scholarly journals Modelling temperature and salinity in Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea: sensitivity to model type and surface forcing

Ocean Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. O'Neill ◽  
J. A. Polton ◽  
J. T. Holt ◽  
E. J. O'Dea
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Liverpool Bay ◽  
Skill Scores ◽  
Shelf Sea ◽  
The Irish Sea

Abstract. Three shelf sea models are compared against observed surface temperature and salinity in Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea: a 7 km NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) model, and 12 km and 1.8 km POLCOMS (Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modelling System) models. Each model is run with two different surface forcing datasets of different resolutions. Comparisons with a variety of observations from the Liverpool Bay Coastal Observatory show that increasing the surface forcing resolution improves the modelled surface temperature in all the models, in particular reducing the summer warm bias and winter cool bias. The response of surface salinity is more varied with improvements in some areas and deterioration in others. The 7 km NEMO model performs as well as the 1.8 km POLCOMS model when measured by overall skill scores, although the sources of error in the models are different. NEMO is too weakly stratified in Liverpool Bay, whereas POLCOMS is too strongly stratified. The horizontal salinity gradient, which is too strong in POLCOMS, is better reproduced by NEMO which uses a more diffusive horizontal advection scheme. This leads to improved semi-diurnal variability in salinity in NEMO at a mooring site located in the Liverpool Bay ROFI (region of freshwater influence) area.

scholarly journals Modelling temperature and salinity in Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea: sensitivity to model type and surface forcing

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 649-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. O'Neill ◽  
J. A. Polton ◽  
J. T. Holt ◽  
E. J. O'Dea
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Liverpool Bay ◽  
Skill Scores ◽  
Shelf Sea ◽  
Coastal Observatory ◽  
The Irish Sea

Abstract. Three shelf sea models are compared against observed surface temperature and salinity in Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea: a 7 km NEMO model, and 12 km and 1.8 km POLCOMS models. Each model is run with two different surface forcing datasets of different resolutions. Comparisons with a variety of observations from the Liverpool Bay Coastal Observatory show that increasing the surface forcing resolution improves the modelled surface temperature in all the models, in particular reducing the summer warm bias and winter cool bias. The response of surface salinity is more varied with improvements in some areas and deterioration in others. The 7 km NEMO model performs as well as the 1.8 km POLCOMS model when measured by overall skill scores although the sources of error in the models are different. NEMO is too weakly stratified in Liverpool Bay, whereas POLCOMS is too strongly stratified. The horizontal salinity gradient, which is too strong in POLCOMS, is better reproduced by NEMO which uses a more diffusive horizontal advection scheme. This leads to improved semi-diurnal variability in salinity in NEMO at a mooring site located in the Liverpool Bay ROFI area.

scholarly journals A Summary of the Work done by the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee during 1885–87

1888 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-217
Author(s):  
W. A. Herdman
Keyword(s):  
Marine Biology ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Biological Investigation ◽  
Liverpool Bay ◽  
Scientific Organisation ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Work Done

The Liverpool Marine Biology Committee was formed in March, 1885, for the purpose of investigating thoroughly the Fauna and Flora of Liverpool Bay and the neighbouring parts of the Irish Sea. The aim of the Committee is not merely to draw up an accurate list of the species found in this locality, but also to observe and record the relative numbers, the size, the colours, and the condition generally of the specimens, the exact localities in which they are found, the other species of animals and plants associated with them, and their mutual relations as food, enemies, or competitors. In this way it is hoped that a mass of observations will be accumulated which may be of use in determining the geographical distribution of various forms, the nature of the conditions which influence species, and the relations existing between the different plants and animals. It was felt at the outset that this work was exactly that department of biological investigation which could be best carried out by an organised body of workers who would subdivide the area to be investigated, and the groups of animals and plants to be worked up between them, and would carry on systematic observations year after year, sending in periodic reports upon their work. The value, in fact the absolute necessity, of this organisation, division of labour, and systematic arrangement, for the successful accomplishment of the objects in view, has been felt all along by the members of the Committee and those naturalists who have worked with them; and the results attained so far have, I think, fully justified their belief in the benefit to be derived from scientific organisation.

scholarly journals Effect of High-Resolution Meteorological Forcing on Nearshore Wave and Current Model Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy M. Bricheno ◽  
Albert Soret ◽  
Judith Wolf ◽  
Oriol Jorba ◽  
Jose Maria Baldasano
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
The Irish Sea

