Integrated database for rapid mass movements in Norway

Abstract. Rapid gravitational slope mass movements include all kinds of short term relocation of geological material, snow or ice. Traditionally, information about such events is collected separately in different databases covering selected geographical regions and types of movement. In Norway the terrain is susceptible to all types of rapid gravitational slope mass movements ranging from single rocks hitting roads and houses to large snow avalanches and rock slides where entire mountainsides collapse into fjords creating flood waves and endangering large areas. In addition, quick clay slides occur in desalinated marine sediments in South Eastern and Mid Norway. For the authorities and inhabitants of endangered areas, the type of threat is of minor importance and mitigation measures have to consider several types of rapid mass movements simultaneously. An integrated national database for all types of rapid mass movements built around individual events has been established. Only three data entries are mandatory: time, location and type of movement. The remaining optional parameters enable recording of detailed information about the terrain, materials involved and damages caused. Pictures, movies and other documentation can be uploaded into the database. A web-based graphical user interface has been developed allowing new events to be entered, as well as editing and querying for all events. An integration of the database into a GIS system is currently under development. Datasets from various national sources like the road authorities and the Geological Survey of Norway were imported into the database. Today, the database contains 33 000 rapid mass movement events from the last five hundred years covering the entire country. A first analysis of the data shows that the most frequent type of recorded rapid mass movement is rock slides and snow avalanches followed by debris slides in third place. Most events are recorded in the steep fjord terrain of the Norwegian west coast, but major events are recorded all over the country. Snow avalanches account for most fatalities, while large rock slides causing flood waves and huge quick clay slides are the most damaging individual events in terms of damage to infrastructure and property and for causing multiple fatalities. The quality of the data is strongly influenced by the personal engagement of local observers and varying observation routines. This database is a unique source for statistical analysis including, risk analysis and the relation between rapid mass movements and climate. The database of rapid mass movement events will also facilitate validation of national hazard and risk maps.

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Seismic detection and characterization of landslides and other mass movements

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-5-791-2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 791-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

E. Suriñach ◽

I. Vilajosana ◽

G. Khazaradze ◽

B. Biescas ◽

G. Furdada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Movement ◽

Relative Increase ◽

Mass Movements ◽

Snow Avalanches ◽

Monitoring Methods ◽

Time Frequency ◽

Local Site ◽

Routine Monitoring ◽

Source Signal ◽

Using Data

Abstract. Seismic methods used in the study of snow avalanches may be employed to detect and characterize landslides and other mass movements, using standard spectrogram/sonogram analysis. For snow avalanches, the spectrogram for a station that is approached by a sliding mass exhibits a triangular time/frequency signature due to an increase over time in the higher-frequency constituents. Recognition of this characteristic footprint in a spectrogram suggests a useful metric for identifying other mass-movement events such as landslides. The 1 June 2005 slide at Laguna Beach, California is examined using data obtained from the Caltech/USGS Regional Seismic Network. This event exhibits the same general spectrogram features observed in studies of Alpine snow avalanches. We propose that these features are due to the systematic relative increase in high-frequency energy transmitted to a seismometer in the path of a mass slide owing to a reduction of distance from the source signal. This phenomenon is related to the path of the waves whose high frequencies are less attenuated as they traverse shorter source-receiver paths. Entrainment of material in the course of the slide may also contribute to the triangular time/frequency signature as a consequence of the increase in the energy involved in the process; in this case the contribution would be a source effect. By applying this commonly observed characteristic to routine monitoring algorithms, along with custom adjustments for local site effects, we seek to contribute to the improvement in automatic detection and monitoring methods of landslides and other mass movements.

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Snow Avalanche Assessment in Mass Movement-Prone Areas: Results from Climate Extremization in Relationship with Environmental Risk Reduction in the Prati di Tivo Area (Gran Sasso Massif, Central Italy)

Land ◽

10.3390/land10111176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1176

Author(s):

Massimiliano Fazzini ◽

Marco Cordeschi ◽

Cristiano Carabella ◽

Giorgio Paglia ◽

Gianluca Esposito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Mitigation ◽

Mass Movement ◽

Central Italy ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Snow Avalanche ◽

