scholarly journals Damage induced by the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake in the Tibetan border region of China and increased post-seismic hazards

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghai Wu ◽  
Patrick J. Barosh ◽  
Guanghao Ha ◽  
Xin Yao ◽  
Yongqiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazards ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Southern Tibet ◽  
Ground Fissures ◽  
Nepal Earthquake ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Populated Region ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Himalaya

Abstract. The seismic effects in Nyalam, Gyirong, Tingri and Dinggye counties along the southern border of Tibet were investigated during 2–8 May 2015, a week after the great Nepal earthquake along the Main Himalaya Thrust. The intensity was VIII in the region and reached IX at two towns on the Nepal border, resulting in the destruction of 2700 buildings, seriously damaging over 40 000 others, while killing 27 people and injuring 856 in this sparsely populated region. The main geologic effects in this steep rugged region are collapses, landslides, rockfalls, and ground fissures, many of which are reactivations of older land slips. These did great damage to the buildings, roads, and bridges in the region. Most of the effects are along four incised valleys which are controlled by N-trending rifts and contain rivers that pass through the Himalaya Mountains and flow into Nepal; at least two of the larger aftershocks occurred along the normal faults. And, the damage is not related to the faulting of N-trending rifts but rather is distributed along the intensity of Nepal earthquake. Areas weakened by the earthquake pose post-seismic hazards. Another main characteristic of damage is the recurrence of the old landslide and rockfalls. In addition, there is an increased seismic hazard along active N-trending grabens in southern Tibet due to the shift in stress resulting from the thrust movement that caused the Nepal earthquake. NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults also may be susceptible to movement. The results of the findings are incorporated in some principle recommendations for the repair and reconstruction after the earthquake.

scholarly journals Characteristics of surface damage in China during the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghai Wu ◽  
Patrick J. Barosh ◽  
Xin Yao ◽  
Yongqiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Southern Tibet ◽  
Ground Fissures ◽  
Nepal Earthquake ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Populated Region ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Himalaya

Abstract. The seismic effects in Nyalam, Gyirong, Tingri and Dinggye counties along the southern border of Tibet were investigated during 2–8 May, 2015, a week after the great Nepal earthquake along the Main Himalaya Thrust. The intensity was VIII in the region and reached IX at two towns on the Nepal border; resulting in the destruction of 2700 buildings, seriously damaging over 40 000 others, while killing 27 people and injuring 856 in this sparsely populated region. The main geologic effects in this steep rugged region are collapses, landslides, rockfalls, and ground fissures; many of which are reactivations of older land slips. These did great damage to the buildings, roads and bridges in the region. Most of the effects are along four incised valleys which are controlled by N–S trending rifts and contain rivers that pass through the Himalaya Mountains and flow into Nepal; at least two of the larger aftershocks occurred along the normal faults. Areas weakened by the earthquake pose post-seismic hazards. Three valleys have the potential for dangerous post-seismic debris flows that could create dangerous dams especially during the monsoon season. Loosened rock and older slides also may fail. In addition, there is an increased seismic hazard along active N–S trending grabens in southern Tibet due to the shift in stress resulting from the thrust movement that caused the Nepal earthquake. NW trending right-lateral strike-slip faults also may be susceptible to movement. The results of the findings are incorporated in some principle recommendations for the repair and reconstruction after the earthquake.

scholarly journals The stop-start control of seismicity by fault bends along the Main Himalayan Thrust

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharadha Sathiakumar ◽  
Sylvain Barbot
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazards ◽  
Geodetic Data ◽  
Source Mechanism ◽  
Seismogenic Zone ◽  
Seismic Cycle ◽  
Rupture Propagation ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Nepal Earthquake

AbstractThe Himalayan megathrust accommodates most of the relative convergence between the Indian and Eurasian plates, producing cycles of blind and surface-breaking ruptures. Elucidating the mechanics of down-dip segmentation of the seismogenic zone is key to better determine seismic hazards in the region. However, the geometry of the Himalayan megathrust and its impact on seismicity remains controversial. Here, we develop seismic cycle simulations tuned to the seismo-geodetic data of the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake to better constrain the megathrust geometry and its role on the demarcation of partial ruptures. We show that a ramp in the middle of the seismogenic zone is required to explain the termination of the coseismic rupture and the source mechanism of up-dip aftershocks consistently. Alternative models with a wide décollement can only explain the mainshock. Fault structural complexities likely play an important role in modulating the seismic cycle, in particular, the distribution of rupture sizes. Fault bends are capable of both obstructing rupture propagation as well as behave as a source of seismicity and rupture initiation.

