Influence of rainfall space-time variability over the Ouémé basin in Benin

Abstract. In West Africa, the concomitant occurrence of extreme droughts and damaging floods points to the urgent need for linking the climate variability at various time scales (daily to decadal) to its impact in terms of water related risks. While hydrological models are key tools to do so, their use in this part of the world is strongly limited by the scarcity of rainfall data. Satellite precipitation products can be used as rainfall input to models in order to make up for this shortage of appropriate surface data. However, these satellite products have their own weaknesses, both in terms of accuracy and resolution. While the accuracy of satellite rainfall estimates has already received a fair amount of attention, little published work deals with the resolution issue. The study presented here is motivated by this lack of attention to the resolution issue. It makes use of the data produced by a very dense rainfall network covering the Ouémé catchment in Benin (14 600 km²), to study the impact of varying the space-time resolution of input rainfields on the output produced by DHSVM (Distributed Hydrology Soils and Vegetation Model), thus mimicking the resolution-induced errors associated with using satellite rainfall input for such physically-based models. The major result of this sensitivity analysis is that the model output is much more sensitive to the time resolution than to the space resolution, at least for this region and for the range of resolutions tested.

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Reconstituting the International, 1918–1923

10.1093/oso/9780199641048.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Talbot C. Imlay

Keyword(s):

Seismic Events ◽

Great War ◽

Bolshevik Revolution ◽

Meaning And Purpose ◽

Post War ◽

The Impact ◽

First Time ◽

The Great War ◽

Do So ◽

Lengthy Process

This chapter examines the post-war efforts of European socialists to reconstitute the Socialist International. Initial efforts to cooperate culminated in an international socialist conference in Berne in February 1919 at which socialists from the two wartime camps met for the first time. In the end, however, it would take four years to reconstitute the International with the creation of the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in 1923. That it took so long to do so is a testimony to the impact of the Great War and to the Bolshevik revolution. Together, these two seismic events compelled socialists to reconsider the meaning and purpose of socialism. The search for answers sparked prolonged debates between and within the major parties, profoundly reconfiguring the pre-war world of European socialism. One prominent stake in this lengthy process, moreover, was the nature of socialist internationalism—both its content and its functioning.

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Exploring the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Leisure Walking Based on the Demand of Behavior

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13084105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 4105

Author(s):

Yupei Jiang ◽

Honghu Sun

Keyword(s):

Health Benefits ◽

Health Benefit ◽

Public Health Research ◽

Space Time ◽

Time Behavior ◽

Walking Behavior ◽

Face To Face ◽

Residential Neighborhood ◽

The Impact

Leisure walking has been an important topic in space-time behavior and public health research. However, prior studies pay little attention to the integration and the characterization of diverse and multilevel demands of leisure walking. This study constructs a theoretical framework of leisure walking behavior demands from three different dimensions and levels of activity participation, space-time opportunity, and health benefit. On this basis, through a face-to-face survey in Nanjing, China (N = 1168, 2017–2018 data), this study quantitatively analyzes the characteristics of leisure walking demands, as well as the impact of the built environment and individual factors on it. The results show that residents have a high demand for participation and health benefits of leisure walking. The residential neighborhood provides more space opportunities for leisure walking, but there is a certain constraint on the choice of walking time. Residential neighborhood with medium or large parks is more likely to satisfy residents’ demands for engaging in leisure walking and obtaining high health benefits, while neighborhood with a high density of walking paths tends to limit the satisfaction of demands for space opportunity and health benefit. For residents aged 36 and above, married, or retired, their diverse demands for leisure walking are more likely to be fulfilled, while those with high education, medium-high individual income, general and above health status, or children (<18 years) are less likely to be fulfilled. These finding that can have important implications for the healthy neighborhood by fully considering diverse and multilevel demands of leisure walking behavior.

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Hate Crimes and Race-Based Trauma on Latinx Populations: A Critical Review of the Current Research

Trauma Violence & Abuse ◽

10.1177/1524838020979688 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 152483802097968

Author(s):

Sarah Lockwood ◽

Carlos A. Cuevas

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Hate Crime ◽

The United States ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

Crime Victimization ◽

Physical Health Outcomes ◽

Trauma Responses ◽

The Impact ◽

Mental And Physical Health ◽

Do So

Traditionally, the literature has sought to understand the impact of racial minority status and trauma as it relates to interpersonal violence, domestic violence, and sexual assault. What has not been as extensively reviewed and summarized is how racially or ethnically motivated hate crimes impact the mental health of minorities—particularly Latinx/Hispanic groups. This review aims to summarize the current body of literature on the intersection of race-motivated hate crime and trauma responses within Latinx community. To do so, the theoretical foundation for this inquiry will build from a race-based trauma perspective. Specifically, this review connects existing frameworks for race and trauma and integrates literature that examines Latinx or Hispanic populations that have experienced discrimination, bias, or hate crime as a result of their identity or perceived identity. The importance of situating bias or hate events within the trauma literature stems from a lack of overall formal evaluation of these events, and how these occurrences are historically overlooked as a traumatic stressor. The findings of this review suggest that (1) experiencing racially motivated victimization can cause adverse mental and physical health outcomes in Latinxs and (2) currently, there is only one study that has examined the impact of hate crime on Latinxs in the United States. This leaves the field with unanswered questions about the impact of hate crime victimization among Latinxs, which is an ever-growing area in need of attention.

