Two earthquake events on the Pamsoa Segment of the Matano Fault, Sulawesi

Sulawesi Island crossed by the importance active faults of the Palukoro Fault in the western part and the Matano Fault in the eastern part. Pamsoa Segment, the fourth of six-segments of the Matano Fault (from west to east), located near importance Sorowako mining city, Sulawesi. Pamsoa segment has a 38 km length, oriented N295°E, and has an obvious 475 m sinistral river offset. A reconnaissance survey conduct in this segment along the fault crosses the mining dirt road. Two fault rupture existed on the Holocene river terrace. Accelerated Mass Spectrometry (AMS) carbon dating shows age about 5218 BP and 4446 BP on the soil samples. Nice slicken-side on red soil shows as a fresh fault rupture. This rupture shows a possible two earthquake event on the Pamsoa Segment. The Matano fault has potency similar to the 2018 Palu earthquake. If the fault has similar multi fault rupture earthquake characteristic, the Matano Fault is also classified as a Magnitude 7+ class earthquake. Further research is needed to get precise earthquake geology parameters and ideal charcoal samples.

Selection of the characteristics of the suspension system of the high-speed tracked robot

Currently, the field of mechanical engineering is rapidly developing, including the creation of robotic high-speed vehicles. The design of suspension systems for such vehicles must be accompa-nied by the fulfillment of certain requirements, which are currently not formulated. Considering the thing that there is no person in the body of a high-speed robot, the application of the requirements for the suspensions of crew vehicles is not justified. In order to develop recommendations on the choice of characteristics of suspension systems for high-speed tracked robots, the research objects, which mass is in the range from 1000 to 10000 kg are determined. No suspension system is required for objects weighing less than 1000 kg. Objects weighing more than 10,000 kg will be created on the basis of existing serial vehicles. The study is based on the provision that the considered class of vehicles is not subject to re-strictions on the range of natural frequencies of body vibrations. Considering that one of the main requirements remains for high-speed tracked robots - ensuring a high average speed, it is proposed to increase the suspension stiffness in order to exclude resonance from the range of possible travel speeds. Using the accepted provisions, a study of the suspension system of increased stiffness is carried out. The movement along the tracks of a harmonic profile in resonance mode and a broken dirt road is simulated. The results of the study show that the characteristics of the suspension system, selected accord-ing to the proposed method, make it possible to move along the line of the harmonic profile in the resonant mode without suspension breakdowns. The speed of movement on a broken dirt road is limited to a value, which exceeding leads to sig-nificant vibrations of the body and an increase in the load on the elements of the suspension system. The absence of breakdowns leads to a decrease in the loading of the suspension, which makes it possible to reduce the mass of its elements.

STUDIES OF MUDFLOWS IN THE BEZENGI GORGE (CENTRAL CAUCASUS, KABARDINO-BALKAR REPUBLIC):DYNAMICS, CONSEQUENCES

There are presented the results of the study of mudflows in the upper reaches of the Bezengi gorge (the basin of the Cherek Bezengiysky river, above the rural settlement of Bezengi) where villages pose the greatest threat to the lives of people and economic objects. 12 watercourses with the highest frequency of mudslides were identified with a catchment area of which is 202.5 km2. The most dangerous in terms of descending frequency and fl ow power are the Zhyrchy-Suu, Bekkam-Suu and Urel-Suu streams, mudflows from which regularly fill up the dirt road to the Bezengi alpine camp and hayfields. The results of field research data of the mudflows that came in 2011, 2012, 2015 and 2017 years on the Zhyrchy-Suu, Urel-Suu and Bekkam-Suu streams and a comparative characteristic with the data of mudflows descending the same streams on July 9, 2020 are given in the work. The tendency of activation of mudflow processes in this area is determined and recommendations are given for anti-mudflow protection of the road leading to the Bezengi alpine camp.

Protected species of vascular plants in Khibiny montains: how many representative herbar collections?

The Khibiny Mountains are a territory with a high botanic diversity and include value habitat types. We analyzed the representativeness of the herbaria of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute (KPABG) and the Institute of Industrial ecology Problems of the North (INEP) in relation to protected species of vascular plants in the Khibiny. The collections include 34 of 49 protected species recorded in literature. In the course of the analysis, the complete information from the herbarium labels was converted into electronic format and prepared to include into the database of the “Flora of Russian Lapland”. In the absence of precise geographic coordinates on the labels, geo-referencing was performed according to a standardized protocol using topographic maps of the Khibiny Mts at a scale of 1:100,000, archival materials (field diaries and reports) and high-resolution satellite images of the earth’s surface. Most of the regionally protected species in herbaria were collected in the most accessible southern part of the Khibiny, near by the human transformed territories and along a dirt road through the mountain pass. regional botanical Natural Monuments and federal Protected Area Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute are among the best studied. The herbaria include specimens collected over almost hundred-of-years periods and almost no specimens of protected species from the “Khibiny” National Park.

