchment: A Statistical Framework to Identify and Map Soil Moisture Patterns Across Complex Alpine Terrain

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Hermes ◽  
Haruko M. Wainwright ◽  
Oliver Wigmore ◽  
Nicola Falco ◽  
Noah P. Molotch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Plant Ecology ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Solute Fluxes

Climate warming in alpine regions is changing patterns of water storage, a primary control on alpine plant ecology, biogeochemistry, and water supplies to lower elevations. There is an outstanding need to determine how the interacting drivers of precipitation and the critical zone (CZ) dictate the spatial pattern and time evolution of soil water storage. In this study, we developed an analytical framework that combines intensive hydrologic measurements and extensive remotely-sensed observations with statistical modeling to identify areas with similar temporal trends in soil water storage within, and predict their relationships across, a 0.26 km2 alpine catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Repeat measurements of soil moisture were used to drive an unsupervised clustering algorithm, which identified six unique groups of locations ranging from predominantly dry to persistently very wet within the catchment. We then explored relationships between these hydrologic groups and multiple CZ-related indices, including snow depth, plant productivity, macro- (102->103 m) and microtopography (<100-102 m), and hydrological flow paths. Finally, we used a supervised machine learning random forest algorithm to map each of the six hydrologic groups across the catchment based on distributed CZ properties and evaluated their aggregate relationships at the catchment scale. Our analysis indicated that ~40–50% of the catchment is hydrologically connected to the stream channel, lending insight into the portions of the catchment that likely dominate stream water and solute fluxes. This research expands our understanding of patch-to-catchment-scale physical controls on hydrologic and biogeochemical processes, as well as their relationships across space and time, which will inform predictive models aimed at determining future changes to alpine ecosystems.

scholarly journals Amplified socio-technical problems in converging infrastructures

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Christian Büscher ◽  
Michael Ornetzeder ◽  
Bert Droste-Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transport ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Special Topic ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Sector Integration

Converging infrastructures illustrate the complexity of the processes involved in both operational sector coupling and socio-technical sector integration. What consequences of this development can technology impact research estimate today and what difficulties will arise in doing so? This article introduces the TATuP special topic as well as the individual contributions and also addresses socio-political aspects, beyond the usual questions of technical feasibility and efficiency: What strategies are developed to initiate and control comprehensive change? What are the mechanisms to maintain the ability to act despite great uncertainties for all those concerned with future converging infrastructures for energy, transport, and heating/cooling. The interdisciplinary approach to the topic focuses on three central “socio-technical problems” and gives a first insight into the conditions under which converging infrastructures emerge and what consequences these processes might have.

A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia, ed. Carolyne Larrington, Judy Quinn, and Brittany Schorn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, xii, 413 pp., 12 b/w ill.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-366
Author(s):  
Albrecht Classen
Keyword(s):  
Old Norse ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Made In ◽  
Scandinavian Literature

Eddic poetry constitutes one of the most important genres in Old Norse or Scandinavian literature and has been studied since the earliest time of modern-day philology. The progress we have made in that field is impressive, considering the many excellent editions and translations, not to mention the countless critical studies in monographs and articles. Nevertheless, there is always a great need to revisit, to summarize, to review, and to digest the knowledge gained so far. The present handbook intends to address all those goals and does so, to spell it out right away, exceedingly well. But in contrast to traditional concepts, the individual contributions constitute fully developed critical article, each with a specialized topic elucidating it as comprehensively as possible, and concluding with a section of notes. Those are kept very brief, but the volume rounds it all off with an inclusive, comprehensive bibliography. And there is also a very useful index at the end. At the beginning, we find, following the table of contents, a list of the contributors, unfortunately without emails, a list of translations and abbreviations of the titles of Eddic poems in the Codex Regius and then elsewhere, and a very insightful and pleasant introduction by Carolyne Larrington. She briefly introduces the genre and then summarizes the essential points made by the individual authors. The entire volume is based on the Eddic Network established by the three editors in 2012, and on two workshops held at St. John’s College, Oxford in 2013 and 2014.

Employee Surveys and Sensing

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Organization Culture ◽  
Employee Survey ◽  
Passive Data ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Action Taking ◽  
The Individual

This volume comprises 27 chapters focused on the design and execution of employee survey programs. These chapters reflect the latest advances in technology and analytics and a pervasive emphasis on driving organizational performance and effectiveness. The individual chapters represent the full range of survey-related topics, including design, administration, analysis, feedback, and action-taking. The latest methodological trends and capabilities are discussed including computational linguistics, applications of artificial intelligence, and the use of qualitative methods such as focus groups. Extending beyond traditional employee surveys, contributions include the role of passive data collection as an alternative or supplement in a comprehensive employee listening system. Unique contextual factors are discussed including the use of surveys in a unionized environment. Individual contributions also reflect increasing stakeholder concerns for the protection of privacy among other ethical considerations. Finally, significant clarifications to the literature are provided on the use of surveys for measuring organization culture, strategic climate, and employee engagement.

Knowledge First

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Adam Carter ◽  
Emma C. Gordon ◽  
Benjamin W. Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Timothy Williamson ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual

In this introductory chapter, the volume’s editors provide a theoretical background to the volume’s topic and a brief overview of the papers included. The chapter is divided into five parts: Section 1 explains the main contours of the knowledge-first approach, as it was initially advanced by Timothy Williamson in Knowledge and its Limits. In Sections 2–3, some of the key philosophical motivations for the knowledge-first approach are reviewed, and several key contemporary research themes associated with this approach in epistemology, the philosophy of mind and elsewhere are outlined and briefly discussed. The volume’s papers are divided into two broad categories: foundational issues and applications and new directions. Section 4 discusses briefly the scope and aim of the volume as the editors have conceived it, and Section 5 offers an overview of each of the individual contributions in the volume.

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