scholarly journals Cognitive and social delays in the initiation of conversational repair

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-44
Author(s):  
Julia Beret Mertens ◽  
J. P. De Ruiter
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Discourse Context ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Conversational Repair ◽  
Exact Timing

The exact timing of a conversational turn conveys important information to a listener. Most turns are initiated within 250ms after the previous turn. However, interlocutors take longer to initiate certain types of turns: those that either require more cognitive processing or are socially dispreferred. Many dispreferred turns are also cognitively demanding, so it is difficult to attribute specific conversational delays to social or cognitive mechanisms. In this paper, we evaluate the relative contribution of cognitive and social variables to the timing of utterances in conversation. We focus on a type of turn that is socially dispreferred, cognitively demanding, and generally delayed: other-initiations of repair (OIRs). OIRs occur when a listener notices and decides to signal a comprehension problem (e.g., "What?"). We analyzed the Floor Transfer Offsets of 456 OIRs, and found that interlocutors initiated OIRs later when trouble sources had weaker discourse context or were shorter, and when the OIR was more face-threatening. Our results suggest that both cognitive and social variables contribute to the timing of delayed utterances in conversation. We discuss how attention, prediction, planning, and social preference manifest in the timing of turns.

A Cognitive Processing Account of Individual Differences in Novice Logo Programmers' Conceptualisation and Use of Recursion

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
Logo Programming ◽  
Problem Solving Behavior

This article describes a study which investigated individual differences in the construction of mental models of recursion in Logo programming. It was hypothesized that differences in individuals' cognitive profiles would be reflected in differences in their computer programming problem solving behavior. The learning process was investigated from the perspective of Norman's mental models theory and employed diSessa's ontology regarding distributed, functional, and surrogate mental models. Analysis of the processes underlying mental model construction and of individual differences in these processes was based on the Luria model of brain function with particular regard to the relative contribution of simultaneous and successive cognitive processing abilities to conscious mental activity. Results generally confirmed predictions regarding the involvement of these abilities in the manifestation of individual differences in the stages of conscious mental activity contributing to the progressive development of mental models of recursion.

scholarly journals A body of evidence : ‘feeling in seeing’ predicts realness judgments for photojournalistic images.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Azevedo ◽  
Raffaele Tucciarelli ◽  
Sophie De Beukelaer ◽  
Klaudia Ambroziak ◽  
Isla Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Affective Arousal ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
Alternative Facts ◽  
The World

Photography and photojournalism frame our experience of the world, especially in a culture powered by images at an unprecedented level. Images in the digital age and the era of alternative facts mediate our relations to other human beings and make our negotiation between what is real or fake challenging. We investigated how our visceral responses, as the basis of subjective feelings, influence our relation and responses to the authenticity of photojournalistic images. Higher neurophysiological and affective arousal at the first perception of an image predicted the probability with which participants would judge that image as ‘real’ in a subsequent session. These findings highlight the crucial role that physiology plays in engaging us with imagery, beyond cognitive processing. ‘Feeling in seeing’ seems to be a salient signal that at least partly determines our beliefs in a culture powered by images. By considering at the same time the underlying neural, physiological and cognitive mechanisms that guide our responses to images as well as the contextual cultural effects on how these mechanisms are recruited, these findings contribute to long-standing but still timely and multidisciplinary debates in visual culture.

PROPOSITIONAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF TEXT RENDERING

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Simonenko M.A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Foreign Text

His paper gives reasons for efficiency of a propositional method for text analysis and text rendering. Cognitive processing of the text is based on operations of compression and decompression of the text meaning. The same cognitive mechanisms drive the process of forming propositional schema of the text. Micropropositions pull together to form macropropositions, the latter form the global proposition or the main idea of the text. The author proposes to apply the principles of the propositional approach to foreign text rendering.

scholarly journals Action anticipation in human infants reveals assumptions about anteroposterior body-structure and action

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1781) ◽  
pp. 20133205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Hernik ◽  
Pasco Fearon ◽  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Action Prediction ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Anteroposterior Axis ◽  
Novel Agent

