scholarly journals 4D wind field generation for the aeroelastic simulation of wind turbines with lidars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyin Chen ◽  
Feng Guo ◽  
David Schlipf ◽  
Po Wen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Cholesky Decomposition ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Field Generation ◽  
Control Concept ◽  
The Common

Abstract. Lidar-assisted control (LAC) of wind turbines is a control concept that takes advantage of a nacelle-mounted lidar (a remote sensing device) to measure upstream wind speeds of a turbine to allow a preview of the incoming turbulence. Because the turbine will not be exposed to the identical turbulence as that measured by the lidar in advance, the simulation of a LAC system will be more realistic if wind evolution can be modelled in the wind field generation. Since the commonly used 3D stochastic wind field generation method does not include wind evolution, in this paper, we aim to extend the 3D method to 4D to enable the modelling of wind evolution along the wind direction. The most novel part of this research is that we propose a two-step Cholesky decomposition approach for the factorization of the coherence matrices in the wind field generation. With this approach, 4D wind fields can be generated by combining multiple statistically independent 3D wind fields. To enable better integration of the 4D method into the common workflow of wind turbine simulations, we implement the 4D method as an open-access tool evoTurb in combination with TurbSim and Mann turbulence generator. Moreover, since 4D wind field generation is supposed to be coupled with lidar simulations, and considering the range weighting effect of lidars and eventually multiple range gates, a 4D wind field will contain many more simulation points than a 3D one. To avoid excessive computational effort, we further investigate the impacts of the spatial discretization in 4D wind fields on lidar simulations to provide some insights to optimize the application of 4D wind field generation.

Quantification of NOX Emissions Based on Car MAX-DOAS Measurements over Beijing and Impacts of Wind Field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinghong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Meteorological Condition ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Mean

<p>We carried out 14 days of Car MAX-DOAS experiments on the 6th Ring Rd of Beijing in January, September and October, 2014. The tropospheric vertical column densities (VCD) of NO<sub>2</sub> are retrieved and used to estimate the emissions of NO<sub>x</sub>. The offline LAPS-WRF-CMAQ model system is used to simulate wind fields by assimilation of observational data and calculate the NO<sub>2</sub> to NO<sub>x</sub> concentration ratios. The NO<sub>X</sub> emissions in Beijing for different seasons derived from Car MAX-DOAS measurements are compared with the multi-resolution emission inventory in China for 2012 (MEIC 2012), and impacts of wind field on estimated emissions and its uncertainties are also investigated. Results show that the NO<sub>2</sub> VCD is higher in January than other two months and it is typically larger at the southern parts of the 6th Ring Road than the northern parts of it. Wind field has obvious impacts on the spatial distribution of NO<sub>2</sub> VCD, and the mean NO<sub>2</sub> VCD with south wind at most sampling points along the 6th Ring Rd is higher than north wind. The journey-to-journey variation pattern of estimated NO<sub>X</sub> emissions rates (E<sub>NOX</sub>) is consistent with that of the NO<sub>2</sub> VCD, and E<sub>NOX </sub>is mainly determined by the NO2 VCD. In addition, the journey-to-journey E<sub>NOX</sub> in the same month is different and it is affected by wind speed, the ratio of NO<sub>2</sub> and NOx concentration and the decay rate of NO<sub>X</sub> from the emission sources to measured positions under different meteorological condition. The E<sub>NOX</sub> ranges between 6.46×10<sup>25</sup> and 50.05×10<sup>25</sup> molec s<sup>-1</sup>. The averaged E<sub>NOX</sub> during every journey in January, September and October are respectively 35.87×10<sup>25</sup>, 20.34×10<sup>25</sup>, 8.96×10<sup>25</sup> molec s<sup>-1</sup>. The estimated E<sub>NOX</sub> after removing the simulated error of wind speed and observed deviation of NO<sub>2</sub> VCD are found to be mostly closer to the MEIC 2012, but sometimes E<sub>NOX </sub>is lower or higher and it indicates that the MEIC 2012 might be overestimate or underestimate the true emissions. The estimated E<sub>NOX</sub> on January 27 and September 19 are obviously higher than other journeys in the same month because the mean NO<sub>2</sub> VCD and Leighton ratio during these two periods are larger, and corresponding wind speeds are smaller. Additionally, because south wind may affect the spatial distribution of mean NO<sub>2</sub> VCD in Beijing which is downwind of south-central regions of Hebei province with high source emission rates, the uncertainty of the estimated E<sub>NOX</sub> with south wind will be increased.</p>

