scholarly journals The Non-Aggression Principle: a Short History

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-88
Author(s):  
Edward W. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Short History ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Ancient Chinese ◽  
Private Domain ◽  
Modern Form

This paper traces the historical origins of the non-aggression princi- ple. The central thesis of this paper is that a large and diverse group of history’s most eminent thinkers have expressed ideas very similar to the non-aggression principle. The rudiments of the principle were known to the ancient Egyptians around 2000 BC, the ancient Hindus around 1500 BC, and the ancient Hebrews around 1000 BC. Around 500 BC, the ancient Chinese and Greek philosophers expressed the underlying logic of the principle. Cicero came close to articulating the principle in its modern form. Thomas Aquinas reasserted something strikingly similar to non-aggression after the Dark Ages, and the scholastic philosophers carried the idea into the early modern period. During the seventeenth century, the non-aggression principle rose to the pinnacle of Western philosophy. JEL Classification: B11, B12, K00, P14 Keywords: Non-aggression principle, ethics, libertarianism Resumen: Este artículo traza los orígenes históricos del principio de no agresión. La tesis central es que un amplio y diverso grupo compuesto por algunos de los pensadores más importantes de la historia ha expresado ideas muy similares al principio de no agresión. Los rudimentos de dicho principio eran conocidos por los antiguos egipcios hacia el 2000 a. C., por los hindúes hacia el 1500 a. C., y por los antiguos hebreos hacia el 1000 a. C. Hacia el 500 a. C., los antiguos chinos y los filósofos griegos expresaron la lógica subyacente del principio. Cicerón se acercó a la articulación del principio en su forma mod- erna. Tomás de Aquino reafirmó algo sorprendentemente similar a la no agresión después de la Edad Oscura, y los teólogos católicos llevaron la idea hasta el periodo moderno. Durante el siglo XVII, el principio de no agresión se elevó al pináculo de la filosofía occidental. Clasificación JEL: B11, B12, K00, P14 Palabras clave: Principio de no agresión, ética, libertarianismo “No one may threaten or commit violence (“aggress”) against another man’s person or property. Violence may be employed only against the man who commits such violence; that is, only defen- sively against the aggressive violence of another. In short, no vio- lence may be employed against a nonaggressor.” — Murray N. Rothbard 1974, 116 “The use of coercion can be justified only where this is neces- sary to secure the private domain of the individual against inter- ference by others … coercion should not be used to interfere in that private sphere where this is not necessary to protect others.” — Friedrich Hayek 1976, 221

Temporary Housing and Unsettled Population: Drivers of Urban Change in Early Modern Marseille and Rome

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 118-140
Author(s):  
Eleonora Canepari
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Mobile Population ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper argues that unsettled people, far from being “marginal” individuals, played a key role in shaping early modern cities. It does so by going beyond the traditional binary between rooted and unstable people. Specifically, the paper takes the temporary places of residence of this “unsettled” population – notably inns (garnis in France, osterie in Italy) – as a vantage point to observe social change in early modern cities. The case studies are two cities which shared a growing and highly mobile population in the early modern period: Rome and Marseille. In the first section, the paper focuses on two semi-rural neighborhoods. This is to assess the impact of mobility in shaping demographic, urbanistic, and economic patterns in these areas. Moving from the neighborhood as a whole to the individual buildings which composed it, the second section outlines the biographies of two inns: Rome’s osteria d’Acquataccio and Marseille’s hôtel des Deux mondes. In turn, this is to evaluate changes and continuities over a longer period of time.

15 Legal Conceptions of Statehood

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biaggini Giovanni
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Individual

This chapter traces the evolution of legal conceptions of the state. In relation to the topic, the chapter discusses the structures and boundaries of various state administrations. It first looks at the changing conceptions and characterizations of the term ‘state’ since its first appearance in writings during the early modern period. The chapter then considers the conceptions of statehood and administration together, and their implications for the Europeanization and internationalization of law. Afterwards, the chapter delves into a more thorough discussion of administration as a multifaceted concept. From here, the chapter provides some concluding remarks on the process of Europeanization as a plurality as a result of the different conditions and conceptions of administration within the individual states.

Marked Angels: Counterfeits, Commodities, and The Roaring Girl*

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (4-Part2) ◽  
pp. 1531-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Forman
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Shadow Side ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Title Character

This article traces the connections between the circulation of commodities and counterfeit coins in The Roaring Girl. Contextualizing the play's representation of counterfeits within a discussion of the relationship between real and counterfeit money in the early modern period, I argue that the play registers and addresses economic pressures, in part through its commentary on, and revision of, the conventions of stage comedy. In particular, the play offers enhanced forms of realism and the fiction of the “individual” in the title character, Moll, to compensate for the absence of legible material guarantees for value, legitimacy, or status. I conclude with a reading of the play's representation of masterless persons as the necessary shadow side of the plethora of opportunities seemingly offered by the market.