Structure of the North Indian continental margin in the Ladakh–Zanskar Himalayas: implications for the timing of obduction of the Spontang ophiolite, India–Asia collision and deformation events in the Himalaya

1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIKE SEARLE ◽  
RICHARD I. CORFIELD ◽  
BEN STEPHENSON ◽  
JOE MCCARRON
Keyword(s):  
Continental Margin ◽  
Suture Zone ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Crustal Shortening ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
The Himalaya

The collision of India and Asia can be defined as a process that started with the closing of the Tethyan ocean that, during Mesozoic and early Tertiary times, separated the two continental plates. Following initial contact of Indian and Asian continental crust, the Indian plate continued its northward drift into Asia, a process which continues to this day. In the Ladakh–Zanskar Himalaya the youngest marine sediments, both in the Indus suture zone and along the northern continental margin of India, are lowermost Eocene Nummulitic limestones dated at ∼54 Ma. Along the north Indian shelf margin, southwest-facing folded Palaeocene–Lower Eocene shallow-marine limestones unconformably overlie highly deformed Mesozoic shelf carbonates and allochthonous Upper Cretaceous shales, indicating an initial deformation event during the latest Cretaceous–early Palaeocene, corresponding with the timing of obduction of the Spontang ophiolite onto the Indian margin. It is suggested here that all the ophiolites from Oman, along western Pakistan (Bela, Muslim Bagh, Zhob and Waziristan) to the Spontang and Amlang-la ophiolites in the Himalaya were obducted during the late Cretaceous and earliest Palaeocene, prior to the closing of Tethys.The major phase of crustal shortening followed the India–Asia collision producing spectacular folds and thrusts across the Zanskar range. A new structural profile across the Indian continental margin along the Zanskar River gorge is presented here. Four main units are separated by major detachments including both normal faults (e.g. Zanskar, Karsha Detachments), southwest-directed thrusts reactivated as northeast-directed normal faults (e.g. Zangla Detachment), breakback thrusts (e.g. Photoksar Thrust) and late Tertiary backthrusts (e.g. Zanskar Backthrust). The normal faults place younger rocks onto older and separate two units, both showing compressional tectonics, but have no net crustal extension across them. Rather, they are related to rapid exhumation of the structurally lower, middle and deep crustal metamorphic rocks of the High Himalaya along the footwall of the Zanskar Detachment. The backthrusting affects the northern margin of the Zanskar shelf and the entire Indus suture zone, including the mid-Eocene–Miocene post-collisional fluvial and lacustrine molasse sediments (Indus Group), and therefore must be Pliocene–Pleistocene in age. Minimum amounts of crustal shortening across the Indian continental margin are 150–170 km although extreme ductile folding makes any balancing exercise questionable.

Increasing seismicity in Southern Tibet following the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake

2017 ◽  
Vol 714-715 ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Li ◽  
Dongdong Yao ◽  
Xiaofeng Meng ◽  
Zhigang Peng ◽  
Baoshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Southern Tibet ◽  
Nepal Earthquake

scholarly journals The Timing of Metamorphism, Magmatism, and Cooling in the Zanskar, Garhwal, and Nepal Himalaya

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Crustal Thickening ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Main Central Thrust ◽  
Southern Tibet ◽  
Peak Metamorphism ◽  
Exhumation Rates

Following India-Asia collision, which is estimated at ca. 54-50 Ma in the Ladakh-southern Tibet area, crustal thickening and timing of peak metamorphism may have been diachronous both along the Himalaya (pre-40 Ma north Pakistan; pre-31 Ma Zanskar; pre-20 Ma east Kashmir, west Garhwal; 11-4 Ma Nanga Parbat) and cross the strike of the High Himalaya, propagating S (in Zanskar SW) with time. Thrusting along the base of the High Himalayan slab (Main Central Thrust active 21-19 Ma) was synchronous with N-S (in Zanskar NE-SW) extension along the top of the slab (South Tibet Detachment Zone). Kyanite and sillimanite gneisses in the footwall formed at pressure of 8-10 kbars and depths of burial of 28-35 km, 30- 21 Ma ago, whereas anchimetamorphic sediments along the hanging wall have never been buried below ca. 5-6 km. Peak temperatures may have reached 750 on the prograde part of the P-T path. Thermobarometers can be used to constrain depths of burial assuming a continental geothermal gradient of 28-30 °C/km and a lithostatic gradient of around 3.5-3.7 km/kbar (or 0.285 kbars/km). Timing of peak metamorphism cannot yet be constrained accurately. However, we can infer cooling histories derived from thermochronometers using radiogenic isotopic systems, and thereby exhumation rates. This paper reviews all the reliable geochronological data and infers cooling histories for the Himalayan zone in Zanskar, Garhwal, and Nepal. Exhumation rates have been far greater in the High Himalayan Zone (1.4-2.1 mm/year) and southern Karakoram (1.2-1.6 mm/year) than along the zone of collision (Indus suture) or along the north Indian plate margin. The High Himalayan leucogranites span 26-14 Ma in the central Himalaya, and anatexis occurred at 21-19 Ma in Zanskar, approximately 30 Ma after the collision. The cooling histories show that significant crustal thickening, widespread metamorphism, erosion and exhumation (and therefore, possibly significant topographic elevation) occurred during the early Miocene along the central and eastern Himalaya, before the strengthening of the Indian monsoon at ca. 8 Ma, before the major change in climate and vegetation, and before the onset of E-W extension on the Tibetan plateau. Exhumation, therefore, was primarily controlled by active thrusts and normal faults, not by external factors such as climate change.

