SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN WEST AFRICA IN 2014

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an acute hemorrhagic diseases caused by the Ebola virus, which is highly contagious. This paper aimed to explore the possible gathering area of EHF cases in West Africa in 2014, and identify endemic areas and their tendency by means of time-space analysis. We mapped distribution of EHF incidences and explored statistically significant space, time and space-time disease clusters. We utilized hotspot analysis to find the spatial clustering pattern on the basis of the actual outbreak cases. spatial-temporal cluster analysis is used to analyze the spatial or temporal distribution of agglomeration disease, examine whether its distribution is statistically significant. Local clusters were investigated using Kulldorff’s scan statistic approach. The result reveals that the epidemic mainly gathered in the western part of Africa near north Atlantic with obvious regional distribution. For the current epidemic, we have found areas in high incidence of EVD by means of spatial cluster analysis.

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Ocular Manifestations of Ebola Virus Disease: An Ophthalmologist’s Guide to Prevent Infection and Panic

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/487073 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Enzo Maria Vingolo ◽

Giuseppe Alessio Messano ◽

Serena Fragiotta ◽

Leopoldo Spadea ◽

Stefano Petti

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

Ocular Manifestations ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Moment

Ebola virus disease (EVD—formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever) is a severe hemorrhagic fever caused by lipid-enveloped, nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genusEbolavirus. Case fatality rates may reach up to 76% of infected individuals, making this infection a deadly health problem in the sub-Saharan population. At the moment, there are still no indications on ophthalmological clinical signs and security suggestions for healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses or cooperative persons). This paper provides a short but complete guide to reduce infection risks.

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Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector Mediates Postexposure Protection against Sudan Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Nonhuman Primates

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00456-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 5664-5668 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Thomas W. Geisbert ◽

Kathleen M. Daddario-DiCaprio ◽

Kinola J. N. Williams ◽

Joan B. Geisbert ◽

Anders Leung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Rhesus Macaques ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Marburg Virus ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Zaire Ebolavirus ◽

Vesicular Stomatitis

ABSTRACT Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors expressing homologous filoviral glycoproteins can completely protect rhesus monkeys against Marburg virus when administered after exposure and can partially protect macaques after challenge with Zaire ebolavirus. Here, we administered a VSV vector expressing the Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV) glycoprotein to four rhesus macaques shortly after exposure to SEBOV. All four animals survived SEBOV challenge, while a control animal that received a nonspecific vector developed fulminant SEBOV hemorrhagic fever and succumbed. This is the first demonstration of complete postexposure protection against an Ebola virus in nonhuman primates and provides further evidence that postexposure vaccination may have utility in treating exposures to filoviruses.

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A Novel Immunohistochemical Assay for the Detection of Ebola Virus in Skin: Implications for Diagnosis, Spread, and Surveillance of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1086/514319 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 179 (s1) ◽

pp. S36-S47 ◽

Cited By ~ 152

Author(s):

Sherif R. Zaki ◽

Wun‐Ju Shieh ◽

Patricia W. Greer ◽

Cynthia S. Goldsmith ◽

Tara Ferebee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Immunohistochemical Assay ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

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Ebola Virus: Immune Mechanisms of Protection and Vaccine Development

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800403252574 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 276-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Adeline M. Nyamathi ◽

John L. Fahey ◽

Heather Sands ◽

Adrian M. Casillas

Keyword(s):

Animal Studies ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Case Reports ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Surface Protein ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Human Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Virus Surface ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Vaccination is one of our most powerful antiviral strategies. Despite the emergence of deadly viruses such as Ebola virus, vaccination efforts have focused mainly on childhood communicable diseases. Although Ebola virus was once believed to be limited to isolated outbreaks in distant lands, forces of globalization potentiate outbreaks anywhere in the world through incidental transmission. Moreover, since this virus has already been transformed into weapongrade material, the potential exists for it to be used as a biological weapon with catastrophic consequences for any population vulnerable to attack. Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is a syndrome that can rapidly lead to death within days of symptom onset. The disease directly affects the immune system and vascular bed, with correspondingly high mortality rates. Patients with severe disease produce dangerously high levels of inflammatory cytokines, which destroy normal tissue and microcirculation, leading to profound capillary leakage, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Vaccine development has been fraught with obstacles, primarily of a biosafety nature. Case reports of acutely ill patients with EHF showing improvement with the transfusion of convalescent plasma are at odds with animal studies demonstrating further viral replication with the same treatment. Using mRNA extracted from bone marrow of Ebola survivors, human monoclonal antibodies against Ebola virus surface protein have been experimentally produced and now raise the hope for the development of a safe vaccine.