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Quantifying the Impact of Production Globalization through Application of the Life Cycle Inventory Methodology and Its Influence on Decision Making in Industry

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9081271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1271

Author(s):

Humberto. J. Prado-Galiñanes ◽

Rosario Domingo

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Chain Model ◽

Fundamental Factor ◽

Supply Chain Model ◽

The Social ◽

The Impact ◽

A Company ◽

Key Parameter ◽

Do So

Industries are nowadays not only expected to produce goods and provide services, but also to do this sustainably. What qualifies a company as sustainable implies that its activities must be defined according to the social and ecological responsibilities that are meant to protect the society and the environment in which they operate. From now on, it will be necessary to consider and measure the impact of industrial activities on the environment, and to do so, one key parameter is the carbon footprint. This paper demonstrates the utility of the LCI as a tool for immediate application in industries. Its application shall facilitate decision making in industries while choosing amongst different scenarios to industrialize a certain product with the lowest environmental impact possible. To achieve this, the carbon footprint of a given product was calculated by applying the LCI method to several scenarios that differed from each other only in the supply-chain model. As a result of this LCI calculation, the impact of the globalization of a good’s production was quantified not only financially, but also environmentally. Finally, it was concluded that the LCI/LCA methodology can be considered as a fundamental factor in the new decision-making strategy that sustainable companies must implement while deciding on the business and industrial plan for their new products and services.

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Detection of Hostile Intent by Spatial Movements

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ◽

10.1177/00187208211015022 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001872082110150

Author(s):

Colleen E. Patton ◽

Christopher D. Wickens ◽

C. A. P. Smith ◽

Benjamin A. Clegg

Keyword(s):

Early Identification ◽

Human Performance ◽

Decision Aids ◽

Movement Direction ◽

Time Variability ◽

Discrete Movement ◽

Hostile Intent ◽

Movement Characteristics ◽

Computer Controlled ◽

Do So

Objective The ability of people to infer intentions from movement of other vessels was investigated. Across three levels of variability in movements in the path of computer-controlled ships, participants attempted to determine which entity was hostile. Background Detection of hostile intentions through spatial movements of vessels is important in an array of real-world scenarios. This experiment sought to determine baseline abilities of humans to do so. Methods Participants selected a discrete movement direction of their ship. Six other ships’ locations then updated. A single entity displayed one of two hostile behaviors: shadowing, which involved mirroring the participant’s vessel’s movements; and hunting, which involved closing in on the participant’s vessel. Trials allowed up to 35 moves before identifying the hostile ship and its behavior. Uncertainty was introduced through adding variability to ships’ movements such that their path was 0%, 25%, or 50% random. Results Even with no variability in the ships’ movements, accurate detection was low, identifying the hostile entity about 60% of the time. Variability in the paths decreased detection. Detection of hunting was strongly degraded by distance between ownship and the hostile ship, but shadowing was not. Strategies employing different directions of movement across the trial, but also featuring some runs of consecutive movements, facilitated detection. Conclusions Early identification of threats based on movement characteristics alone is likely to be difficult, but particularly so when adversaries employ some level of uncertainty to mask their intentions. These findings highlight the need to develop decision aids to support human performance.

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Testing for long memory in the presence of a general trend

Journal of Applied Probability ◽

10.1017/s0021900200019215 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 38 (04) ◽

pp. 1033-1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Liudas Giraitis ◽

Piotr Kokoszka ◽

Remigijus Leipus

Keyword(s):

Long Memory ◽

Change Point ◽

General Trend ◽

Quantitative Description ◽

Stationary Sequence ◽

Change Points ◽

Asymptotic Size ◽

Short Memory ◽

The Impact ◽

Do So

The paper studies the impact of a broadly understood trend, which includes a change point in mean and monotonic trends studied by Bhattacharyaet al.(1983), on the asymptotic behaviour of a class of tests designed to detect long memory in a stationary sequence. Our results pertain to a family of tests which are similar to Lo's (1991) modifiedR/Stest. We show that both long memory and nonstationarity (presence of trend or change points) can lead to rejection of the null hypothesis of short memory, so that further testing is needed to discriminate between long memory and some forms of nonstationarity. We provide quantitative description of trends which do or do not fool theR/S-type long memory tests. We show, in particular, that a shift in mean of a magnitude larger thanN-½, whereNis the sample size, affects the asymptotic size of the tests, whereas smaller shifts do not do so.

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