High Mountain ◽

Mass Movements ◽

Snow Avalanches ◽

Massif Central ◽

Mountain Environments

Mass movements processes (i.e., landslides and snow avalanches) play an important role in landscape evolution and largely affect high mountain environments worldwide and in Italy. The increase in temperatures, the irregularity of intense weather events, and several heavy snowfall events increased mass movements’ occurrence, especially in mountain regions with a high impact on settlements, infrastructures, and well-developed tourist facilities. In detail, the Prati di Tivo area, located on the northern slope of the Gran Sasso Massif (Central Italy), has been widely affected by mass movement phenomena. Following some recent damaging snow avalanches, a risk mitigation protocol has been activated to develop mitigation activities and land use policies. The main goal was to perform a multidisciplinary analysis of detailed climatic and geomorphological analysis, integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) processing, to advance snow avalanche hazard assessment methodologies in mass movement-prone areas. Furthermore, this work could represent an operative tool for any geomorphological hazard studies in high mountainous environments, readily available to interested stakeholders. It could also provide a scientific basis for implementing sustainable territorial planning, emergency management, and loss-reduction measures.

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Hillslope Form and Process: History 1960− 2000+

Geological Society London Memoirs ◽

10.1144/m58-2021-8 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. M58-2021-8

Author(s):

Mike Kirkby

Keyword(s):

Land Surface ◽

Drainage Density ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Lower Atmosphere ◽

Tectonic Activity ◽

Significant Advance ◽

Mass Movements ◽

Solution Processes ◽

Process Understanding ◽

Rapid Mass

AbstractThe study of hillslopes has been dominated by the expansion of studies into process rates and mechanisms. Perhaps the greatest volume of work has been on the ‘wash’ processes of soil erosion, but there has also been significant work on the diffusive mass movements of linear and non-linear ‘creep’ that shape the convexity of hilltops, on more rapid mass movements and on solution processes. There has also been fresh work on distinctive processes in coastal, arid and cold-climate environments.Accompanying and integrated with process understanding, and made possible by ubiquitous computational power, modelling has developed from soluble mathematical simplifications to complex simulations that incorporate much of our understanding of process and climate.Particular topics that have seen significant advance include a more complete understanding of drainage density and texture, and a broadening of interest to encompass the ‘critical zone’ that constructively unifies the land surface with the lower atmosphere, the biosphere and the regolith. There has also been a change of focus towards steeplands, dominated by mass movements, supply limited removal and tectonic activity.Most recently, and now incorporated into the concept of the ‘Anthropocene’, human impact is now receiving increasing attention as we acknowledge its accelerating role in changing landscapes and their relationships.

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Modelación de Crecidas Aluvionales en la Cuenca del Río Copiapó, Chile

Ingeniería del agua ◽

10.4995/ia.2017.7366 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rodrigo Valdés-Pineda ◽

Juan B. Valdés ◽

Pablo García-Chevesich

Keyword(s):

Mass Movement ◽

Satellite Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Analysis ◽

Del Rio ◽

Movement Simulation ◽

Rapid Mass

<p class="Resumen">Los eventos extremos de precipitación intensa que se produjeron entre el 24 y 26 de marzo de 2015 en la región del Desierto de Atacama (26-29°S), en el Norte de Chile, dejaron alrededor de 30 000 damnificados, siendo uno de los eventos de mayores magnitudes de los últimos 50 años, y que tuvo un costo de reconstrucción de alrededor de $1.5 billones de dólares. Los flujos de detritos que se incrementaron durante la crecida inundaron gran parte de las ciudades de Copiapó y Tierra Amarilla. Este manuscrito tiene por objetivo modelar la crecida aluvional de marzo de 2015 en la cuenca del Río Copiapó, específicamente en las localidades de Copiapó y Tierra Amarilla. La modelación se lleva a cabo utilizando el modelo Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS) que permite modelar la dinámica de la crecida aluvional en dos dimensiones, utilizando las características topográficas de los dominios de modelación. La calibración del modelo fue llevada a cabo satisfactoriamente utilizando datos de alturas capturados en terreno después de la crecida del año 2015. Un análisis detallado del evento hidrometeorológico es llevado a cabo utilizando imágenes satelitales obtenidas desde Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), así como datos pluviométricos e hidrográficos disponibles en la cuenca del Río Copiapó. La simulación de la crecida es reproducida con mapas de alturas de inundación asociados a dos escenarios de modelación. Las alturas máximas de inundación son finalmente utilizadas para el desarrollo de mapas de riesgos en ambas localidades. De acuerdo a nuestros resultados, el modelo RAMMS es una herramienta apropiada para modelar crecidas aluvionales y elaborar mapas de riesgos de inundación para mejorar la gestión de riesgos hidrológicos en cuencas áridas y semiáridas de Chile.</p>

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Identificação de Cicatrizes de Movimentos de Massa na Borda Oriental da Bacia do Paraná com base em Imagens Landsat 5-TM (Identification of Landslides Scars in the Eastern Edge of the Paraná Basin)

Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física ◽

10.26848/rbgf.v8.1.p056-070 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 056

Author(s):

Mariana Madruga De Brito

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Mass Movement ◽

Google Earth ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Mass Movements ◽

Tm Image ◽

Paraná Basin ◽

Landsat 5 Tm ◽

Parana Basin ◽

Eastern Edge

Movimentos de massa são fenômenos naturais caracterizados pelo deslocamento de solo e rocha vertente abaixo. Quando esses processos ocorrem em áreas urbanizadas, podem causar perdas econômicas, impactos sociais e, em casos extremos, perda de vidas humanas. Na tentativa de mitigar tais desastres, torna-se necessário mapear os locais já afetados pelos mesmos, uma vez que escorregamentos recentes podem sugerir futuros padrões de instabilidade. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve por objetivo mapear as cicatrizes de movimentos de massa em um segmento da Borda Oriental da Bacia do Paraná, por meio do processamento de uma imagem Landsat 5-TM, órbita/ponto 220/80, data de passagem 28/08/2009. Para facilitar a discriminação destas feições, elaboraram-se composições coloridas RGB e processamentos tais como Ampliação Linear de Contraste (ALC), razão entre bandas e Análise por Componentes Principais (PCA). A fim de validar o inventário elaborado, utilizaram-se imagens de alta resolução disponíveis no software Google Earth®. Ao total, foram identificadas 63 cicatrizes com a imagem Landsat 5-TM e 121 cicatrizes com as imagens do Google Earth®. Os principais tipos de movimentos de massa mapeados são escorregamentos translacionais rasos e corrida de detritos. A identificação das cicatrizes foi possível devido às diferenças de tonalidade, cor, matiz e textura nas imagens orbitais após a ocorrência desses processos. Os resultados obtidos representam um passo inicial para a análise da suscetibilidade da área. A B S T R A C T Mass movements are natural phenomena characterized by the downslope movement of soil and rock. When these processes occur in urban areas they can cause economic losses, social impacts and, in extreme cases, loss of human lives. In an attempt to mitigate such disasters, it is necessary to map sites affected by them, since recent landslides may suggest future patterns of instability. In this sense, this study aimed to map the mass movement scars in a segment of the Eastern Edge of the Paraná Basin, through the processing of a Landsat 5-TM image, 220/80 orbit-point and date of passage 08/28/2009. To facilitate the recognition of these features, RGB color compositions and image processing techniques such as contrast stretching, ratio between bands and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied. In order to validate the inventory, high-resolution images available at Google Earth® software were used. Totally, 63 scars were identified with the Landsat 5-TM image and 121 with Google Earth® images. The main types of mass movements mapped are translational landslides and debris flows. The identification of the scars was possible due to differences in tone, color, hue and texture at the orbital images after the occurrence of such processes. Results obtained represent an initial step towards the susceptibility analysis of the area. Keywords: Landslide inventory; Digital image processing; Satellite images; Geoprocessing.

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Application of a mass movement susceptibility model in the heterogeneous Miocene clastic successions of the Slovenj Gradec Basin, northeast Slovenia

Acta geographica Slovenica ◽

10.3986/ags.7040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kristina Ivančič ◽

Jernej Jež ◽

Blaž Milanič ◽

Špela Kumelj ◽

Andrej Šmuc

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Spatial Planning ◽

Landscape Architecture ◽

Mass Movement ◽

Mass Movements ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Susceptibility Maps ◽

Susceptibility Model ◽

Lithological Composition ◽

Geological Research

In Slovenia, mass movements are not only a threat to the population, but also a major environmental and social science challenge. Lithologically heterogeneous areas have been found to be problematic, and the Miocene Slovenj Gradec basin (in northeast Slovenia) is one such area. For this area, we developed landslide and rockfall susceptibility maps based on detailed geological research combined with statistical modeling schemes. Crucial factors include lithological composition, land use, geological structural elements, slope curvature, aspect and inclination, and bed dipping. The approach taken in the development of mass movement susceptibility maps presented here is transferable to other areas defined by heterogeneous lithology. Such maps could prove useful spatial planning, forestry, environmental protection, landscape architecture, and other fields.