Wind tunnel tests on the characteristics of wind fields over a simplified gorge

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1599-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Hu ◽  
Yongle Li ◽  
Yan Han ◽  
CS Cai ◽  
Guoji Xu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
The Mean

Characteristics of wind fields over the gorge or valley terrains are becoming more and more important to the structural wind engineering. However, the studies on this topic are very limited. To obtain the fundamental characteristics information about the wind fields over a typical gorge terrain, a V-shaped simplified gorge, which was abstracted from some real deep-cutting gorges where long-span bridges usually straddle, was introduced in the present wind tunnel studies. Then, the wind characteristics including the mean wind speed, turbulence intensity, integral length scale, and the wind power spectrum over the simplified gorge were studied in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer. Furthermore, the effects of the oncoming wind field type and oncoming wind direction on these wind characteristics were also investigated. The results show that compared with the oncoming wind, the wind speeds at the gorge center become larger, but the turbulence intensities and the longitudinal integral length scales become smaller. Generally, the wind fields over the gorge terrain can be approximately divided into two layers, that is, the gorge inner layer and the gorge outer layer. The different oncoming wind field types have remarkable effects on the mean wind speed ratios near the ground. When the angle between the oncoming wind and the axis of the gorge is in a certain small range, such as smaller than 10°, the wind fields are very close to those associated with the wind direction of 0°. However, when the angle is in a larger range, such as larger than 20°, the wind fields in the gorge will significantly change. The research conclusions can provide some references for civil engineering practices regarding the characteristics of wind fields over the real gorge terrains.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation of Characteristics of Wind Field at Bridge Sites in Flat and Gorge Terrains under the Thunderstorm Downburst

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peng Hu ◽  
Yilin Chen ◽  
Yan Han ◽  
Fei Zhang ◽  
Yongjian Tang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Monitoring Point ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Flat Terrain ◽  
Long Span ◽  
Long Span Bridge ◽  
Bridge Girder ◽  
Large Wind

To investigate the effects of thunderstorm downburst on the characteristics of wind field at bridge sites in flat and gorge terrains, firstly, numerical simulation of wind fields in the flat terrain under the thunderstorm downburst was conducted through the SST k-ω turbulence model, combined with the impinging jet technology. After verification of the reliability of the numerical model, settings, and methods, the characteristics of wind field over a long-span bridge site in a gorge terrain under the thunderstorm downburst were investigated and the distributions of wind speed and wind attack angle in the flat and gorge terrains were compared. The results show that, under the effects of the thunderstorm downburst, the wind speeds are relatively maximum at the midspan point of the girder in the flat terrain. Besides, the farther away from the midspan point, the smaller the wind speeds, which is opposite to the case in the gorge terrain. The wind speeds at each typical monitoring point are basically the same in the two terrains, before the thunderstorm downburst hits the bridge girder. Later the wind speeds at each point in the gorge terrain are much higher than those in the flat terrain. Most wind attack angles are negative at the monitoring points in the flat terrain, but the farther away they are from the midspan point, the greater the wind attack angles will be. However, the wind attack angles at the monitoring points in the gorge terrain are generally larger than those in the flat terrain, and they gradually turn to be positive farther away from the midspan point. In the flat terrain, both wind speeds and wind attack angles (or their absolute values) at the girder are large within about t = 75∼130 s, indicating that the thunderstorm downburst may exert significant effects on the bridge. However, in the gorge terrain, due to the large wind speeds and wind attack angles (or their absolute values) at the girder after t = 75 s, full attention needs to be paid to the effects of the thunderstorm downburst during this period.

scholarly journals Fatigue Assessment of Monopile Supported Offshore Wind Turbine under Non-Gaussian Wind Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Bing Li ◽  
Kang Rong ◽  
Haifeng Cheng ◽  
Yongxin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Pile Foundation ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Non Gaussian

The vibration of offshore wind turbines caused by external loads is significant, which will cause fatigue damage to offshore wind turbines. Wind load is the main load during the operation period of the wind turbine, and available studies have shown that the external wind field often exhibits certain non-Gaussian characteristics. This article aims to obtain the fatigue assessment of the monopile foundation of the wind turbine under the non-Gaussian wind fields. A 5 MW wind turbine is selected in this article, and OpenFAST is applied to simulate the wind load. By comparing the Mises stress time histories of the pile foundation at a different depth, the fatigue analysis of the critical spots of the pile foundation is obtained. In the analysis of fatigue damage, the rain flow counting method is adopted, and the two-segment S-N curve is selected to analyze the fatigue life of the critical spots. The results show that, by taking the non-Gaussian characteristic of the wind field into account, the fatigue life of the monopile foundation decreases. Therefore, attention should be paid to the influence of non-Gaussian characteristics of wind fields on the fatigue life of monopile-supported wind turbines.

