scholarly journals CONSEQUENCES FROM THE ENERGY OF THE DIPOLE OR THE RATIONALE FOR THE IDEA OF NIKOLA TESLA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4(40)) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Evgeny Georgievich Yakubovsky
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Virial Theorem ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Nikola Tesla ◽  
Maximum Voltage

According to the virial theorem, a dipole has a small total energy at infinite negative potential energy and infinite positive kinetic energy, see [1] §10. Nikola Tesla was able to realize this energy in the car he built. The fundamental difficulties for creating a machine without an engine on gasoline energy have been overcome. But the experimental studies of Nikola Tesla were much ahead of the existing technologies, and according to my calculations, the breakdown voltage, for example, porcelain should be made orders of magnitude higher. Nikola Tesla could create a voltage of a billion volts, and according to modern data, the maximum voltage is a million volts. Moreover, it is necessary to use towers of great height to avoid breakdown. If we calculate the force created by the potential of the dipole and equate it with the force of attraction, then we will receive compensation for the gravitational field of the Earth.

Hydro: Power From Running Water

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
New England ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Directed Motion ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The Earth

As discussed in Chapter 4 and illustrated in Figure 4.1, close to 50% of the solar energy intercepted by the Earth is absorbed at the surface. Approximately half of this energy, 78 W m– 2, is used to evaporate water, mainly from the ocean. What this means is that evaporation of water accounts for as much as a third of the total solar energy absorbed by the Earth (atmosphere plus surface). The atmosphere has a limited ability to retain this water. Evaporation is balanced in close to real time by precipitation. A portion of this precipitation reaches the surface in regions elevated with respect to sea level— in mountainous locations, for example. It is endowed in this case with what we refer to as potential energy (Chapter 4). This potential energy can be stored (in lakes or dams, for instance), or it can be released, converted to kinetic energy (directed motion) as the water flows downhill on its return to the ocean. And along the way, energy can be captured and channeled to perform useful work. An early application involved exploiting the power of running water to turn a flat stone, one of two that constituted the apparatus used to grind grain, the other remaining stationary during the grinding process. The Domesday Book records that by AD 1086 as many as 5,624 water mills were operational in England south of the River Trent, deployed not just to grind grain but for a multitude of other tasks, including, but not confined to, sawing wood, crushing ore, and pumping the bellows of industrial furnaces (Derry and Williams 1960). Later, running water would provide the motive force for the textile industry that marked the beginning of the industrial age in North America, specifically in New England (Steinberg 1991; McElroy 2010). The most important contemporary application of water power involves the generation of electricity, the bulk of which is obtained by tapping the potential energy stored in high- altitude dams, a lesser fraction from the kinetic energy supplied by free- flowing streams (what is referred to as run- of- the- river sources).

scholarly journals On Fulfillment of Energy Conservation Law in Theory of Elastic Waves V. V. Nevdakh1)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
V. V. Nevdakh
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Elastic Wave ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Elastic Deformation ◽  
Sound Wave ◽  
Elastic Waves ◽  
Conservation Law ◽  
Energy Conservation Law

In accordance with the energy conservation law, the total energy of a closed physical system must remain constant at any moment of time. The energy of a traveling elastic wave consists of the kinetic energy in the oscillating particles of the medium and the potential energy of  its elastic deformation. In the existing theory of elastic waves, it is believed that the kinetic and potential energy densities of a traveling wave without losses  are the same at any moment of time and vary according to the same law. Accordingly, the total energy density of such wave is different at various moment of time, and only its time-averaged value remains constant. Thus, in the existing theory of elastic waves, the energy conservation law is not fulfilled. The purpose of this work is to give a physically correct description of these waves. A new description of a sound wave in an ideal gas has been proposed and it is based on the use of a wave equation system for perturbing the oscillation velocity of gas particles, which determines their kinetic energy, and for elastic deformation, which determines their potential energy. It has been shown that harmonic solutions describing the oscillations of the gas particles velocity perturbation and their elastic deformation, which are phase shifted by p/2, are considered as physically correct solutions of such equations system for a traveling sound wave. It has been found that the positions of the kinetic and potential energy maxima in the elastic wave, described by such solutions, alternate in space every quarter of the wavelength. It has been established that every quarter of a period in a wave without losses, the kinetic energy is completely converted to potential and vice versa, while at each spatial point of the wave its total energy density is the same at any time, which is consistent with the energy conservation law. The energy flux density of such traveling elastic wave is described by the expression for the Umov vector. It has been concluded that such traveling sound wave without losses  in an ideal gas can be considered as a harmonic oscillator.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Available Energy

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3745-3762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Bannon
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Total Potential Energy ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Hydrostatic Equilibrium ◽  
Gibbs Function ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Total Potential

Abstract The total potential energy of the atmosphere is the sum of its internal and gravitational energies. The portion of this total energy available to be converted into kinetic energy is determined relative to an isothermal, hydrostatic, equilibrium atmosphere that is convectively and dynamically “dead.” The temperature of this equilibrium state is determined by minimization of a generalized Gibbs function defined between the atmosphere and its equilibrium. Thus, this function represents the maximum amount of total energy that can be converted into kinetic energy and, hence, the available energy of the atmosphere. This general approach includes the effects of terrain, moisture, and hydrometeors. Applications are presented for both individual soundings and idealized baroclinic zones. An algorithm partitions the available energy into available baroclinic and available convective energies. Estimates of the available energetics of the general circulation suggest that atmospheric motions are primarily driven by moist and dry fluxes of exergy from the earth’s surface with an efficiency of about two-thirds.