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Diagnóstico da Exposição aos Riscos de Movimento de Massa e Alagamento em Comunidades do Município de Alagoa Nova, Paraíba / Brasil

Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física ◽

10.26848/rbgf.v12.7.p2537-2549 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2537

Author(s):

Caroline Barros de Sales ◽

Lutiane Queiroz de Almeida

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Data Collection ◽

Social Vulnerability ◽

Risk Mitigation ◽

Mass Movement ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Disaster Risk ◽

Civil Defense ◽

Mass Movements ◽

Two Stages

Os territórios de riscos de desastres são considerados, por diversos especialistas, resultados da associação entre exposição aos perigos naturais do ambiente, condições de vulnerabilidade social e entre as vulnerabilidades intrínsecas à Gestão de Riscos de Desastres. Tais territórios podem e estão sendo objetos de estudo de pesquisadores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, inclusive da Geografia. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a exposição de comunidades do município de Alagoa Nova - PB aos riscos de movimentos de massa e alagamento. A metodologia está dividida em duas etapas, as quais possuem, em comum, os seguintes procedimentos: levantamento bibliográfico, levantamento de dados secundários, elaboração cartográfica, atividades de campo e diálogo com representante da Defesa Civil Municipal. Coloca-se como relevante à medida que os seus resultados conseguem apontar os fatores que devem ser priorizados pela Defesa Civil Municipal e por outras secretarias municipais para uma efetiva mitigação dos riscos nas comunidades. Diagnostic of Exposure to Risks of Mass Movement and Flooding in Communities of the Municipality of Alagoa Nova, Paraíba / BrazilA B S T R A C TDisaster risk territories are considered by various experts to be the result of the association between exposure to natural environmental hazards, conditions of social vulnerability, and intrinsic vulnerabilities to Disaster Risk Management. These territories can and are being studied by researchers from different areas of knowledge, including geography. The present work aims to characterize the exposure of communities in the municipality of Alagoa Nova - PB to the risks of mass movements and flooding. The methodology is divided into two stages, which have in common the following procedures: bibliographic research, secondary data collection, cartographic elaboration, field activities and dialogue with the Municipal Civil Defense representative. The work is considered relevant because its results can point out the factors that must be prioritized by the Municipal Civil Defense and other municipal secretariats for an effective risk mitigation in the communities.Keywords: Exposure factors; Risk; Disaster; Management

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Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism

Comparative Studies in Society and History ◽

10.1017/s0010417500012330 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 265-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Nikki R. Keddie

Keyword(s):

Economic Crisis ◽

Mass Movement ◽

Russian Revolution ◽

Mass Movements ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Revolutionary Movement ◽

Constitutional Government ◽

Continuous Stream ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Electric Effect

The period 1905–1912 saw a number of nearly simultaneous revolutions or mass movements in Asian countries, which may be considered as the first wave of a revolutionary movement which continues to rock Asia. The Chinese overthrow of the Manchu dynasty, the Young Turk victory, and the Indian mass movement of 1905–1909 are probably the best-known in a series of events which also embraced smaller Asian countries and groups. The main reasons for their simultaneity were probably: the electric effect of the Russo-Japanese War, a startling Asian victory over a Western Power; the Russian Revolution of 1905, an inspiring anti-autocratic struggle which temporarily took Russia away as a bulwark for conservative governments in Asia; the intensification of imperialist pressures on Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which brought Asian economic and political reactions; and, possibly, the beginnings of economic crisis, which were reflected in Asia. Among these the Russo-Japanese War perhaps deserves to be singled out as the immediate spark, igniting highly inflammatory material in Asia as it did in Russia itself. Not only was Asian pride, hitherto battered by a continuous stream of Western conquests, bolstered by this victory, but the fact that the only Asian constitutional power defeated the only major Western non-constitutional power strengthened the fight for constitutional government as the panacea for internal ills and the “secret” of Western strength.

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Lower-Caste Conversions (1530–Present)

A History of Christian Conversion ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195320923.003.0021 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 550-578

Author(s):

David W. Kling

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Mass Movement ◽

Northeast India ◽

Mass Movements ◽

Lower Caste ◽

Future Success ◽

Roman Catholics ◽

Individual Commitment

Beginning in the 1860s and 1870s, in separate regions of India, Protestants witnessed explosive growth through group conversions among the “depressed classes.” Forced to revise their understanding of conversion as an individual commitment made by one person at a time, Christians discovered that their future success lay in the conversion of the outcastes and tribal groups. By 1933, an estimated one-half of the Roman Catholics in India were descendants of mass-movement converts and at least 80 percent of the Protestant converts had also come via this route. This chapter considers group conversions or mass movements, primarily among nineteenth- and twentieth-century depressed classes and tribal peoples, who currently represent over 50 percent and 15 to 20 percent, respectively, of Christians in India. Groups discussed include the Shanars of Tirunelveli, the Chuhras of Punjab, and the Mizos of northeast India. The chapter concludes with an examination of recent conversion controversies.

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