scholarly journals PAKISTAN AFGHAN RELATION: HISTORY CONFLICTS AND CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Ali, Malik Safdar

Pakistan and Afghanistan, two immediate Muslim neighbors, that not only share a common border but also have many other commonalities such as; linguistic, strong historical, ethnic, cultural, and religious ties. Despite of its geo-strategic location and various common factors, nature of Pak- Afghan ties the nature of PakAfghan relations is characterized by mistrust and suspicions and painful experience for both of them. Since its inception, Pakistan faces a hostile attitude from its western neighbor Afghanistan. Except during the Taliban’s four-year era, all the rulers of Afghanistan showed fluctuating degrees of dissatisfaction towards Pakistan. Conflict over Duran line, Soviet-Afghan war Pakistan support to Taliban, Pakistan role in War on Terror, and growing cross border militancy has stained relation between both countries. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the Pakistan Afghanistan relation in a historical context and highlight those factors which were the main hurdles in the way of a smooth and positive relation.  

2004 ◽  
pp. 114-128
Author(s):  
V. Nimushin

In the framework of broad philosophic and historical context the author conducts comparative analysis of the conditions for assimilating liberal values in leading countries of the modern world and in Russia. He defends the idea of inevitable forward movement of Russia on the way of rationalization and cultivation of all aspects of life, but, to his opinion, it will occur not so fast as the "first wave" reformers thought and in other ideological and sociocultural forms than in Europe and America. The author sees the main task of the reformist forces in Russia in consolidation of the society and inplementation of socially responsible economic policy.


2016 ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Agata Michalska-Olek

The article aims to show the possible ways of judicial redress for claims resulting from sales of goods especially including the issue of jurisdiction and application of the provisions of national law or the provisions of Community law. In the article the provisions of the Convention of 30 October 2007 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters as well as the provisions of regulations of the European Parliament and of the Council were widely discussed. The author discusses in particular the issue related to cross-border contracts for the sales-of-goods within the European Union. Part of the deliberations concerns judicial rulings, in particular judicial decisions issued in cases in which the court shall consider the issue of jurisdiction of its own motion. In the conclusion of the article it is stated that the choice between the national jurisdiction and the jurisdiction of other states will depend on the terms of agreement between the parties as well as the documents related to the transaction, in particular consignment notes (CMR), and the EXW clauses – such a formulation means that the parties agreed to the way of delivery of goods according to the commercial (Incoterms) clauses, determining in such a way the issue of jurisdiction.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Hirschkop

In this introduction to Mikhail Bakhtin, Ken Hirschkop presents a compact, readable, detailed, and sophisticated exposition of all of Bakhtin's important works. Using the most up-to-date sources and the new, scholarly editions of Bakhtin's texts, Hirschkop explains Bakhtin's influential ideas, demonstrates their relevance and usefulness for literary and cultural analysis, and sets them in their historical context. In clear and concise language, Hirschkop shows how Bakhtin's ideas have changed the way we understand language and literary texts. Authoritative and accessible, this Cambridge Introduction is the most comprehensive and reliable account of Bakhtin and his work yet available.


