scholarly journals C. burnetii Shedding Study In Domestic Animals in Georgia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Nikolaishvili
Keyword(s):  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
The Third ◽  
Seropositive Animal

ObjectiveQ fever is poorly understood in Georgia and its prevalence is largely underestimated in both humans and animals.One of the main goal of the project was shedding study in domestic animals – isolation of C. burnetii from suspected seropositive animal blood, milk samples.IntroductionQ fever is a zoonotic bacterial disease resulting from infection by Coxiella burnetii. Domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) are considered the main reservoir for the pathogen, which can also infect humans. Q fever is poorly understood in Georgia and its prevalence is largely underestimated in both humans and animals.In Georgia Q fever laboratory diagnostic was started and implemented at the Laboratory of the Ministry of Georgia (LMA) within GG20 ,,Prevalence, Epidemiological Surveillance, and Laboratory Analysis of Coxiella burnetii in Georgia’’.MethodsLMA conducted Coxiella burnetii shedding evaluation in three specific farms from Kvemo Kartli (Tsalka, Dmanisi) and Mtskheta-Mtianeti (Dusheti). Seropositive cattle and small ruminants were sampled per week. Sampling lasted 7 weeks and totally 581 samples samples (blood, milk and swab) were tested. Testing were conducted in a BSL3 laboratory under BSL3 working conditions. ACCM medium was used (2XACCm-2 acidified Citrate Cysteine Medium PH-4.75G N NaOH). The samples were incubated at 37°C using CO2.ResultsAs a result of the study, one culture was bacteriologically isolated from seropositive cattle milk sample ( the sample was taken on the third week of the study in Beshtasheni farm, Tslka, Kvemo Kartli) and confirmed by Molecular biology (PCR).ConclusionsThe study confirmed Q fever existence in Georgia. Traditionally considered an obligate intracellular agent, the requirement to be grown in tissue culture cells, embryonated eggs, or animal hosts has made it difficult to isolate C. Burnetii strains. Within the study one culture was isolated from the seropositive animal milk sample that was collected in the third week of the study. shedding of Coxiella burnetii in milk by infected cows appeared to be the most frequent positive sample for the bacterium. 

scholarly journals The prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in ticks and animals in Slovenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataša Knap ◽  
Diana Žele ◽  
Urška Glinšek Biškup ◽  
Tatjana Avšič-Županc ◽  
Gorazd Vengušt
Keyword(s):  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Abstract Background The obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii causes globally distributed zoonotic Q fever. Ruminant livestock are common reservoirs of C. burnetii. Coxiella burnetii are shed in large numbers in the waste of infected animals and are transmitted by inhalation of contaminated aerosols. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of C. burnetii infection in domestic animals and ticks in areas of Slovenia associated with a history of Q fever outbreaks. Results A total of 701 ticks were collected and identified from vegetation, domestic animals and wild animals. C. burnetii DNA was detected in 17 out of 701 (2.4%) ticks. No C. burnetii DNA was found in male ticks. Ticks that tested positive in the PCR-based assay were most commonly sampled from wild deer (5.09%), followed by ticks collected from domestic animals (1.16%) and ticks collected by flagging vegetation (0.79%). Additionally, 150 animal blood samples were investigated for the presence of C. burnetii-specific antibodies and pathogen DNA. The presence of pathogen DNA was confirmed in 14 out of 150 (9.3%) blood samples, while specific antibodies were detected in sera from 60 out of 150 (40.4%) animals. Conclusions Our results indicate that ticks, although not the primary source of the bacteria, are infected with C. burnetii and may represent a potential source of infection for humans and animals. Ticks collected from animals were most likely found to harbor C. burnetii DNA, and the infection was not lost during molting. The persistence and distribution of pathogens in cattle and sheep indicates that C. burnetii is constantly present in Slovenia.

scholarly journals Coxiella burnetii is widespread in ticks (Ixodidae) in the Xinjiang border areas of China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ni ◽  
Hanliang Lin ◽  
Xiaofeng Xu ◽  
Qiaoyun Ren ◽  
Malike Aizezi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Haemaphysalis Punctata ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
Hyalomma Rufipes

