Knowledge First

In this introductory chapter, the volume’s editors provide a theoretical background to the volume’s topic and a brief overview of the papers included. The chapter is divided into five parts: Section 1 explains the main contours of the knowledge-first approach, as it was initially advanced by Timothy Williamson in Knowledge and its Limits. In Sections 2–3, some of the key philosophical motivations for the knowledge-first approach are reviewed, and several key contemporary research themes associated with this approach in epistemology, the philosophy of mind and elsewhere are outlined and briefly discussed. The volume’s papers are divided into two broad categories: foundational issues and applications and new directions. Section 4 discusses briefly the scope and aim of the volume as the editors have conceived it, and Section 5 offers an overview of each of the individual contributions in the volume.

Conceptual and methodological questions in the study of collective identities

Journal of Language and Politics ◽

10.1075/jlp.2.2.02tri ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 205-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Anna Triandafyllidou ◽

Ruth Wodak

Keyword(s):

General Definition ◽

Collective Identities ◽

Social Psychological ◽

Discourse Studies ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Individual ◽

Sociological Discourse ◽

Contemporary Context

Studying identity, be it ethnic, cultural, linguistic, national or regional, in the contemporary context becomes troublesome because the scholar is faced with a whole range of social and cultural forms that co-exist uncomfortably with existing definitions of social identity. Moreover, although identity has been a central concern in a number of disciplines during the past decades, there has been considerable disagreement regarding the methodological tools most suitable to study its formation and change. The aim of this Special Issue is to discuss the usefulness of the very concept as well as the main methodological tools suitable to analyse identity-related phenomena today. In this introductory chapter, we provide for a general definition of the concept and elaborate on recent theoretical and conceptual developments regarding the nature of identity in the sociological, discourse studies and social psychological literature. In the concluding section, we introduce the individual contributions presented in this issue.

Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook - Community and Identity in Contemporary Technosciences ◽

Making Sense of Community and Identity in Twenty-First Century Technoscience

10.1007/978-3-030-61728-8_1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-37

Author(s):

Karen Kastenhofer ◽

Susan Molyneux-Hodgson

Keyword(s):

Synthetic Biology ◽

Sense Of Community ◽

Scientific Community ◽

First Century ◽

Making Sense ◽

Open Questions ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with the empirical example of synthetic biology, a case that has challenged our own thinking, provoking us to re-address the concepts of scientific ‘community’ and ‘identity’ in contemporary technoscience. The chapter then moves on to a delineation of the conceptualisations of community and identity in past sociologies of science, highlighting open questions, promising avenues and potential shortcomings in explaining contemporary conditions. Following this, the individual contributions to this volume are presented, including their analyses on community and identity constellations and the related effects on the contemporary technosciences as institutions, practices and living spaces. This is achieved with a focus on common themes that come to the fore from the various contributions. In a final discussion, we take stock of our attempt at re-addressing community and identity in contemporary technoscientific contexts and discuss where this has brought us; which ambiguities could not be resolved and which questions seem promising starting points for further conceptual and empirical endeavour.

A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia, ed. Carolyne Larrington, Judy Quinn, and Brittany Schorn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, xii, 413 pp., 12 b/w ill.

Mediaevistik ◽

10.3726/med012018_366 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 366-366

Author(s):

Albrecht Classen

Keyword(s):

Old Norse ◽

Entire Volume ◽

Cambridge University ◽

Critical Studies ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual ◽

Made In ◽

Scandinavian Literature

Eddic poetry constitutes one of the most important genres in Old Norse or Scandinavian literature and has been studied since the earliest time of modern-day philology. The progress we have made in that field is impressive, considering the many excellent editions and translations, not to mention the countless critical studies in monographs and articles. Nevertheless, there is always a great need to revisit, to summarize, to review, and to digest the knowledge gained so far. The present handbook intends to address all those goals and does so, to spell it out right away, exceedingly well. But in contrast to traditional concepts, the individual contributions constitute fully developed critical article, each with a specialized topic elucidating it as comprehensively as possible, and concluding with a section of notes. Those are kept very brief, but the volume rounds it all off with an inclusive, comprehensive bibliography. And there is also a very useful index at the end. At the beginning, we find, following the table of contents, a list of the contributors, unfortunately without emails, a list of translations and abbreviations of the titles of Eddic poems in the Codex Regius and then elsewhere, and a very insightful and pleasant introduction by Carolyne Larrington. She briefly introduces the genre and then summarizes the essential points made by the individual authors. The entire volume is based on the Eddic Network established by the three editors in 2012, and on two workshops held at St. John’s College, Oxford in 2013 and 2014.