scholarly journals Incorporating the Work Done by Vertical Density Fluxes in Both Kinetic and Thermal Energy Conservation Equations to Satisfy Total Energy Conservation

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jielun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Vertical Density ◽  
Total Energy Conservation

AbstractConservation of total, kinetic, and thermal energy in the atmosphere is revisited, and the derived thermal energy balance is examined with observations. Total energy conservation (TEC) provides a constraint for the sum of kinetic, thermal, and potential energy changes. In response to air thermal expansion/compression, air density variation leads to vertical density fluxes and potential energy changes, which in turn impact the thermal energy balance as well as the kinetic energy balance due to the constraint of TEC. As vertical density fluxes can propagate through a large vertical domain to where local thermal expansion/compression becomes negligibly small, interactions between kinetic and thermal energy changes in determining atmospheric motions and thermodynamic structures can occur when local diabatic heating/cooling becomes small. The contribution of vertical density fluxes to the kinetic energy balance is sometimes considered but that to the thermal energy balance is traditionally missed. Misinterpretation between air thermal expansion/compression and incompressibility for air volume changes with pressure under a constant temperature would lead to overlooking important impacts of thermal expansion/compression on air motions and atmospheric thermodynamics. Atmospheric boundary layer observations qualitatively confirm the contribution of potential energy changes associated with vertical density fluxes in the thermal energy balance for explaining temporal variations of air temperature.

scholarly journals I. On instability of periodic motion

1892 ◽  
Vol 50 (302-307) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Periodic Motion ◽  
Generalised Coordinates

1. Let ψ, φ, χ, ϑ be generalised coordinates of a system; and let A ( ψ, φ , . . . . , ψ', φ' , . . . . ) be the action in a path (2 above) from the configuration ( ψ', φ' ,. . . .) to the configuration ( ψ, φ , . . . .) with kinetic energy (E—V) with any given constant value for E, the total energy; V being the potential energy, of which the value is given for every possible configuration of the system.

scholarly journals Partitioning Entropy with Action Mechanics: Predicting Chemical Reaction Rates and Gaseous Equilibria of Reactions of Hydrogen from Molecular Properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan R. Kennedy ◽  
Migdat Hodzic
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Virial Theorem ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Molecular Properties ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Internal Work ◽  
Chemical Reaction Rates

Clausius’ virial theorem set a basis for relating kinetic energy in a body of independent material particles to its potential energy, pointing to their complementary role with respect to the second law of maximum entropy. In action mechanics, expressing the entropy of ideal gases as a capacity factor for sensible heat or enthalpy plus the configurational work to sustain the relative translational, rotational and vibrational action yields algorithms for estimating chemical reaction rates and positions of equilibrium. All properties of state including entropy, work potential as Helmholtz and Gibbs energies and activated transition state reaction rates can be estimated, using easily accessible molecular properties, such as atomic weights, bond lengths, moments of inertia and vibrational frequencies. Understanding how Clausius’ virial theorem balances the internal kinetic energy with field potential energy justifies partitioning between thermal and statistical properties of entropy, yielding a more complete view of the evolutionary nature of the second law of thermodynamics. The ease of performing these operations is illustrated by three important chemical gas phase reactions, the reversible dissociation of the hydrogen molecules, lysis of water to hydrogen and oxygen and the reversible formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. Employing the ergal also introduced by Clausius to define the reversible internal work to overcome molecular interactions plus the configurational internal work of negative Gibbs energy as a function of volume or pressure may provide a practical guide for managing risk in industrial processes and climate change at the global scale.

scholarly journals Numerical Experiments on the Tensor Virial in N-Body Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
R. H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Virial Theorem ◽  
Energy Tensor ◽  
Correlation Times ◽  
Crossing Time

Tensor generalizations of the virial theorem were checked in a 100-body integration. The virial theorem was remarkably well satisfied, and the calculation confirmed the generalized Lagrange-Jacobi identities. The potential energy tensor, the kinetic energy tensor, and the virial tensor showed surprisingly long correlation times of about of a crossing time.

scholarly journals ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY CONVERTER: CONCEPT AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE

World Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (8(36)) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Igor Dubinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Operating Principle ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Harmful Emissions

The article presents the operating principle of atmospheric gravitational converter (hereinafter referred to as AGT) with an external supply of non-thermal clean energy. The operating principle is based on using the existing potential energy of the atmosphere in the gravitational field of the Earth. AGK is characterized by unique capabilities to generate by implosion useful clean energy without harmful emissions, such as NОх and СО2. Its main advantage is that the supply of external non-thermal energy for the operation of AGK is carried out steadily in any required quantity and is not dependent on the time of day, weather or location.

The analysis is geometrically stable orbits of spacecraft remote sensing of the Еarth

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
V. M. Artyushenko ◽  
D. Y. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Semimajor Axis ◽  
The State ◽  
Zonal Harmonics ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Conditions Of Stability

The article reviewed and analyzed the class of geometrically stable orbits (GUO). The conditions of stability in the model of the geopotential, taking into account the zonal harmonics. The sequence of calculation of the state vector of GUO in the osculating value of the argument of the latitude with the famous Ascoli-royski longitude of the ascending node, inclination and semimajor axis. The simulation is obtained the altitude profiles of SEE regarding the all-earth ellipsoid model of the gravitational field of the Earth given 7 and 32 zonal harmonics.

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