Animal actions are almost universally constrained by the bilateral body-plan. For example, the direction of travel tends to be constrained by the orientation of the animal's anteroposterior axis. Hence, an animal's behaviour can reliably guide the identification of its front and back, and its orientation can reliably guide action prediction. We examine the hypothesis that the evolutionarily ancient relation between anteroposterior body-structure and behaviour guides our cognitive processing of agents and their actions. In a series of studies, we demonstrate that, after limited exposure, human infants as young as six months of age spontaneously encode a novel agent as having a certain axial direction with respect to its actions and rely on it when anticipating the agent's further behaviour. We found that such encoding is restricted to objects exhibiting cues of agency and does not depend on generalization from features of familiar animals. Our research offers a new tool for investigating the perception of animate agency and supports the proposal that the underlying cognitive mechanisms have been shaped by basic biological adaptations in humans.

scholarly journals Perception of Rhythmic Similarity is Asymmetrical, and Is Influenced by Musical Training, Expressive Performance, and Musical Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 211-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Cameron ◽  
Keith Potter ◽  
Geraint Wiggins ◽  
Marcus Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Rhythm Perception ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Musical Rhythm ◽  
Expressive Performance ◽  
Similarity Ratings ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
Musical Context ◽  
Exact Timing

Rhythm is an essential part of the structure, behaviour, and aesthetics of music. However, the cognitive processing that underlies the perception of musical rhythm is not fully understood. In this study, we tested whether rhythm perception is influenced by three factors: musical training, the presence of expressive performance cues in human-performed music, and the broader musical context. We compared musicians and nonmusicians’ similarity ratings for pairs of rhythms taken from Steve Reich’s Clapping Music. The rhythms were heard both in isolation and in musical context and both with and without expressive performance cues. The results revealed that rhythm perception is influenced by the experimental conditions: rhythms heard in musical context were rated as less similar than those heard in isolation; musicians’ ratings were unaffected by expressive performance, but nonmusicians rated expressively performed rhythms as less similar than those with exact timing; and expressively-performed rhythms were rated as less similar compared to rhythms with exact timing when heard in isolation but not when heard in musical context. The results also showed asymmetrical perception: the order in which two rhythms were heard influenced their perceived similarity. Analyses suggest that this asymmetry was driven by the internal coherence of rhythms, as measured by normalized Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI). As predicted, rhythms were perceived as less similar when the first rhythm in a pair had greater coherence (lower nPVI) than the second rhythm, compared to when the rhythms were heard in the opposite order.

scholarly journals Task-Dependent Mechanisms in the Perception of Music and Speech: Domain-Specific Transfer Effects of Elementary School Music Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Borbála Lukács ◽  
Ferenc Honbolygó
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Music Curriculum ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Regular Class ◽  
School Music ◽  
Elementary School Music

Previous studies have demonstrated that active engagement in musical activities benefits auditory and cognitive processing. However, it is still unclear whether musical experience improves domain-general mechanisms reflected in superior functioning in language or the enhancement is selective and limited to musical abilities. In the present study, we evaluated the transfer effect of general elementary school music education on the development of linguistic abilities. The relationship between specific musical auditory skills, phonological awareness, and reading was investigated in 30 second-grade children who attended either a class with an intensive music curriculum or a class with a regular curriculum. Results indicated no significant differences between the music and the regular class, suggesting that 1 year of Kodály-based classroom music education is not enough to yield relevant improvement in musical and linguistic abilities. Although there was no considerable relationship between reading and musical abilities, phoneme deletion accuracy was specifically associated with tonal memory. These findings suggest that similar cognitive mechanisms may be required to process melodic and phonological sequences. Therefore, we assume that task-dependent mechanisms may exist in melody and speech perception, which might account for the presence of inconsistent findings in the music transfer literature.

Cognitive appraisal of aversive stimulus differs between individuals with contrasting stress coping styles; evidences from selected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1567-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Moltesen ◽  
Marco Antonio Vindas ◽  
Svante Winberg ◽  
Lars Ebbesson ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Ruiz-Gomez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Appraisal ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Hypoxia Tolerance ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Relative Contribution

In animals, personality variations in response to stress and energy demands have been established. Cognitive processing of negative stimuli correlates with stress response patterns. Still, the relative contribution of cognitive appraisal or physiological demands to the behavioural output needs to be clarified. In this study we utilized reactive (high-responsive, HR) and proactive (low-responsive, LR) rainbow trout strains to investigate how contrasting reactions to hypoxia are related to individual variation in metabolism and/or cognition. The HR-LR strains did not differ in standard metabolic rate or hypoxia tolerance. HR trout displayed more pronounced avoidance to a signal cue after being conditioned with hypoxia, suggesting that they experienced this stimulus more aversive than LR trout. Together with differences in forebrain c-fos activation patterns in dorsomedial pallium, these results suggest cognitive differences between the strains. These results demonstrate that differences in personality/stress coping style can be related to contrasts in cognition, which are independent of metabolic differences.