Abstract Accurate representation of wind forcing and mean sea level pressure is important for modeling waves and surges. This is especially important for complex coastal zone areas. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been run at 12-, 4-, and 1.33-km resolution for a storm event over the Irish Sea. The outputs were used to force the coupled hydrodynamic and the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modeling System (POLCOMS)–Wave Model (WAM) and the effect on storm surge and waves has been assessed. An improvement was observed in the WRF model pressure and wind speed when moving from 12- to 4-km resolution with errors in wind speed decreasing more than 10% on average. When moving from 4 to 1.33 km no further significant improvement was observed. The atmospheric model results at 12 and 4 km were then applied to the ocean model. Wave direction was seen to improve with increased ocean model resolution, and higher-resolution forcing was found to generally increase the wave height over the Irish Sea by up to 40 cm in places. Improved clustering of wave direction was observed when 4-km meteorological forcing was used. Large differences were seen in the coastal zone because of the improved representation of the coastline and, in turn, the atmospheric boundary layer. The combination of high-resolution atmospheric forcing and a coupled wave–surge model gave the best result.

scholarly journals Changes in the Surface Salinity Gradient and Transport of the Irminger Current: The Climate Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Paldor ◽  
Ofer Shamir ◽  
Andreas Münchow ◽  
Albert D. Kirwan Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Climatological Data ◽  
Salinity Gradients ◽  
Salinity Data ◽  
East And West ◽  
Analysis Schema ◽  
Irminger Current

Abstract. Here we use a new analysis schema, the Freshening Length, to study the transport in the Irminger Current on the east and west sides of Greenland. The Freshening Length schema relates the transports on either side of Greenland to the corresponding surface salinity gradients by analyzing climatological data from a data assimilating global ocean model. Surprisingly, the warm and salty waters of the Current are clearly identified by a salinity maximum that varies nearly linearly with distance along the Current’s axis. Our analysis of the climatological salinity data based on the Freshening Length schema shows that only about 20 % of the transport east of Greenland navigates the southern tip of Greenland to enter the Labrador Sea in the west. The other 80 % disperses into the ambient ocean. This independent quantitative estimate based on a 37-year long record complements seasonal to annual field campaigns that studied the connection between the seas east and west of Greenland more synoptically. A temperature-salinity analysis shows that the Irminger Current east of Greenland is characterized by a compensating isopycnal exchange of temperature and salinity, while west of Greenland the horizontal convergence of less dense surface water is accompanied by downwelling/subduction.

scholarly journals The concept of fecundity regulation in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) tested on three Irish Sea spawning populations

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kennedy ◽  
P R Witthames ◽  
R DM Nash
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Liverpool Bay ◽  
Pleuronectes Platessa ◽  
Isle Of Man ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
Different Levels

The fecundity of European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the Irish Sea between 2000 and 2004 was estimated during the spawning season for fish in the three main spawning areas (Liverpool Bay, the Cumbrian coast, and the western Irish Sea) and one small spawning group on the west coast of the Isle of Man. Fecundity was also estimated during September of 2003 and 2004. The aim of this was to assess the variability in fecundity between areas and years in the Irish Sea and also to identify when differences in fecundity become apparent in the maturation cycle. There were variations in fecundity on both the temporal and spatial scales. The greatest variation in fecundity between years occurred in the western Irish Sea, whereas there was no variation between years in the southeastern Irish Sea (Liverpool Bay). There was no difference in fecundity between areas or years during September. The maximum fecundity in plaice is determined by the total weight of the fish at the end of follicle recruitment in the ovary, and differences in the fecundity of each population are the result of different levels of down-regulation in the period between the end of follicle proliferation and spawning.

Hydrographic Observations in the Eastern Irish Sea With Particular Reference to the Distribution of Nutrient Salts

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. W. Jones ◽  
A. R. Folkard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Liverpool Bay ◽  
Isle Of Man ◽  
Phosphate Nitrate ◽  
Distribution And Ecology ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Current Systems ◽  
Made In

INTRODUCTIONStudies on the physical hydrography of the Irish Sea, based mainly on temperature and salinity observations, have been made by Bowden (1955) and Lee (1960). The current systems in various parts of the Irish Sea have been investigated by Bowden & Sharaf El Din (1966), Harvey (1968), Ramster & Hill (1969) and Hill & Ramster (1971). Various smaller-scale physical observations made by other workers have been listed by the above authors.There are not as many references in the literature to the distribution of nutrient salts in the Irish Sea. Jones & Haq (1963) measured phosphate in Liverpool Bay as part of an investigation into the distribution of the alga Phaeocystis. Slinn & Offlow (1968) have made regular routine measurements of phosphate, nitrate and silicate over a number of years off Port Erin, Isle of Man. Ewins & Spencer (1967) measured phosphate, organic phosphorus, nitrate and silicate in the Menai Straits, and Liss (1969) surveyed the distribution of silicate in the western Irish Sea.During recent years the Fisheries Laboratory at Lowestoft has investigated the distribution and ecology of plankton and larval plaice in the Irish Sea, and a supporting programme of both physical and chemical hydrographic observations has been made in the area. Ramster & Hill (1969) and Hill & Ramster (1971) have summarized the results of the Lowestoft current measurements. The present paper describes an investigation into the distribution of temperature, salinity, phosphate, nitrate and silicate. The occurrence of Phaeocystis is also reported as an extension of the earlier work by Jones & Haq (1963).

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