Synthesis of a system of inertial dynamic stabilization with control according to a set of parameters measured on board of a self-propelled vehicle

The work is devoted to the development of the inertial dynamic damping and stabilization of self-propelled transport and technological machines with a mounted working body. The necessity and possibility of improving the previously developed control equations for the stabilization system is substantiated. The description of the approach for the synthesis of the control system is given and the application of integral criteria for the formation of requirements for the transient processes of the control system is substantiated. A model of optimal control is proposed. Its information area is determined by a set of parameters measured on board of the self-propelled vehicle. The algorithm of the control system is adaptive, automatically reconfiguring the gain in the system depending on the change in its inertial parameters. The kinematic diagram of the drive of the modern forage harvester adapter was taken as an example to present a design diagram for recalculating the values of the re-quired stabilizing moments into the force developed by a hydraulic cylinder or other actuator. The requirements for the information field of the stabilization system are given in the form of a set of measured parameters, the range of their measurements, the locations of the sensors and the permis-sible measurement errors. A set of criteria for the effectiveness and efficiency of the stabilization system is proposed. On the basis of numerical experiments, the values of the tuning coefficients of the stabilization system were selected and the transient processes of changes in the angles of the longitudinal inclination and the longitudinal angular velocity of the body under a single shock load-ing of the machine were constructed. It is shown that the proposed approach provides asymptotic stability of the considered oscillatory system. In order to assess the performance on the basis of simulation modeling, oscillograms of changes in the angles of rotation of the adapter and the forces on the rod of the hydraulic cylinder when the combine moves with the stabilization system turned on on a dirt road and asphalt concrete at different speeds were constructed. The evaluation of the development efficiency is given. The conditions for the modernization of the existing generation of combines for their equipping with the proposed stabilization system are formulated. Conclusions are formulated and directions for further research are determined.

Comparing the Spatial Accuracy of Digital Surface Models from Four Unoccupied Aerial Systems: Photogrammetry Versus LiDAR

The technological growth and accessibility of Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS) have revolutionized the way geographic data are collected. Digital Surface Models (DSMs) are an integral component of geospatial analyses and are now easily produced at a high resolution from UAS images and photogrammetric software. Systematic testing is required to understand the strengths and weaknesses of DSMs produced from various UAS. Thus, in this study, we used photogrammetry to create DSMs using four UAS (DJI Inspire 1, DJI Phantom 4 Pro, DJI Mavic Pro, and DJI Matrice 210) to test the overall accuracy of DSM outputs across a mixed land cover study area. The accuracy and spatial variability of these DSMs were determined by comparing them to (1) 12 high-precision GPS targets (checkpoints) in the field, and (2) a DSM created from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) (Velodyne VLP-16 Puck Lite) on a fifth UAS, a DJI Matrice 600 Pro. Data were collected on July 20, 2018 over a site with mixed land cover near Middleton, NS, Canada. The study site comprised an area of eight hectares (~20 acres) with land cover types including forest, vines, dirt road, bare soil, long grass, and mowed grass. The LiDAR point cloud was used to create a 0.10 m DSM which had an overall Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) accuracy of ±0.04 m compared to 12 checkpoints spread throughout the study area. UAS were flown three times each and DSMs were created with the use of Ground Control Points (GCPs), also at 0.10 m resolution. The overall RMSE values of UAS DSMs ranged from ±0.03 to ±0.06 m compared to 12 checkpoints. Next, DSMs of Difference (DoDs) compared UAS DSMs to the LiDAR DSM, with results ranging from ±1.97 m to ±2.09 m overall. Upon further investigation over respective land covers, high discrepancies occurred over vegetated terrain and in areas outside the extent of GCPs. This indicated LiDAR’s superiority in mapping complex vegetation surfaces and stressed the importance of a complete GCP network spanning the entirety of the study area. While UAS DSMs and LiDAR DSM were of comparable high quality when evaluated based on checkpoints, further examination of the DoDs exposed critical discrepancies across the study site, namely in vegetated areas. Each of the four test UAS performed consistently well, with P4P as the clear front runner in overall ranking.