Celebrity

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-44
Author(s):  
Rebecca Braun
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Popular Fiction ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Individual Author ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Practical Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Model Approach

This chapter shows how the methods and approaches of Celebrity Studies throw fresh light on what authors and literature can do in the world. In particular, the divide between elite and popular fiction turns out to be illusory once we start paying attention to the way authors and their works actually move around. Combining celebrity theory with a practical analysis of the networks sustaining literature allows us to examine afresh the ways and degrees to which authors accrue ‘attention capital’ and from which social groupings, and why. Working through examples taken from the early modern period to the present day, this chapter provides a model approach not only for seeing beyond the individual author to witness the complex networks of agents involved in the process of authorship—from editors to translators, agents, and readers, and so on—but also for placing the question of agency once again at the heart of that process.

Lord Acton's Theory of Nationality

1969 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector J. Massey
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Large Element ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Philosophical Framework ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Individual

The philosophical framework for Lord Acton's theory of nationality, or to be more accurate his theory of multinationality, derives both from Aristotle and from Christian thinkers of the Middle Ages and the early modern period. In Aristotle he found the view that the nature of the state is to be a plurality. Aquinas gave him “a very large element of political liberalism,” while Leibnitz contributed the idea of development, particularly the notion that development involves continuity and progress. Combining these points of view, Acton embraced a patently individualistic position, believing firmly that only the individual man possesses moral and political rights. Classes, races and states are at best chance groupings, at worst tortuous human inventions, and consequently have no inherent rights. It is “easier to find people fit to govern themselves,” according to Acton, “than people fit to govern others.”

scholarly journals Name & sign: About Zaharija Orfelin’s pseudonym

2016 ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Vladimir Simic
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
Name Change ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Historical Figure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

The problem of representation of intellectuals and artists in the early modern period has long occupied historians and researchers of various disciplines. One of the forms of artistic expression of intellectual self-consciousness was creation of pseudonyms. That was the metaphorical way of deliberation of individual identity, but also a signifier of cultural processes that took place between self, creativity and historical context. Onomastic studies had a long tradition and pre-modern intellectuals very early accepted idea that name reveals the essence of things and indicates the character of its wearer. The name was considered as a strong denotative force, which could affect private or public life of an individual. That was further confirmed in the manual of Adrien Baillet Auteurs Deguisez Sous Des Etrangers Noms published in 1690, for all those who wanted to create an alias. Zaharija Orfelin (1726-1785), as one of the early Serbian intellectuals and artists of the Enlightenment, also rejected his last name which remained unknown to date. Only one uncertain explanation was provided and that by Metropolitan Stefan Stratimirovic which stated that Zaharija?s last name was ?Stefanovic?, and that he himself invented the pseudonym ?Orfelin?. In the lack of other sources that thesis was accepted, but never did explain the motives behind the act. That aspect of his artistic personality remained unsolved, so this paper analyze the individual circumstances of his life in the context of onomastic and intellectual history of the early modern period. The invention of pseudonyms was recognized as a general characteristic of the era, so the comparisons and analogies of some biographical details are made between him and few other intellectuals and artists. Signatures that Orfelin put on his pieces are interpreted in the context of his public representation. From today?s perspective, it seems that Orfelins? historical figure stayed hidden behind the personality which was introduced by his chosen name. In that context, the name change referred to deeper internal changes in matters of his identity and public role.

scholarly journals Organización, atribuciones y funcionamiento del Consejo Real de Navarra bajo el reinado de Catalina de Foix y Juan de Albret (1483-1512)

2020 ◽  
Vol LXXX (274) ◽  
pp. 853-889
Author(s):  
Álvaro Adot Lerga
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Institutional History ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Palabras Clave

This study presents the reform of the Royal Council of Navarre, which took place during the reign of Catherine of Foix and John of Albret. The different measures carried out established the foundation of a new modernized and efficient Royal Council. Its organization, composition and rules and regulations, represented a change with respect to the models which had characterized this Council in medieval times. Keywords: Navarre; Institutional History; Royal Council; Legislative powers, Government and justice; Late Medieval Age; Early Modern period. En este estudio hemos presentado la reforma del Consejo Real de Navarra realizada bajo el reinado de Catalina de Foix y Juan de Albret. Las diversas medidas que se llevaron a cabo lograron establecer las bases de un «moderno», tecnificado y eficaz Consejo Real, cuya organización, composición, normativas y atribuciones supusieron un cambio respecto a los modelos que habían caracterizado a dicho organismo en la época medieval. Palabras clave: Navarra; historia institucional; Consejo Real; atribuciones legislativas, de gobierno y de justicia; Baja Edad Media; Alta Edad Moderna.