Employee Surveys and Sensing

10.1093/oso/9780190939717.001.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Organizational Performance ◽

Employee Engagement ◽

Computational Linguistics ◽

Full Range ◽

Organization Culture ◽

Employee Survey ◽

Passive Data ◽

Action Taking ◽

This volume comprises 27 chapters focused on the design and execution of employee survey programs. These chapters reflect the latest advances in technology and analytics and a pervasive emphasis on driving organizational performance and effectiveness. The individual chapters represent the full range of survey-related topics, including design, administration, analysis, feedback, and action-taking. The latest methodological trends and capabilities are discussed including computational linguistics, applications of artificial intelligence, and the use of qualitative methods such as focus groups. Extending beyond traditional employee surveys, contributions include the role of passive data collection as an alternative or supplement in a comprehensive employee listening system. Unique contextual factors are discussed including the use of surveys in a unionized environment. Individual contributions also reflect increasing stakeholder concerns for the protection of privacy among other ethical considerations. Finally, significant clarifications to the literature are provided on the use of surveys for measuring organization culture, strategic climate, and employee engagement.

Of Visions and Visionaries: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in China

Journal of Current Chinese Affairs ◽

10.1177/18681026211001884 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 3-11

Author(s):

Barbara Schulte ◽

Marina Svensson

Keyword(s):

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Special Issue ◽

Empirical Reality ◽

Information And Communication ◽

State Governance ◽

Different Dimensions ◽

Chinese State ◽

This special issue approaches information and communication technologies (ICT) visions and their realisation/implementation at various levels, among different actors and from various perspectives. Conceptually, we distinguish three different dimensions, even though those overlap in the individual contributions as well as in empirical reality – namely ideational, instrumental, and relational. The different contributions address both visions formulated by the Chinese state and by individual actors such as entrepreneurs. Even though the conditions for the use of ICT in China are deeply affected by state governance, this governance is in no way tantamount to one single government. As this issue’s contributions show, state attempts at building a stable cyber-governance are in need of allies and, depending on the allies’ visions and other, competitive visions, the outcomes of these dynamics are seldom truthful realisations of one original grand masterplan.

Public Spending and Social Policy: The United Kingdom 1950–1977

Journal of Social Policy ◽

10.1017/s0047279400001379 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 337-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Frank Gould ◽

Barbara Roweth

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Social Policy ◽

Social Welfare ◽

Public Expenditure ◽

Public Spending ◽

International Study ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

Welfare Spending ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

ABSTRACTThis article, in which we examine developments in public expenditure on social policy in relation to total public spending in the United Kingdom (UK) in the period after the Second World War, is part of a larger international study on developments in social welfare spending on which we are currently engaged.In Section 1 we briefly sketch in the theoretical background to the study of public expenditure growth in general and social welfare spending in particular. We shall not in this article attempt to evaluate the validity of the competing hypotheses – this exercise is in hand as part of the international study, and we shall report the findings at a later date. Section 2 examines the growth of public expenditure in the UK at the aggregate level. In Section 3 we analyse public expenditure at the individual programme level and in Section 4 we summarize the conclusions.

Postprenylation CAAX Processing Is Required for Proper Localization of Ras but Not Rho GTPases

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e04-11-0960 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 1606-1616 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

David Michaelson ◽

Wasif Ali ◽

Vi K. Chiu ◽

Martin Bergo ◽

Joseph Silletti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Posttranslational Modifications ◽

Protein Trafficking ◽

Rho Gtpases ◽

Ras Proteins ◽

Rho Proteins ◽

Carboxyl Methylation ◽

C Terminus ◽

The Individual ◽

And Function

The CAAX motif at the C terminus of most monomeric GTPases is required for membrane targeting because it signals for a series of three posttranslational modifications that include isoprenylation, endoproteolytic release of the C-terminal– AAX amino acids, and carboxyl methylation of the newly exposed isoprenylcysteine. The individual contributions of these modifications to protein trafficking and function are unknown. To address this issue, we performed a series of experiments with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Rce1 (responsible for removal of the –AAX sequence) or Icmt (responsible for carboxyl methylation of the isoprenylcysteine). In MEFs lacking Rce1 or Icmt, farnesylated Ras proteins were mislocalized. In contrast, the intracellular localizations of geranylgeranylated Rho GTPases were not perturbed. Consistent with the latter finding, RhoGDI binding and actin remodeling were normal in Rce1- and Icmt-deficient cells. Swapping geranylgeranylation for farnesylation on Ras proteins or vice versa on Rho proteins reversed the differential sensitivities to Rce1 and Icmt deficiency. These results suggest that postprenylation CAAX processing is required for proper localization of farnesylated Ras but not geranygeranylated Rho proteins.