Abstract Background The gram-negative Coxiella burnetii bacterium is the pathogen that causes Q fever. The bacterium is transmitted to animals via ticks and can cause infection in domestic animals, wild animals, and humans. As the provincial-level administrative region with the largest land area in China, Xinjiang has many endemic tick species; however, the distribution of C. burnetii in ticks in Xinjiang border areas has not been studied in detail.Results For the current study, 1507 ticks were collected from livestock at 22 sampling sites in ten border regions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region from 2018 to 2019. C. burnetii was detected in 205/348 (58.91%) Dermacentor nuttalli ; in 110/146 (75.34%) Dermacentor pavlovskyi ; in 66/80 (82.50%) Dermacentor silvarum ; in 15/32 (46.90%) Dermacentor niveus ; in 28/132 (21.21%) Hyalomma rufipes ; in 24/25 (96.00%) Hyalomma anatolicum ; in 219/312 (70.19%) Hyalomma asiaticum ; in 252/338 (74.56%) Rhipicephalus sanguineus ; and in 54/92 (58.70%) Haemaphysalis punctata . Among these samples, C. burnetii was detected in D. pavlovskyi for the first time. The infection rate of R. sanguineus was 74.56% (252/338), which was the highest among the four tick genera sampled, whereas the infection rate of H. anatolicum was 96% (24/25), which was the highest among the nine tick species sampled. A sequence analysis indicated that 63 16S rRNA sequences could be found in four newly established genotypes: CXJ-1 (n = 18), CXJ-2 (n = 33), CXJ-3 (n = 6), and CXJ-4 (n = 6).Conclusions This study indicates that CXJ-2 might represent the main C. burnetii genotype in the ticks in Xinjiang because it was detected in eight of the tick species studied. The high infection rate of C. burnetii detected in the ticks found in domestic animals may indicate a high likelihood of Q fever infection in both domestic animals and humans.

scholarly journals Serological survey of Coxiella burnetii infections in dairy cattle, sheep, goats and zoo animals in Hungary – Short communication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Dobos ◽  
István Fodor ◽  
Gerda Kiss ◽  
Miklós Gyuranecz
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Zoo Animals

AbstractQ fever is a disease of high zoonotic potential, but interest in its causative agent is rather low although it causes some public health problems in Hungary. The prevalence of Q fever is highly variable by country. The main reservoirs of the disease are the same domestic ruminant species everywhere, but the epidemiological profile depends on the features of the specific reservoir. The aim of this large-scale study was to demonstrate the importance of Q fever in different species as a possible source for human infection in most regions of Hungary. A total of 851 serum samples from 44 dairy farms, 16 sheep flocks, 4 goat farms and 3 zoos located in different parts of Hungary were tested. The presence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii was surveyed in dairy cattle (n = 547), goats (n = 71), sheep (n = 200) and zoo animals (n = 33). The animal species tested in Hungary showed different seroprevalence values of C. burnetii infection. Seropositivity by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was found in 258 out of 547 (47.2%) cows and in 69 out of 271 (25.5%) small ruminants, among them in 47 out of 200 (23.5%) sheep and in 22 out of 71 (31.0%) goats. Antibodies to C. burnetii were not detected in zoo animals. Seropositivity was demonstrated in 44 out of 44 (100%) dairy cattle farms, with at least one serum sample found to be positive on each farm. The seropositivity rate of small ruminant farms was 55.0% (11 positive out of 20 tested), with 9 out of 16 (56.3%) sheep flocks and 2 out of 4 (50.0%) goat herds showing seropositivity.