Author(s):  
Mateo Pérez

GEOGRAFÍA DE LA MIRADA. EL PAISAJE DESDE LA MIRADA FOTOGRÁFICA CONTEMPORÁNEA RESUMEN ¿Cómo entender el concepto de paisaje a partir de las prácticas fotográficas contemporáneas? Este artículo busca responder a esta pregunta con la ayuda de un proyecto finalizado de creación artística que tenía como objetivo exponer una serie de imágenes fotográficas del Salto del Tequendama y alrededores, en las inmediaciones de Bogotá. Se trata de comprender la manera en que se abordó este proyecto artístico y también de dilucidar ciertos aspectos del concepto de paisaje, especialmente la forma en que hoy se le considera desde la fotografía. Con este acercamiento, se hace una revisión histórica de las imágenes que existen del Salto del Tequendama de modo que, a través de ellas, se pueda comprender e interpretar mejor las formas de representación actuales, específicamente las que se produjeron para la exposición. El artículo señala cómo el concepto de paisaje es un concepto dinámico, construido a partir de su contexto histórico. PALABRAS CLAVES Fotografía, paisaje, Romanticismo, Salto del Tequendama, sublime, suicidio. AWANINAMANDA KUWANGAPA ATUN LLAGTA KAWANGAPA MAIPI NUKANCHI KAUSAGTA SUGLLAPI Kaipi ninakumi imasai kawachinaku nukanchipakausadiruta parlanakume sug kilkawa imasami karunimanda kawanaku tapuchiskata añispa kawachispa kunauramandakunata kai fotokuna salto de Tequendama suti, paikuna rurankuna sug iachachikuna mana chingaringapa kai ñugpamanda kausaikuna chasallata tukui rurakuna tukuikunata iachachispa kawachispa tukuikunamanda. IMA SUTI RIMAI SIMI: Kawachiikuna, sachaku, llakii, wañui kawachispa sutipa llullangapa. GEOGRAPHY OF THE GAZE LANDSCAPE AS SEEN FROM THE CONTEMPORARY PHOTOGRAPHIC GAZE ABSTRACT How to understand the concept of landscape based upon contemporary photography practices? This article tries to answer this question with the help of a concluded artistic project, whose main objective was exposing a series of photographic images of Tequendama Falls and its surroundings, near Bogotá. The article tries to understand the way in which this artistic project was addressed and to explain certain aspects of the concept of landscape and of the way it is conceived by photography today. With this approach, an historic overview of some historical images of Tequendama Falls is carried out, so as to improve the processes of understanding and interpreting contemporary forms of representation, specifically the ones produced for the exhibition. The article points out how the concept of landscape is a dynamic one and how it is based on its historical context. KEYWORDS Photography, landscape, Romanticism, Tequendama Falls, sublime, suicide. GEOGRAPHIE DU REGARD LE PAYSAGE A PARTIR DU REGARD PHOTOGRAPHIQUE CONTEMPORAIN RÉSUMÉ Comment comprendre le concept de paysage basé sur les pratiques de la photographie contemporaine ? Cet article tente de répondre à cette question avec l’aide d’un projet artistique conclu, dont l’objectif principal était d’exposer une série d’images photographiques du Salto del Tequendama et ses environs, près de Bogotá. L’article tente de comprendre la façon dont ce projet artistique a été abordé et aussi d’expliquer certains aspects de la notion de paysage et de la façon dont il est conçu par la photographie aujourd’hui. Avec cette approche, un aperçu historique de quelques images historiques du Salto del Tequendama est réalisé de manière à améliorer les processus de compréhension et d’interprétation des formes contemporaines de représentation, en particulier celles produites pour l’exposition. L’article souligne comment le concept de paysage est dynamique et comment il est basé sur son contexte historique. MOTS-CLEFS Photographie, paysage, romantisme, Salto del Tequendama, sublime, suicide. GEOGRAFIA DO OLHAR A PAISAGEM DESDE O OLHAR FOTOGRÁFICA CONTEMPORÂNEA RESUMO Como entender o conceito da paisagem a partir das práticas fotográficas contemporâneas? Este artigo procura responder a esta pergunta com a ajuda de um projeto finalizado de criação artística que tinha como objetivo expor uma série de imagens fotográficas do Salto do Tequendama e aos redores, nas imediações de Bogotá. Trata-se de compreender a maneira em que se abordou este projeto artístico e também de (desoxidar) certos aspectos do conceito da paisagem, especialmente a forma em que hoje se lhe considera desde a fotografia. Com esta aproximação, se faz uma revisão histórica das imagens que existem do Salto do Tequendama de maneira que, a través delas, se possa compreender e interpretar melhor as formas de representação atuais, especificamente as que se produziram para a exposição. O artigo assinala como o conceito da paisagem é um conceito dinâmico, construído a partir de seu contexto históricoPALAVRAS CHAVES Fotografia, paisagem, Romantismo, Salto del Tequendama, sublime, suicídio.   Recibido el 07 de octubre de 2014 Aceptado el 03 de diciembre de 2015


2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (55-56) ◽  
pp. 65-81
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Vassiliou