Simulation of Thunderstorm Downbursts and Associated Wind Turbine Loads

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hieu Huy Nguyen ◽  
Lance Manuel ◽  
Jason Jonkman ◽  
Paul S. Veers
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
System Response ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Turbine Control ◽  
Utility Scale

This study is focused on simulation of thunderstorm downbursts and associated wind turbine loads. We first present a thunderstorm downburst model, in which the wind field is assumed to result from the summation of an analytical mean field and stochastic turbulence. The structure and evolution of the downburst wind field based on the analytical model are discussed. Loads are generated using stochastic simulation of the aeroelastic response for a model of a utility-scale 5-MW turbine. With the help of a few assumptions, particularly regarding control strategies, we address the chief influences of wind velocity fields associated with downbursts—namely, large wind speeds and large, rapid wind direction changes—by considering different storm scenarios and studying associated turbine loads. These scenarios include, first, an illustrative case to understand details related to the turbine response simulation; this is followed by a study involving a different storm touchdown location relative to the turbine as well as a critical case where a shutdown sequence is included. Results show that the availability of and assumptions in wind turbine control systems during a downburst clearly influence overall system response. Control system choices can significantly mitigate turbine loads during downbursts. Results also show that different storm touchdown locations result in distinct characteristics in inflow wind fields and, hence, in contrasting turbine response.

Application of Constrained Stochastic Simulation to Determine the Extreme Loads of Wind Turbines

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Bierbooms
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Stochastic Simulation ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Uncertainty Range ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Extreme Loads

Via so-called constrained stochastic simulation, gusts can be generated, which satisfy some specified constraint. In this paper, it is used in order to generate specific wind gusts, which will lead to local maxima in the response of wind turbines. The advantage of constrained simulation is that any gust amplitude (no matter how large) can be chosen. By performing simulations for different gust amplitudes and mean wind speeds, the distribution of the response is obtained. This probabilistic method is demonstrated on the basis of a generic 1 MW stall regulated wind turbine. By considering a linearized dynamic model of the reference turbine, the proposed probabilistic method could be validated. The determined 50 year response value indeed corresponds to the theoretical value (based on the work of Rice on random noise). Next, both constrained and (conventional) unconstrained simulations have been performed for the nonlinear wind turbine model. For all wind speed bins, constrained simulation results in 50 year estimates closer to the real value. Furthermore, via constrained simulation a lower uncertainty range of the estimate is obtained. The involved computational effort for both methods is about the same.

scholarly journals Application of SAR Data for Tropical Cyclone Intensity Parameters Retrieval and Symmetric Wind Field Model Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2902
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Changlong Guan
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Maximum Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Maximum Wind ◽  
Wind Field Model ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Central Surface ◽  
Intensity Parameters ◽  
Wind Retrievals

The spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an effective tool to observe tropical cyclone (TC) wind fields at very high spatial resolutions. TC wind speeds can be retrieved from cross-polarization signals without wind direction inputs. This paper proposed methodologies to retrieve TC intensity parameters; for example, surface maximum wind speed, TC fullness (TCF) and central surface pressure from the European Space Agency Sentinel-1 Extra Wide swath mode cross-polarization data. First, the MS1A geophysical model function was modified from 6 to 69 m/s, based on three TC samples’ SAR images and the collocated National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stepped frequency microwave radiometer wind speed measurements. Second, we retrieved the wind fields and maximum wind speeds of 42 TC samples up to category 5 acquired in the last five years, using the modified MS1A model. Third, the TCF values and central surface pressures were calculated from the 1-km wind retrievals, according to the radial curve fitting of wind speeds and two hurricane wind-pressure models. Three intensity parameters were found to be dependent upon each other. Compared with the best-track data, the averaged bias, correlation coefficient (Cor) and root mean-square error (RMSE) of the SAR-retrieved maximum wind speeds were –3.91 m/s, 0.88 and 7.99 m/s respectively, showing a better result than the retrievals before modification. For central pressure, the averaged bias, Cor and RMSE were 1.17 mb, 0.77 and 21.29 mb and respectively, indicating the accuracy of the proposed methodology for pressure retrieval. Finally, a new symmetric TC wind field model was developed with the fitting function of the TCF values and maximum wind speeds, radial wind curve and the Rankine Vortex model. By this model, TC wind field can be simulated just using the maximum wind speed and the radius of maximum wind speed. Compared with wind retrievals, averaged absolute bias and averaged RMSE of all samples’ wind fields simulated by the new model were smaller than those of the Rankine Vortex model.