Imperial Taxes and German Politics in the Fifteenth Century: An Outline

1980 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Rowan
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
German Politics ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Public Revenues

Germany in the fifteenth century was the scene of an extended struggle over the nature and scale of imperial institutions, and much of this conflict boiled down to the question of who was to pay taxes and how much. In the first half of the century, two alternative methods of financing the Reich emerged, and in the years around 1500 only one of these two methods proved to be politically practical. The style of imperial taxation which won out, the Matrikel, has long been studied in detail, and its workings are well known to any student of imperial institutions.1 From the first Matrikel in 1422 until the end of the Old Reich in 1806, negotiated quotas were the basis for payments to the Reich made by each of the three-hundred-odd estates. Paying the listed quota in men or money fell in principle on the government of the individual estate, which had to find its own way of raising the money or of passing the costs on to subjects. This method of raising public revenues was not, however, the only system of taxation which contemporaries thought to be possible or desirable. The Matrikel won out only after princely estates tried and failed to gain the adoption of a monetary tax paid directly by the population in proportion to individual wealth or income. I will first consider the development of imperial direct taxes in the fifteenth century, and then I will show that the defeat of that tax helped to determine the structure and scale of Reich institutions throughout the early modern period.

Money and Future in Late Ming China

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-70
Author(s):  
Weiwei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Moral Order ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Late Ming ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Globalized World

Chinese imperial dynastic time represented the cyclical change of regimes with a naturalized moral order. A linear lineage time and synchronic communal time were often eclipsed by the more ritually visible and well-documented cyclical imperial time. The dawn of China’s “silver century” (1550–1650,) however, disrupted the cyclical temporality of the dynasties and revealed other time-orders that had been usually subsumed under the dynastic time. Late Ming China (fifteenth to early seventeenth century), like many parts of Europe in the early modern period, experienced commercial accumulation, competitive consumption, desire for capital, reformulation of norms and traditions, bringing China into a globalized world historical process. This change in economy brought to the fore the many layers between imperial dynastic time and that of the individual. Money also influenced existing philosophies of past and future, as well as techniques of prognostication. Manipulation of the future often took the form of calculation of good deeds inspired by accounting. In short, money transformed what we can call “the practice of future” in two ways. First, it reemphasized the importance of linear lineage time instead of dynastic time through emphasizing the longevity of descendants and fortunes in the afterlife. Second, through the discussion of capital acquisition and the popularization of accounting, it also introduced “balance” into temporality through the discourse of just and unjust accumulation, allowing a synchronized and more egalitarian communal time to disrupt lineage time.

scholarly journals Cuatro ‘Botijuelas’ recuperadas en el Noroeste de Iberia. Procesos de manufactura y reutilización

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
M. Pilar Prieto Martínez ◽  
Oscar Lantes Suárez ◽  
Francisco Alonso Toucido ◽  
Luis Hixinio Flores Rivas ◽  
Manuel Fernández (Lolo)
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Elementary Composition ◽  
Chaîne Opératoire ◽  
Chaine Operatoire ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Formal Study ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Complete Study

Resumen: La botijuela, “anforeta de Indias” o “olive jar” es un recipiente cerámico de época moderna y contemporánea, de distribución planetaria y vinculada originalmente al comercio marítimo ibérico, empleado como transporte de alimentos, siendo reutilizado frecuentemente y utilizado de diversas formas que no tienen relación con su uso primario. En Galicia se empiezan a documentar con cierta frecuencia estos recipientes pero todavía no se ha realizado ningún estudio sobre las mismas. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis arqueométrico de cuatro vasijas (tomografía, mineralogía y composición elemental), procedentes de colecciones particulares gallegas, tras haber realizado sobre las mismas un estudio tipológico y formal, y de cara a profundizar en su manufactura, procedencia y cronología (ésta última a partir de la comparación tipológica). Palabras clave: Chaîne opératoire, DRX, FRX, TAC, época moderna.   Abstract: Four ‘Botijuelas' recovered in the Northwest of Iberia. Processes of manufacture and reuseThe “anforeta de Indias”, “botijuela” or “olive jar” is a ceramic container of modern and contemporary period, of planetary distribution and linked originally to the Iberian maritime trade, to transport foods. These items were recycled frequently and used with no relation with his primary use. In Galicia these containers are documented frequently but there is not a complete study about then. In this work we present the results of the archaeometric analysis of four vessels (tomography, mineralogy and elementary composition), after having made on the same a typological and formal study, to deep on his manufacture, chronology and origin. keywords: Chaîne opératoire, DRX, FRX, TAC, Early modern period.

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