Q fever in China: a systematic review, 1989–2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. EL-MAHALLAWY ◽  
G. LU ◽  
P. KELLY ◽  
D. XU ◽  
Y. LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Northern Areas

SUMMARYQ fever, first described in 1937, is a worldwide zoonosis caused byCoxiella burnetiithat has long been considered an under-reported and under-diagnosed illness. In China, the disease was initially reported in 1950 and in the last 25 years (1989–2013) there have been 29 reports on Q fever in China, nearly half of which were in the last 5 years. These publications have largely been in Chinese and in this review we summarize their findings to enable a better understanding of Q fever in China. The overall prevalence ofC. burnetiiinfections in the reports is 10% (1139/11 209) in people, 15% (288/1918) in cattle and 12% (176/1440) in goats. These infections occurred widely in China with positive people and/or animals reported in 64 cities/municipalities from 19 provinces, particularly those in the eastern, western and northern areas. Cattle and goats had the highest seroprevalences of all the domestic animals studied and a wide variety of ticks were found to be infected. Mice were also commonly infected and had high copy numbers ofC. burnetiiDNA, suggesting they might be important in the epidemiology of Q fever in China.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Q fever in small ruminants in the northeast Anatolian region in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (05) ◽  
pp. 6522-2021
Author(s):  
PERIHAN SERIFOĞLU BAGATIR ◽  
BIRAY OKUMUS ◽  
EDIZ KAAN OZGEN ◽  
MUSTAFA ULUCAN ◽  
BERNA YANMAZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Goat Population

The aim of our study was to determine the seroepidemiological profile of Q fever in small ruminants in Turkey and to examine its prevalence changes over the years. The study included 573 serum samples taken in 2013 and 472 samples taken in 2017 from animals in mixed herds of sheep and goats from 84 farms in Northeast Anatolia. Phase I and phase II IgG antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in serum samples were investigated by IDEXX ELISA (Q fever Ab Test IDEXX Laboratories, USA) indirect ELISA kits. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii IgG in Artvin, Gümüşhane and Iğdır provinces was 5.6% in sheep, 1.8% in goats and 4.5% in total in 2013. In contrast, it was 24.4% in sheep, 1.1% in goats and 20.1% in total in 2017. According to the total seroprevalence rates calculated by including both sheep and goat population, it was seen that the province with the highest seroprevalence change in these animals was Iğdır with a 7.3-fold increase. Herd-level seroprevalence was 29.4% in 2013 and 57.6% in 2017. According to these results, the C. burnetii IgG seroprevalence nearly doubled after four years. This increase has been evaluated as a major risk for animal and human health as well as for the livestock economy in Northeastern Anatolia, where animal husbandry is intense.

scholarly journals CoxBase: an online platform for epidemiological surveillance, visualization, analysis and typing of Coxiella burnetii genomic sequence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinyemi. M. Fasemore ◽  
Andrea Helbich ◽  
Mathias. C. Walter ◽  
Thomas Dandekar ◽  
Gilles Vergnaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Central Platform ◽  
Typing Methods

ABSTRACTQ (query) fever is an infectious zoonotic disease, caused by the Gram-negative bacteria Coxiella burnetii, that sometimes is transmitted to humans from small ruminants like sheep, goat and cattle. Although the disease has been studied since decades, it still represents a threat due to sporadic outbreaks across farms in Europe. The reason for this has been linked to the interaction of several dynamic factors including reservoir type and vector diversity. One important control measure we have identified is a central platform for Coxiella typing data management. This is particularly important in the case of an outbreak where the nature of the pathogen and type would need to be rapidly identified and compared to existing isolates as well as further documented and made available for researcher to aid future investigations. The existing platforms are focused on MLVA (multiple locus VNTR analysis) genotyping. We have designed and implemented an online, open, web-based platform called CoxBase (https://coxbase.q-gaps.de), that is capable of in silico genotyping of completely or minimally assembled Coxiella sequences using five different typing methods, included with a database that holds genotyping information of more than 400 Coxiella isolates with their metadata such as host type, source and year of isolation together with further metadata information. Also, it includes a query and submission interface for interrogating existing isolates and depositing new isolates. Attractive visualization features include maps showing the geographical source of the isolates and plots that can be used to summarize isolates metadata on a country level. We tested our in silico typing method on 50 Coxiella genomes downloaded from the RefSeq database and we could type almost all the genomes except for cases where the sequences are poorly assembled. We identified new spacer sequences using our MST in silico typing methods, and could categorize adaA gene phenotypes for all 50 genomes as well as their plasmid types.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and genotyping of specimens collected from goats in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Jodełko ◽  
Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska ◽  
Jolanta Grażyna Rola ◽  
Krzysztof Niemczuk
Keyword(s):  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Multispacer Sequence Typing