Alois Riegl’s essay “Die Stimmung als Inhalt der modernen Kunst” (1899) has been one of art historiography’s early attempts to bridge art and science. In this text, Riegl not only presents the background of some of his theoretical and methodological premises but he also provides an overarching argument for the way natural sciences af- fect modern spectatorship. In this way, he establishes the basis of a Kunstwollen for the ‘age of the natural sciences’ and describes its appropriate artistic traits. Addressing the intellectual and historical context of the Stimmung Essay, this article shows how Riegl’s ideas work in a subtle and intricate manner, involving the combination of sensual and phenomenological observations to modes of knowl- edge. In this respect, the relation of art and science does not seem to be settled on a fixed contemplative basis but on the combination of the art with cognition and affects.


2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lâle Uluç

This paper introduces a copy of the Iskandarnāma of Nizami dated 1435 and dedicated to the Timurid prince Ibrahim Sultan, grandson of the eponymous founder of the Timurid dynasty. It discusses the various features of the manuscript together with comparable examples from the same period, and also focuses on Abu al-Fath Ibrahim Sultan ibn Shah Rukh and his role as both a military leader and a patron of the arts during his tenure as the governor of the provinces of Fars, Kirman, and Luristan (1414–35). Utilizing the visual data together with the historical context of the period, this essay interprets one of the illustrations of the Iskandarnāma, hoping to fulfill what David Summers called “the most basic task of art history,” which he says “is to explain why works of art look the way they look.” The addition of this Iskandarnāma manuscript to the surviving corpus of works that can be connected to Ibrahim Sultan will provide a further insight into the important patronage of this Timurid prince.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5541-5553
Author(s):  
Chen Cheng

Superficially, the control of trafficking of counterfeit cigarettes in the name of illegal business operation goes against the spirit of modest and restraint, as well as the doctrine, of the Criminal Law; substantially, however, it is the realistic portrayal of the cross-border governing of market misconduct with “reification” criminal law. In recent years, modern criminal law has opened the way to a transformation of functionalism upon the demand for security governance derived from risks to society. It has gone from being a passive night watchman to being a positive leader and pusher, highlighting the trend of “reification” of functionalism-oriented criminal law. The reification not only weakens the contractual value of crime and punishment but also causes dysfunction of the integral legal order. In this regard, while affirming the legitimacy of the functionalism transformation of criminal law, this paper corrects the trend of "reification" of functionalism-oriented criminal law by declaring the modest value of classical humanity-oriented criminal law, and promotes its return to the modest value of "humanity-oriented" criminal law. Based on the principle of unity of legal order, this paper proposes to build a two-tier judgment model consisting of "general violation" and "punishable violation" in an attempt to provide intellectual support for the processing of criminal cases involving tobacco.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-447
Author(s):  
Felix Brahm

The Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference in 1889–1890 agreed upon a sales ban of modern firearms for large parts of the African continent, a covenant that served joint imperial interests amid the ‘Scramble for Africa’. This article reconstructs the historical context in which the Brussels provisions came into being and explores the inter-imperial co-operation that paved the way for the agreement. To understand its origins, special attention must be paid to local events in East Africa and to a naval blockade that was executed here in 1888–1889. It was against this background that the German government, navigating between commercial and security interests, drafted the international control scheme that was later in large part adopted by the Brussels Conference. The article also demonstrates how in this context the issue of arms control was bound up with anti-slavery politics, thereby linking it to the imperial ‘civilising mission’.


Author(s):  
Lisa L. Sample ◽  
Emily C. Radar

The way in which we define rape and domestic sexual assault, the rates at which it occurs, the motives for offending, and the legislative and criminal justice responses have varied across and within nation-states over time. This essay covers the historical context of rape laws, legal definitions of rape over time, how definitions of rape vary across nations, and the inclusion of domestic sexual assault in rape definitions. It reviews the rates of rape over time across nations using official and victimization data. It discusses the motives offered to explain, rationalize, or justify forced sexual assault and analyses the legislative and criminal justice responses to rape across countries over time. The essay concludes with a discussion of how rape definitions, laws, and criminal justice responses may continue to evolve.


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