A Screw-Theoretic Analysis Framework for Payload Manipulation by Mobile Manipulator Collectives

Dynamic Systems and Control, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/imece2005-81525 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rajankumar Bhatt ◽

Chin Pei Tang ◽

Michel Abou-Samah ◽

Venkat Krovi

Keyword(s):

System Performance ◽

Single Agent ◽

Physical Nature ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

System Level ◽

Mobile Manipulator ◽

Test Bed ◽

Tight Coupling ◽

Constrained Mechanical Systems ◽

In recent times, there has been considerable interest in creating and deploying modular cooperating collectives of robots. Interest in such cooperative systems typically arises when certain tasks are either too complex to be performed by a single agent or when there are distinct benefits that accrue by cooperation of many simple robotic modules. However, the nature of the both the individual modules as well as their interactions can affect the overall system performance. In this paper, we examine this aspect in the context of cooperative payload transport by robot collectives wherein the physical nature of the interactions between the various modules creates a tight coupling within the system. We leverage the rich theoretical background of analysis of constrained mechanical systems to provide a systematic framework for formulation and evaluation of system-level performance on the basis of the individual-module characteristics. The composite multi-d.o.f wheeled vehicle, formed by supporting a common payload on the end-effectors of multiple individual mobile manipulator modules, is treated as an in-parallel system with articulated serial-chain arms. The system-level model, constructed from the twist- and wrench-based models of the attached serial chains, can then be systematically analyzed for performance (in terms of mobility and disturbance rejection.) A 2-module composite system example is used through the paper to highlight various aspects of the systematic system model formulation, effects of selection of the actuation at the articulations (active, passive or locked) on system performance and experimental validation on a hardware prototype test bed.

$$\ell _2$$-penalized approximate likelihood inference in logit mixed models for regional prevalence estimation under covariate rank-deficiency

Metrika ◽

10.1007/s00184-021-00837-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joscha Krause ◽

Jan Pablo Burgard ◽

Domingo Morales

Keyword(s):

Mixed Model ◽

Mean Squared Error ◽

Routine Data ◽

Parametric Bootstrap ◽

Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽

Rank Deficiency ◽

Prevalence Estimation ◽

Fitting Algorithm ◽

AbstractRegional prevalence estimation requires the use of suitable statistical methods on epidemiologic data with substantial local detail. Small area estimation with medical treatment records as covariates marks a promising combination for this purpose. However, medical routine data often has strong internal correlation due to diagnosis-related grouping in the records. Depending on the strength of the correlation, the space spanned by the covariates can become rank-deficient. In this case, prevalence estimates suffer from unacceptable uncertainty as the individual contributions of the covariates to the model cannot be identified properly. We propose an area-level logit mixed model for regional prevalence estimation with a new fitting algorithm to solve this problem. We extend the Laplace approximation to the log-likelihood by an $$\ell _2$$ ℓ 2 -penalty in order to stabilize the estimation process in the presence of covariate rank-deficiency. Empirical best predictors under the model and a parametric bootstrap for mean squared error estimation are presented. A Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted to evaluate the properties of our methodology in a controlled environment. We further provide an empirical application where the district-level prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Germany is estimated using health insurance records.

Making Meaning of Peace: A Study of Adolescents in Bogota, Colombia

Journal of Adolescent Research ◽

10.1177/07435584211006919 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 074355842110069

Author(s):

Gabriel Velez

Keyword(s):

Thematic Analysis ◽

Developmental Psychology ◽

Interpersonal Relations ◽

Making Meaning ◽

Political Actors ◽

Post Conflict ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Internal States ◽

In post-conflict and transitional settings, adolescents are important civic and political actors as potential peacebuilders. Policy and programming often focus on promoting prosocial outcomes for these younger generations, but there has been growing attention to their perspectives and psychological development. Drawing on theory in developmental psychology, adolescents interpret and respond to context in forming ideas about key concepts like peace, understanding society and their place in it, and constructing their orientations toward peace. This study extends current literature by exploring how Colombian adolescents describe peace within the context of a peace process in their country. Ninety-six 15- to 18-year-olds in and around Bogotá, Colombia, were interviewed about peace. Their responses were analyzed inductively using an adapted thematic analysis. Findings indicated that the individual was central to how respondents talked about peace; that is, peace begins and depends on the internal states. From this basis, individuals then created peace through interpersonal relations. There were some differences by respondents’ SES, such as in how respondents described peace as requiring equality in society, but none found for gender or age. This study demonstrates the need to provide concrete opportunities for these adolescents to see individual contributions and broader interpersonal peace as possible.