scholarly journals INFRASTRUKTUR DALAM PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT PERBATASAN DI DESA LIANG TURAN KECAMATAN KRAYAN BARAT KABUPATEN NUNUKAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
MUHAMAD KASIM MAKARNO ◽  
MUHAMMAD HABIBI ◽  
EVA VERONIKA
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Access Road ◽  
Dirt Road ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Border Communities ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Pass Through

ABSTRAK Pembangunan perdesaan wilayah perbatasan menjadi titik tolak kearah kemajuan, terutama ketersedian sarana dan prasarana infrastruktur. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pembangunan infrastruktur di Desa Liang Turan Kecamatan Krayan Barat Kabupaten Nunukan. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan teknik analisis data menggunakan model interaktif Miles & Huberman (2011). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pembangunan infrastruktur di desa Liang Turan kurang baik, hal ini dikarenakan wilayahnya yang terisolasi. Akses jembatan yang menghubungkan antar kecamatan belum semuanya dapat dilalui oleh kendaraan roda 4 (empat). Akses jalanpun masih berupa jalan tanah yang ketika hujan maka dipastikan kendaraan tidak akan bisa melewati akses jalan tersebut. Barang-barang kebutuhan untuk membangun prasarana kantor desa, gedung sekolah dan rumah ibadah sulit didatangkan, karena satu-satunya akses transportasi yang bisa digunakan adalah melalui transportasi udara dan itupun sangat terbatas dan berbiaya mahal. Sedangkan untuk penyediaan bahan pembangunan dari Malaysia juga membutuhkan waktu yang lama karena kondisi prasarana Jalan yang tidak baik dan mempengaruhi pembangunan sarana dan prasarana infrastruktur di Desa Liang Turan Kecamatan Krayan Barat Kabupaten Nunukan. Kata Kunci : Pembangunan Infrastruktur, Sarana dan Prasarana, Masyarakat Perbatasan ABSTRACT Rural development of the border region is the starting point towards progress, especially the availability of infrastructure facilities and infrastructure The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of infrastructure development in Liang Turan Village, West Krayan District, Nunukan Regency. This type of research is qualitative descriptive, with data analysis techniques using interactive models of Miles & Huberman (2011). The results of research showed that infrastructure development in Liang Turan village was not good, this was due to the isolated area. Access to the bridge that connects between sub-districts has not been able to be traversed by four-wheeled vehicles. Even road access is in the form of a dirt road which, if there is rain, it is certain that the vehicle will not be able to pass through the access road. Items needed to build infrastructure for village offices, school buildings and houses of worship are difficult to bring, because the only access to transportation that can be used is through air transportation and that is very limited. Meanwhile, to bring in construction materials from Malaysia, it also takes a long time due to poor road infrastructure conditions that affect the construction of infrastructure facilities and infrastructure in Liang Turan Village, West Krayan District, Nunukan Regency. Keywords : Development of Infrastructure, Facilities and Infrastructure, Border Communities

scholarly journals Book Review: The Politics of Language Contact in the Himalaya

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Tikaram Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
Area Studies ◽  
Politics Of Language ◽  
Multidisciplinary Nature ◽  
The Himalaya

The arguments of The Politics of Language Contact in the Himalaya are grounded in the multidisciplinary nature of area studies i.e., linguistics, political science, anthropology and geography. Focusing on the area study of the trans-border region of the Himalaya, the contributors enrich their arguments through specific case studies of their respective areas. For all the contributors, the issues of language contact are central and all of them provide contextual analyses of this issue. The contributors raise placing their issues in the emerging discourse of language contact making the collection accessible not only to linguists but also to scholars interested in anthropology, sociolinguistics, political science and Asian studies.

Assyrians and Urartians

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Radner
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Border Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Administrative Structure ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Two Kingdoms ◽  
Buffer States

This article traces the interactions between Assyria and Urartu, military and otherwise, and their impact on the neighboring Anatolian kingdoms, especially the chain of buffer states situated between Assyria's northern and Urartu's southern border. To the Assyrian mind, Urartu was on one hand an anti-Assyria, the archenemy and eternal temptation for its vassals, and on the other a mirror image, a kind of Assyria in the mountains; inscriptions and archival materials alike attribute Assyrian concepts to Biainili, for example, by superimposing the Assyrian administrative structure onto the other country, referring to provinces and governors and using various specifically Assyrian titles for Urartian officials. This tends to promote the idea that the two kingdoms were very much alike, but the fact that climatic conditions and the economic basis of Assyria and Urartu were very different should make it clear that this assumption is implausible. The various states situated in the border region between Assyria and Urartu, too, had their own distinct identities and traditions.

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