Defining the cognitive mechanisms underlying reactions to foreign accented speech

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Pantos
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Foreign Accent ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Accented Speech ◽  
Foreign Accents ◽  
Likelihood Model

With the notable exception of the application of the metonymy model to explain stereotyping (Kristiansen, 2001), sociolinguistic language attitudes research has typically focused exclusively on explicit attitudes toward foreign accents without providing a cognitive model to explain how such attitudes are formed. At the same time, researchers in other fields have proposed the use of specific cognitive processing models such as the Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) to explain the cognitive processes underlying reactions to foreign-accented speakers, without isolating foreign accent as an independent variable and without considering that listeners may possess different explicit and implicit attitudes towards the same speaker (e.g., Frumkin, 2007). Focusing on instances where participants exhibit different explicit attitudes toward the same foreign-accented speaker for different speaker traits (e.g., likeability versus knowledge), the present study seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the nature of reactions to foreign accented speech by testing at which point negative attitudes toward foreign accents are formed and changed. Specifically, this research asks whether interlocutors have uniformly negative immediate associative reactions to foreign accent that are subsequently mitigated for certain judgments by propositional processes to form differing explicit attitudes, or whether the immediate reactions are ambivalent, but subsequently become negative for certain judgments through propositional processes.

scholarly journals Overlap in processing advantages for minimal ingroups and the self

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence E. Enock ◽  
Miles R. C. Hewstone ◽  
Patricia L. Lockwood ◽  
Jie Sui
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
The Self ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Random Group ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Minimal Groups ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Group Allocation

Abstract Cognitive biases shape our perception of the world and our interactions with other people. Information related to the self and our social ingroups is prioritised for cognitive processing and can therefore form some of these key biases. However, ingroup biases may be elicited not only for established social groups, but also for minimal groups assigned by novel or random social categorisation. Moreover, whether these ‘ingroup biases’ are related to self-processing is unknown. Across three experiments, we utilised a social associative matching paradigm to examine whether the cognitive mechanisms underpinning the effects of minimal groups overlapped with those that prioritise the self, and whether minimal group allocation causes early processing advantages. We found significant advantages in response time and sensitivity (dprime) for stimuli associated with newly-assigned ingroups. Further, self-biases and ingroup-biases were positively correlated across individuals (Experiments 1 and 3). However, when the task was such that ingroup and self associations competed, only the self-advantage was detected (Experiment 2). These results demonstrate that even random group allocation quickly captures attention and enhances processing. Positive correlations between the self- and ingroup-biases suggest a common cognitive mechanism across individuals. These findings have implications for understanding how social biases filter our perception of the world.

A comparative study of animation versus static effects in the spatial concept-based metaphor awareness-raising approach on EFL learners’ cognitive processing of request strategies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
MASAHIRO TAKIMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Spatial Concept ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Static Version ◽  
Request Strategies ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
And Control ◽  
Linguistic Approaches

abstract This study evaluates the relative effects of two cognitive linguistic approaches – using animated versus static scenes in an illustration based on the spatial concept-oriented metaphor – and a non-cognitive linguistic approach on the Japanese EFL learners’ processing of request strategies with degrees of politeness. The cognitive linguistic approach consisted of applying the metaphor politeness is distance in the teaching of different degrees of politeness. It involved a spatial concept projection through which participants could understand degrees of politeness in terms of the spatially visualized concepts of near–far and high–low relationships associated with three social variables – closeness, power, and speaker difficulty – in either animated or static illustration. In contrast, the non-cognitive linguistic approach involved rote learning of target English polite requests in a list. The results demonstrated that the static version of the cognitive linguistic approach enabled participants to process degrees of politeness and perform as well as those who underwent the animated version. Moreover, the animation effects did not appear to have had a major impact on the overall performance of groups subjected to both cognitive language approaches. The results also showed that the cognitive linguistic approach groups outperformed the non-cognitive linguistic approach and control groups.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document