Opportunistic Soil-Inhabiting Micromycetes during Monitoring Analysis of Agrocenoses

Под влиянием антропогенных факторов в почве и сопряжённых с нею средах может происходить накопление опасных для человека (потенциально патогенных, аллергенных, микотоксичных) видов микроскопических грибов. Изучение этой группы микромицетов и явилось целью настоящей работы. Представлены результаты исследований, проведённых в 2011–2018 гг. в полевом стационарном опыте, заложенном на опытном поле ФГБОУ ВО Ярославская ГСХА, по изучению различных систем обработки почвы и систем удобрений. В 2014–2015 гг. дополнительно исследовали почву зоны перелеска, заросшей грунтовой дороги и леса по краю поля, которые представляют собой естественно сформировавшиеся растительные ассоциации. Многие из обнаруженных нами почвообитающих грибов как в естественных сообществах, так и в окультуренной почве, являются потенциально-патогенными видами, относящимися к III и IV группам по классификации санитарно-эпидемиологических правил СП 1.3.2322-08. Полученные результаты не выявили общих закономерностей распространения оппортунистических грибов в исследованной почве. Однако в целом большинство из них не имеют широкого распространения по частоте встречаемости и массовости. Исключением являются виды р. Aspergillus. Как аллергенные, в первую очередь, рассматриваются виды тёмноокрашенных родов Alternaria (A. alternata), Cladosporium (C. herbarum), а также рода Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger). По мнению ряда авторов, в настоящее время увеличилась распространённость сапротрофных видов грибов, способных продуцировать микотоксины и вызывать микотоксикозы и оппортунистические микозы. В связи с этим необходим постоянный мониторинг фитосанитарной ситуации в посевах сельскохозяйственных культур, тщательный микологический и микотоксикологический контроль сельскохозяйственной продукции, совершенствование видовой диагностики грибов. Under the influence of anthropogenic factors the accumulation of types of microscopic fungi that are dangerous for humans (potentially pathogenic, allergenic, mycotoxic) can occur in soil and its associated medium. The study of this group of micromycetes was the aim of this work. The results of the researches conducted in 2011–2018 in the stationary test laid down on the experimental field of the FSBEI HE Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy to study various tillage systems and fertilizer systems are presented. In 2014–2015 the soil of the field woodland zone, overgrown dirt road and forest along the edge of the field which are naturally formed plant associations was additionally investigated. Many of the soil fungi found by us both in natural communities and in cultivated soil are potentially pathogenic species belonging to groups III and IV according to the classification of sanitary and epidemiological rules SP 1.3.2322-08. The results obtained did not reveal the general patterns of the spread of opportunistic fungi in the soil under investigation. However in general most of them are not widespread in frequency of occurrence and massive participation. An exception is the species g. Aspergillus. As allergenic, first of all species of the dark-colored genus Alternaria (A. alternata), Cladosporium (C. herbarum), and also the genus Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger) are considered. According to several authors the prevalence of saprotrophic species of fungi that can produce mycotoxins and cause mycotoxicoses and opportunistic mycoses has now increased. In this regard constant monitoring of the phytosanitary situation in agricultural crops, careful mycological and mycotoxicological control of agricultural products, improvement of the species diagnosis of fungi are necessary.

Targeted High-Resolution Structure from Motion Observations over the Mw 6.4 and 7.1 Ruptures of the Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence

We carried out six targeted structure from motion surveys using small uninhabited aerial systems over the Mw 6.4 and 7.1 ruptures of the Ridgecrest earthquake sequence in the first three months after the events. The surveys cover approximately 500 × 500 m areas just south of Highway 178 with an average ground sample distance of 1.5 cm. The first survey took place five days after the Mw 6.4 foreshock on 9 July 2019. The final survey took place on 27 September 2019. The time between surveys increased over time, with the first five surveys taking place in the first month after the earthquake. Comparison of imagery from before and after the Mw 7.1 earthquake shows variation in slip on the main rupture and a small amount of distributed slip across the scene. Cracks can be observed and mapped in the high-resolution imagery, which show en echelon cracking, fault splays, and a northeast-striking conjugate fault at the Mw 7.1 rupture south of Highway 178 and near the dirt road. Initial postseismic results show little fault afterslip, but possible subsidence in the first 7–10 days after the earthquake, followed by uplift.