Abstract Background Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a zoonosis affecting many animal species including sheep and goats. The aims of this study were to evaluate the shedding of Coxiella burnetii in small ruminant herds and to identify the pathogen’s genotypes and sequence types (STs) using multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and multispacer sequence typing (MST) methods. Results Overall, 165 samples from 43 herds of goats and 9 flocks of sheep were collected including bulk tank milk (BTM), individual milk samples, vaginal swabs, tissue sections from stillborn kids, feces and placentas. These were tested by real-time PCR targeting the IS1111 element. C. burnetii infection was confirmed in 51.16% of the herds of goats and 22.2% of the flocks of sheep. Six out of nine samples originating from goats were successfully genotyped using the MLVA method. The presence was confirmed of two widely distributed MLVA genotypes (I and J) and genotype PL1 previously reported only in cattle. Only one sequence type (ST61) was identified; however, the majority of specimens represented partial STs and some of them may belong to ST61. Other partial STs could possibly be ST74. Conclusion This study confirmed the relatively common occurrence of Coxiella burnetii in small ruminant herds in Poland. Interestingly, all genotyped samples represent cattle-associated MLVA genotypes.

scholarly journals Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Bok ◽  
Lenny Hogerwerf ◽  
Eveline A. Germeraad ◽  
Hendrik I. J. Roest ◽  
Tisbeh Faye-Joof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
The Gambia

scholarly journals Risk factors for an infection with Coxiella burnetii in German sheep flocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wolf ◽  
T. L. Prüfer ◽  
C. Schoneberg ◽  
A. Campe ◽  
M. Runge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Herd Level

Abstract In Germany, sheep are the main source of human Q fever epidemics, but data on Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) infections and related risk factors in the German sheep population remain scarce. In this cross-sectional study, a standardised interview was conducted across 71 exclusively sheep as well as mixed (sheep and goat) farms to identify animal and herd level risk factors associated with the detection of C. burnetii antibodies or pathogen-specific gene fragments via univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Serum samples and genital swabs from adult males and females of 3367 small ruminants from 71 farms were collected and analysed using ELISA and qPCR, respectively. On animal level, univariable analysis identified young animals (<2 years of age; odds ratio (OR) 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13–0.83) to reduce the risk for seropositivity significantly (p < 0.05). The final multivariable logistic models identified lambing all year-round (OR 3.46/3.65; 95% CI 0.80–15.06/0.41–32.06) and purchases of sheep and goats (OR 13.61/22.99; 95% CI 2.86–64.64/2.21–239.42) as risk factors on herd level for C. burnetii infection detected via ELISA and qPCR, respectively.

scholarly journals Q-Fever Antibodies in Romanian Small Ruminants

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Stelian BARAITAREANU ◽  
Marius DAN ◽  
Doina DANES
Keyword(s):  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Positive Results

Small ruminants serum samples from Romanian Counties were investigated by iELISA Q-fever Coxiella burnetii Antibody test kit (IDEXX Laboratories, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In Giurgiu County 10/15 goats serum samples were positive and all sheep samples (6/6) were negative. In Sibiu County 5/75 sheep samples were positive. In Constanta County all goat samples (10/10) were negative. In Braila County all goat samples (95/95) were negative and 10/55 sheep samples were positive. Prevalence of sero-positive results and their distribution does not provide enough data to design a surveillance program, but support the hypothesis of the presence of the pathogen in Braila, Giurgiu and Sibiu Counties. Further studies must be carry on statistically relevant sampling system.

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