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
B. P. Khozyainov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Air Flow Velocity

The article carries out the experimental and analytical studies of three-blade wind power installation and gives the technique for measurements of angular rate of wind turbine rotation depending on the wind speeds, the rotating moment and its power. We have made the comparison of the calculation results according to the formulas offered with the indicators of the wind turbine tests executed in natural conditions. The tests were carried out at wind speeds from 0.709 m/s to 6.427 m/s. The wind power efficiency (WPE) for ideal traditional installation is known to be 0.45. According to the analytical calculations, wind power efficiency of the wind turbine with 3-bladed and 6 wind guide screens at wind speedsfrom 0.709 to 6.427 is equal to 0.317, and in the range of speed from 0.709 to 4.5 m/s – 0.351, but the experimental coefficient is much higher. The analysis of WPE variations shows that the work with the wind guide screens at insignificant average air flow velocity during the set period of time appears to be more effective, than the work without them. If the air flow velocity increases, the wind power efficiency gradually decreases. Such a good fit between experimental data and analytical calculations is confirmed by comparison of F-test design criterion with its tabular values. In the design of wind turbines, it allows determining the wind turbine power, setting the geometrical parameters and mass of all details for their efficient performance.

SHAPING OF AN AUTONOMOUS POWER SYSTEM FOR GUARANTEED POWER SUPPLY WITH THE PREDOMINANCE WIND ENERGY

2018 ◽  
pp. 28-50
Author(s):  
S. G. Ignatiev ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Average Wind

Optimization of the autonomous wind-diesel plants composition and of their power for guaranteed energy supply, despite the long history of research, the diversity of approaches and methods, is an urgent problem. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the wind energy characteristics is proposed to shape an autonomous power system for a guaranteed power supply with predominance wind energy. The analysis was carried out on the basis of wind speed measurements in the south of the European part of Russia during 8 months at different heights with a discreteness of 10 minutes. As a result, we have obtained a sequence of average daily wind speeds and the sequences constructed by arbitrary variations in the distribution of average daily wind speeds in this interval. These sequences have been used to calculate energy balances in systems (wind turbines + diesel generator + consumer with constant and limited daily energy demand) and (wind turbines + diesel generator + consumer with constant and limited daily energy demand + energy storage). In order to maximize the use of wind energy, the wind turbine integrally for the period in question is assumed to produce the required amount of energy. For the generality of consideration, we have introduced the relative values of the required energy, relative energy produced by the wind turbine and the diesel generator and relative storage capacity by normalizing them to the swept area of the wind wheel. The paper shows the effect of the average wind speed over the period on the energy characteristics of the system (wind turbine + diesel generator + consumer). It was found that the wind turbine energy produced, wind turbine energy used by the consumer, fuel consumption, and fuel economy depend (close to cubic dependence) upon the specified average wind speed. It was found that, for the same system with a limited amount of required energy and high average wind speed over the period, the wind turbines with lower generator power and smaller wind wheel radius use wind energy more efficiently than the wind turbines with higher generator power and larger wind wheel radius at less average wind speed. For the system (wind turbine + diesel generator + energy storage + consumer) with increasing average speed for a given amount of energy required, which in general is covered by the energy production of wind turbines for the period, the maximum size capacity of the storage device decreases. With decreasing the energy storage capacity, the influence of the random nature of the change in wind speed decreases, and at some values of the relative capacity, it can be neglected.

scholarly journals Engineering Comprehensive Model of Complex Wind Fields for Flight Simulation

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Jianwei Chen ◽  
Liangming Wang ◽  
Jian Fu ◽  
Zhiwei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Field Simulation ◽  
Low Level Jet

A complex wind field refers to the typical atmospheric disturbance phenomena existing in nature that have a great influence on the flight of aircrafts. Aimed at the issues involving large volume of data, complex computations and a single model in the current wind field simulation approaches for flight environments, based on the essential principles of fluid mechanics, in this paper, wind field models for two kinds of wind shear such as micro-downburst and low-level jet plus three-dimensional atmospheric turbulence are established. The validity of the models is verified by comparing the simulation results from existing wind field models and the measured data. Based on the principle of vector superposition, three wind field models are combined in the ground coordinate system, and a comprehensive model of complex wind fields is established with spatial location as the input and wind velocity as the output. The model is applied to the simulated flight of a rocket projectile, and the change in the rocket projectile’s flight attitude and flight trajectory under different wind fields is analyzed. The results indicate that the comprehensive model established herein can reasonably and efficiently reflect the influence of various complex wind field environments on the flight process of aircrafts, and that the model is simple, extensible, and convenient to use.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document