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Passive Transfer of Antibodies Protects Immunocompetent and Immunodeficient Mice against Lethal Ebola Virus Infection without Complete Inhibition of Viral Replication

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.75.10.4649-4654.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 4649-4654 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Manisha Gupta ◽

Siddhartha Mahanty ◽

Mike Bray ◽

Rafi Ahmed ◽

Pierre E. Rollin

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Viral Replication ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Passive Transfer ◽

Immune Serum ◽

Immunodeficient Mice ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Ebola Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe, usually fatal illness caused by Ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. The use of nonhomologous immune serum in animal studies and blood from survivors in two anecdotal reports of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans has shown promise, but the efficacy of these treatments has not been demonstrated definitively. We have evaluated the protective efficacy of polyclonal immune serum in a mouse model of Ebola virus infection. Our results demonstrate that mice infected subcutaneously with live Ebola virus survive infection and generate high levels of anti-Ebola virus immunoglobulin G (IgG). Passive transfer of immune serum from these mice before challenge protected upto 100% of naive mice against lethal Ebola virus infection. Protection correlated with the level of anti-Ebola virus IgG titers, and passive treatment with high-titer antiserum was associated with a delay in the peak of viral replication. Transfer of immune serum to SCID mice resulted in 100% survival after lethal challenge with Ebola virus, indicating that antibodies alone can protect from lethal disease. Thus antibodies suppress or delay viral growth, provide protection against lethal Ebola virus infection, and may not require participation of other immune components for protection.

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A THEORETICAL STUDY ON FRACTIONAL EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER MODEL

Fractals ◽

10.1142/s0218348x22400321 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

SHAHER MOMANI ◽

R. P. CHAUHAN ◽

SUNIL KUMAR ◽

SAMIR HADID

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Numerical Technique ◽

Disease Model ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Health Concern ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Conformable Derivatives ◽

Ebola Virus Infection

The Ebola virus infection (EVI), generally known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a major health concern. The occasional outbreaks of virus occur primarily in certain parts of Africa. Many researches have been devoted to the study of the Ebola virus disease. In this paper, we have taken susceptible-infected-recovered-deceased-environment (SIRDP) system to investigate the dynamics of Ebola virus infection. We adopted fractional operators for a better illustration of model dynamics and memory effects. Initially, the Ebola disease model is modified with Caputo–Fabrizio arbitrary operator in Caputo sense (CFC) and we employed the fixed-point results for the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the fractional system. Further, we adopted the arbitrary fractional conformable and [Formula: see text]-conformable derivatives to the alternative representation of the model. For the numerical approximation of the system, we show a numerical technique based on the fundamental theorem of fractional calculus for CFC derivative and a numerical scheme called the Adams–Moulton for conformable derivatives. Finally, for the validation of theoretical results, the numerical simulations are displayed.

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Peste des Petits Ruminants Risk Factors and Space-Time Clusters in Bangladesh

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2020.572432 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

A. K. M. Anisur Rahman ◽

Sk Shaheenur Islam ◽

Md. Abu Sufian ◽

Md. Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽

Michael P. Ward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cumulative Incidence ◽

Animal Movement ◽

National Level ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Space Time ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Hotspot Analysis ◽

Time Space ◽

Goat Population

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is endemic in Bangladesh, but its spatial distribution and risk factors have not yet been reported. Using four years of national-level, passive surveillance data (2014 to 2017), in this study we aimed to identify risk factors, create PPR risk maps and describe PPR time-space clusters. We selected PPR case records—mainly based on presumptive diagnosis of small ruminants in subdistrict veterinary hospitals—and sheep and goat population data from all 64 districts of Bangladesh. Peste des Petits Ruminants cumulative incidence per 10,000 animals at risk per district was used to conduct cluster and hotspot analysis and create predictive maps for each year and all 4 years combined. The association between PPR cumulative incidence and hypothesized risk factors—including climatic variables, elevation, road length, river length, railroad length, land cover, and water bodies—was analyzed using a geographically weighted regression model. The total number of PPR cases reported during the study period was 5.2 million. We found that most PPR cases (27.6%) were reported in the monsoon season. The highest and lowest proportions of cases were reported from Rajshahi (36.1%) and Barisal divisions (2.1%), respectively. We identified five space-time clusters, 9 high–high clusters, and 9 hotspots. The predicted cumulative incidences of PPR were persistently higher in north-east, north-west, and south-east parts of Bangladesh. Road length (P = 0.03) was positively associated with PPR incidence in Bangladesh. Results suggest that movement of animals (road length) plays an important role in the epidemiology of PPR in Bangladesh. Along with restriction of animal movement, hotspots and high–high clusters should be targeted first for immunization coverage in Bangladesh and similar PPR endemic countries to achieve eradication.

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Letter-to-Editor II

Journal of SAFOG with DVD ◽

10.5005/jsafog-6-2-x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Ayush Agarwal ◽

Omkar Singh ◽

VK Rastogi

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

Human Beings ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

ABSTRACT • Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness of human beings having a case fatality rate of up to 90%. • Ebola virus disease outbreaks occur primarily in remote Central and West Africa, near the tropical rainforests. • The virus is transmitted to humans from wild animals and spreads in the human beings through physical contact. • It does not transmit through vectors or air-borne droplets. • Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. No specific treatment or vaccine is available for use.

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Research progress Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever vaccine

Journal of Applied Virology ◽

10.21092/jav.v4i2.32 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Yunpeng Wang ◽

Yuchen Zhang

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Research Progress ◽

Control Methods ◽

Virus Family ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Great Progress

<p>Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a potent infectious disease by Ebola virus caused 90% mortality rate. Ebola virus was first isolated in 1976 by, for single-stranded negative segment, non-segmented, enveloped RNA viruses belonging to filamentous virus family. Ebola virus can be divided into five different subtypes. Vaccination is the most conventional and effective prevention and infection control methods in recent years. It has made great progress in the study on the vaccine for Ebola virus. In this paper, research progress Ebola hemorrhagic fever vaccine was reviewed.</p>

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